Smithsonite

Ko te Smithsonite he kohuke waro konutea (ZnCO₃) e puta ana i roto i ngā putunga konutea kua whakawaro, ā, e mōhiotia ana mō ōna tae kanorau, ngā hanga porotaka, me tōna hiranga minenara.

Smithsonite Raraunga Māripi
Tātai Matū	ZnCO₃
Rōpū Kōhuke	Rōpū Calcite (Akomanga Nitrates, Carbonates me Borates)
Whakaaturanga	Tirikōnara; hexa-kōnara scalenohedral akomata (Rōpū Mokowā: R3̄c)
Te Tūturu Kupenga	a = 4.65 Å, c = 15.03 Å
Te tikanga karaihe	Ka puta whānuitia hei whakahiatotanga botryoidal (rite karepe), reniform (rite whatukuhu), stalactitic, me te kirikiri nui; he onge ngā tioata rhombohedral me te scalenohedral, he maha ngā wā he kopiko ngā mata ("dry-bone ore").
Āhuatanga Whatu	Kore (Ka whakaatu i te pīrangi tino nui, ka taea te whakarua i ngā mata o muri i ngā kōhatu whakairo, engari kāore he whetūtanga, he whiti rānei).
Āwhi Tae	Ko te tikanga he mā, he kāhua, he parauri māmā rānei; e rongonui ana te puta mai i ngā tae kanapa o te kikorangi, te kākāriki, te kōwhai (e kīia ana ko 'turkey-fat ore' nā te cadmium), te māwhero, me te waiporoporo i runga anō i ngā poke whakarewa whakawhiti.
Te pakeke o Mohs	4.0 - 4.5 (He ngāwari, e hāngai ana ki ngā hanga waro tapatoru)
Te pakeke o Knoop	He iti ki te waenga; he pākākā, he māmā ake te waru i ngā silicates.
Rārangi	White
Te Tauākī Whakaata (RI)	nε = 1.625, nω = 1.850 (Extremely high birefringence: δ = 0.225)
Pūāhua Tirohanga	Uniaxial negative (-)
Pleochroism	Kore ki te tino ngoikore; ka kitea anake i ngā tauira tae hōhonu e rite ana ki te tae o te tinana taketake.
Whakamararatanga	Kaha (Engari, te pūtohe āwhata teitei he maha ngā wā ka huna i ngā pānga marara i ngā kōwhatu whāiti).
Te Whakawhiti Wera	Iti (He tikanga mō ngā momo kohuke warowākau kore konganuku).
Te Whakahaere Hiko	Kaitārai hiko i raro i ngā tikanga pātuitanga paerewa.
Tūāwhiora Whakauru	Ko ngā tauira kāriki-pūru (e mau ana i te parāhi) e whakaatu ana i ngā roopu whakauru whānui i te rohe whero-karaka; ko ngā tauira māwhero (e mau ana i te kōpata) e whakaatu ana i ngā roopu huri noa i te 490 nm, 510 nm, me te 545 nm.
Whitiā	Ka whakaatu pea he whitiwhiti ngoikore ki te āhua iti; he maha tonu te whiti i te māwhero māmā, te whero, te kikorangi, te kākāriki rānei i raro i te rama UV poto (SW) roa rānei (LW), ā, ka taea te whitiwhiti tonu.
Te Taumaha Motuhake (SG)	4.42 - 4.45 (Kiato tiketike rawa mō te kohuke kore whakarewa nā tōna nui o te konutea).
Whakakā (Pōrihi)	He karaihe (he āhua karaihe) ki te pērara i runga i ngā mata tioata; he karaihe-iti, he rehinu, he hiraka rānei i roto i ngā huihuinga āhua hua.
Māramatanga	Mākūkū ki te pūpū; ko ngā tioata tino onge ka taea te pūataata katoa.
Wehenga / Whatiwhati	Tino rhombohedral i runga i {101̄1} / Whati whati koretake ki te whati whati sub-conchoidal.
Pakeke / Toa	He pākākā; he māmā ki te kōwharu, ki te pīpi rānei i raro i te pēhanga whakarunga, i te whana rānei.
Te Putanga Whenua	He kohuke tuarua i hanga i te rohe whakahāora, i te rohe whakaporo rānei o ngā putunga kōreko konutea matua, e whakakapi pinepine ana i te kōhatu takawai me ētahi atu toka warowaihā.
Ngā whakaurunga	Ngā whakauru wai, ngā rohe tipu arotahi, ngā waikawa rino kirikiri-iti (e whakaputa ana i te tae parauri), ngā whaimana konukura-warowaihā iti rānei.
Te rewa	Ka pupuhi me te rewa katoa i roto i te waikawa haukini (HCl) makariri me te tuku hauhā, he whakamātautau matū nui mō ngā warowaitā.
Pūmau	He pūmau i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te takiwā tūturu, engari ka pākaru ki te zinc oxide (ZnO) ka tuku hoki i te carbon dioxide (CO₂) ina whakamahana nui.
Ngā kohuke e pā ana	Hemimorapiti, wiremiti, haitorotiniti, keruhiti, marakaita, ahuriti, aurikarakiti, me rimoniti.
Maimoatanga Tikanga	I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te rongoā. I ētahi wā, ka whakapūmauhia ngā papatipu porohita maiangi ki ngā kāpia kore tae, ki ngā oru rānei hei whakapakari i te pūmāroa mō te mahi kohatu.
He Tauira Rongonui	Ko ngā puru kahurangi hiko botryoidal rongonui o te ao mai i te Maina Kelly, New Mexico; ngā puru kōwhai hīkaka mai i Arkansas; me ngā tauira nui, āhua pai, māwhero me kākāriki mai i Tsumeb, Namibia.
Etymology	I tapaina i te tau 1832 e François Sulpice Beudant hei whakahōnore i a James Smithson (1765–1829), te tohunga matū, tohunga kōhatu, me te kaiwhakatū o te Smithsonian Institution nō Ingarangi.
Whakarōpūtanga Strunz	05.AB.05 (Warowaihā kāore he pūngao tāpiri, kāore he H₂O; Warowaihā whenua-kawakawa me te whakarewa whakawhiti).
Ngā Wāhi Tūturu	Amerika (New Mexico, Arkansas, Arizona), Namibia (Tsumeb), Kirihi (Laurion), Itāria (Sardinia), Mēhiko (Chihuahua), me Zambia (Kabwe).
Te iririkitanga	Kore (Tino kore irirangi)
Pāitanga	He iti te tūpono; heoi, me karo te pīpī i te puehu o te konutawa kawa i puta i te wā e tapahi ana, e oro ana rānei, nā te mea ka whakapōharu i te ara manawa.
Tohu & Tikanga	I roto i te mātauranga ōhanga o te whenua, he tohu nui tēnei mō te kowhatu zinc o mua. I te taha wairua, e whakanuia ana hei kōhatu mō te rangimārie, te whakaora i ngā kare ā-roto, te whakamāmā i te āwangawanga, me te whakatō i te rangimārie me te haumaru i roto.

Ko te Smithsonite he kohuke konutea wāwāhi me te tātai matū ZnCO₃, he kohuke tuarua whakahirahira i hanga i roto i ngā rohe whakaora o ngā putunga kohuke konutea. Nō te rōpū kohuke wāwāhi, he wāhanga hoki o te rōpū kaiti, e whai ana i ngā āhuatanga hanganga rite ki ngā kohuke pēnei i te kaiti, te magnesite, me te siderite. Ahakoa he kore tae, he ma rānei te smithsonite parakore, he maha ngā tae ātaahua e kitea ana i ngā tauira māori, tae atu ki te kikorangi, te kākāriki, te māwhero, te kōwhai, te parauri, te hina, me te tūāuri. Ko ēnei tae i ahu mai i ngā tohu huānga e whakakapi ana i te konutea i roto i te hanganga tioata, e whakaputa ana i te kanorau whakamīharo e tino uaratia ai te smithsonite e ngā kaikohi kohuke.

Kāore i te rite ki te maha o ngā kōhatu e hanga ana i ngā tioata nui, kua tino tautuhia, ko te smithsonite te nuinga o te wā ka puta hei pōro pōro, hei kiri, hei panuku, hei hanganga tōrino, hei whakahiato kōpaki. Ko ōna tae ngāwari, ōna kakano porotaka, me te kanapa peara ki te wē, ka hōmai he āhua motuhake kua waiho hei kōhatu kohikohi rongonui me te rauemi kohatu mō ngā cabochon me ngā taonga whakapaipai. Ahakoa e kore e kiia he kōhatu tuku iho mō te mea he mārō ōwehenga me te tairongo ki te pākarukaru, ko ngā tauira smithsonite tino kounga e whakanuia ana mō te onge, ngā hanganga ahurei, me te hiranga ā-papa. I whakaingoatia te kōhatu i muri i a James Smithson, he tohunga matū me te tohunga kōhatu Ingarihi, hei whakanui i āna mahi ki te pūtaiao kōhatu. I muri mai, ka hono te tāonga pūtaiao a Smithson ki te whakatūnga o te Whare Pūtaiao o Smithsonian, ā, ko te ingoa o te kōhatu e pupuri ana i tōna awe ki te whanaketanga o te mātai kōhatu o nāianei.

Te hītori o Smithsonite

Ko te hītori o te smithsonite e whakaatu ana i te whanaketanga o te whakarōpūtanga kohuke, te pūtaiao matū, me te ahumahi keri konutea. Mo ngā rautau maha, i mōhiotia te smithsonite hei tino kohuke konutea, kaua hei momo kohuke motuhake. I Ūropi me ētahi atu rohe keri, i whakarōpūtia ngā kohuke konutea waroā konutea i raro i te ingoa “calamine,” he kupu whānui mō ngā kohuke e mau ana i te konutea. I puta te rangirua nā te mea ko te smithsonite, he kohuke konutea waroā, me te hemimorphite, he kohuke konutea tīwekeweke, i whakamāramatia i raro i te ingoa kotahi i mua i te ahu whakamua o te matū kohuke kia wehewehe ai ngā pūtaiao i a rāua.

I te mutunga o te rautau 18 me te timatanga o te rautau 19, i awhina nga whakapainga o te tātari matū i nga tohunga kohuke kia pai ake te mohio ki te hanganga me te whakarōpūtanga o nga kohuke konutea. I kitea e nga kairangahau ko etahi tauira calamine he konutea warowaiha kaua ko te konutea silicate, na reira i mohiotia ai te smithsonite hei momo kohuke motuhake. I te tau 1832, i whakauru whaimana te tohunga kohuke Wīwī a François Sulpice Beudant i te ingoa smithsonite hei whakanui i a James Smithson, nana i whai wāhi nui ki te rangahau matū me te rangahau kohuke. I whai wāhi nui hoki a Smithsonite ki te whanaketanga o te mahi konutea i mua. I mua i te rironga o nga kōhatu konutea sulfide pērā i te sphalerite hei puna matua mo te konutea ahumahi, ko te smithsonite tetahi o nga kōhatu konutea nui i keria puta noa i te ao. He mea nui rawa atu ki nga rohe e kitea ai nga putunga konutea waiora e tata ana ki te mata. Ko te konutea i tangohia mai i te smithsonite i whai wāhi ki nga ahumahi pērā i te hanga parahi, te tiaki whakarewa, me te hanga kōrehe.

I tēnei rā, kua kore te smithsonite e noho hei puna konutea hokohoko matua nā te mea e aro nui ana te keri hou ki ngā putunga pūkawa whānui ake me te whaihua ōhanga. Heoi, he kohuke nui tonu ia i roto i te rangahau whenua me te kohi kohuke. Ko ngā wāhi rongonui pērā i te Maina Tsumeb i Namibia, te Maina Kelly i New Mexico, me ētahi rohe konutea Pākehā o mua kua whakaputa i ngā tauira smithsonite whakahirahira e kukume tonu ana i ngā kaikohi me ngā whare taonga puta noa i te ao.

Te whakaurunga matū me te whakarōpūtanga o Smithsonite

Ko te Smithsonite te tātai matū tino pai ko ZnCO₃, he mea hanga mai i te konutea, te waro, me te hāora. Ka whakarōpūtia hei kohuke waroā, ā, nō te rōpū calcite, kei roto ko ētahi kohuke maha e rite ana ngā hanganga tioata engari rerekē ngā tātai matū. I roto i te hanganga smithsonite, ka noho ngā katote konutea ki ngā wāhi e kārangaranga ana e ngā rōpū waroā, e hanga ana i tētahi anga tioata trigonal pūmau.

I roto i ngā tauira māori, he uaua te kitea o te smithsonite hei waro konutea parakore. Ka taea e ngā pūmotu rerekē te whakakapi i te konutea i te wā e hanga ana te kohuke, e whakaputa ana i ngā rerekētanga matū e whakaawe ana i te āhua o te kohuke. Ko ngā paru parahi ka whakaputa tae kikorangi, kākāriki rānei, ko te kobalt ka whakaputa tae māwhero, waireti rānei, ā, ko te rino me te pākura ka whakaputa tae kōwhai, parauri, hina rānei. Ko ēnei whakakapinga matū te take o te whānuitanga o ngā tae me ngā āhua kitea i roto i ngā putunga smithsonite rerekē.

Na te mea ka tipu te smithsonite i roto i ngā taiao e huri haere ana te matū, ka taea e tōna hanganga te rerekē nui i waenga i ngā wāhi. Kāore tēnei rerekētanga e pā ana ki te tae anake engari ka awe hoki i te kākano, te whanaketanga karaihe, me ngā hononga kōhuke. Nā reira, ko ngā tauira smithsonite mai i ngā rohe matawhenua rerekē e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga ahurei hei āwhina i ngā kaikohi ki te tautuhi i tō rātou takenga.

Te hangatanga me te tūponotanga whenua o Smithsonite

Ka puta te Smithsonite i te nuinga o te wā mā te hauoroitanga me te whakahāoratanga o ngā kohuke koniheka zinc, inarā ko te sphalerite, i ngā taiao e tata ana ki te mata. Ka kitea ngā pāpāpua zinc ki te wai whenua whai hāora me ngā āhuatanga waro-pūkoro, ka huri ngā tauhohenga matū i ngā kohuke zinc tuatahi hei kohuke waro tuarua pēnei i te smithsonite. Ka puta tēnei tukanga i roto i ngā rohe whakahāora o ngā pāpāpua zinc waiariki, kei reira ngā āhuatanga taiao e huri nei e taea ai te whanake o ngā kohuke hou.

Ko te kohuke te tikanga ka puta i roto i ngā kōhao, ngā pakaru, me ngā rohe whakakapi i roto i te kiripaka me ētahi atu toka kāwarawara. Hei utu mō te whakaputa i ngā tioata nui takitahi, ko te smithsonite te tikanga ka tipu hei panuku ā-porotaka, hei whakahiato nui, hei kiripaka whaka-papapa. Ko ēnei hanga e whakaatu ana i ngā mata maheni me ngā rerekētanga tae āhua, e tino whakairotia ana ki ngā kaikohi.

Ka kitea te Smithsonite i te nuinga o te wā e whai pānga ana ki ētahi atu kohuke tuarua, tae atu ki te hemimorphite, te cerussite, te malachite, te azurite, te calcite, me te limonite. Ēnei huinga kohuke e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio ā-whenua whakahirahira e pā ana ki ngā tukanga whakahāora i puta i roto i ngā putunga māwhenua tawhito. Kua kitea ngā putanga Smithsonite whakahirahira i Namibia, i Amerika, i Mekiko, i Ahitereiria, i Kirihi, i Itāria, i Pāniora, me Haina, me ētahi maina o mua e whakaputa ana i ngā tauira tino kounga.

Ngā Momo me ngā Tae Rerekē o Smithsonite

E mōhiotia ana a Smithsonite mō tōna kanorau tae whakamīharo, nā ngā huānga iti e whakaurua ana ki tōna hanganga tioata. He maha ngā momo e tautuhia ana i runga i ō rātou tae matua me ngā poke kohuke.

Smithsonite kikorangi Ko tētahi o ngā momo tino rongonui i waenga i ngā kaikohi me ngā kaingākau ki ngā kohatu utu. Ko tōna kara kikorangi e whakapā ana ki te paru parahi, ā, ka taea te whānui mai i te kikorangi kahurangi mākū ki ngā atarangi kikorangi tūruihi hōhonu. He maha ngā tauira smithsonite kikorangi ka puta hei papatipu botryoidal me ngā mata maeneene, porotaka e hanga ai i tētahi āhua ātaahua ki te titiro.

Smithsonite kākāriki He momo tūtahi anō, e pāngia ana e te parahi, te nikera, me ētahi atu pūmotu iti. Ko ngā tauira kākāriki ka puta he kōmā me te pastel, ka whakaatu rānei i ngā ātārangi kaha ake i runga i te hanganga matū me te takiwā. Ko ēnei momo e hono ana i te nuinga o te wā ki ētahi atu kohuke whai parahi i roto i ngā taiao mākā ōre.

Smithsonite māwhero He mea tino nui i runga i tōna ātaahua tae, e puta mai ana i te whakakapinga o te konukōkota. Ko te smithsonite e mau ana i te konukōkota mai i ētahi wāhi, ka taea te whakaatu i ngā tae māeneene o te rohi, te māwhero, te paihana rānei, ā, kei roto i ngā āhuatanga tino hiahiatia e ngā kaikohi.

Kōwhai, parauri, mā, me hina smithsonite Ko te nuinga o ngā momo ka puta mai i ngā taumata rerekē o te mā me ngā pitonga o ngā pūmotu huarua. Ahakoa kāore e rongonui pērā i ngā tauira kikorangi, māwhero rānei, kei te taea tonu e ēnei tae te whakaatu i ngā papa ātaahua me ngā āhuatanga whenua whakamīharo, inarā ka honoa ki ngā āhua karaihe tauhou, ki ngā hononga kōhatu rānei.

Te Hanganga Karaihe me ngā Āhuatanga Tinana o te Smithsonite

Ko te Smithsonite e whakatoka ana i roto i te pūnaha whakatoka takitoru, ā, e tupu ana tētahi hanganga rhombohedral rite ki ētahi atu mema o te rōpū calcite. He onge noa ngā tioata pai te hanga, ā, ka kitea te kōhuke hei hanga botryoidal, papatipu, kiripaka rānei. Ko tōna hanganga whakatoka e whai wāhi ana ki tōna wehenga rhombohedral tino pai, e tohu ana ka taea te wehe ki ngā papa motuhake ina pāngia e te taumahatanga.

Ko te kohuke nei he mārō o Mohs e 4 ki te 4.5, nā reira he māmā ake i te nuinga o ngā kōhatu utu nui. He teitei te tāwekenga motuhake mō te kohuke warowaiwai, ko te nuinga he 4.4 ki te 4.5, nā te konutea. Ka kitea te kanapa karaihe, pāpā, ware rānei o te smithsonite, inarā ki ngā mata whakakōrero. He rerekē te māramatanga i te mārama ki te pōuri, i runga anō i te kounga o te tioata me te hanganga o roto.

Smithsonite hei Kōhatu Whakapaipai me te Miniana Kohikohi

Ahakoa kāore e whakamahia whānuitia te smithsonite i roto i ngā whakapaipai arumoni, kua rongonui hei kōhatu whakapākehā mō te kohinga nā runga i ōna tae auaha me ōna kākano ataahua. Nā tōna pakeke iti me tōna wehenga tino tika, he mea tapahi ki ngā cabochon i te nuinga o te wā, kaua ki ngā kōhatu whakapaipai whai mata. Ko te mata orohina o te smithsonite e whakaatu ana i ōna tae māeneene me ōna tauira māori, e tika ana hei tāhei, hei whakakai, hei tāonga whakapaipai toi.

I roto i ngā tauira kounga-kohatu, ko ngā momo kikorangi, māwhero, me te kākāriki te mea tino hiahiatia. Heoi, me āta whakahaere te whakapaipai smithsonite nā te mea ka ngāwari te waru o te kohuke, ā, ka pakaru pea ki te pāngia e ngā pānga kaha. Nō reira, e whakaarohia ana he pai ake mō ngā whakapaipai e mau ana i ētahi wā, kaua mō ngā mowhiti o ia rā, ngā taonga rānei e kaha whakamahia ana.

He maha ngā wā e whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi te smithsonite ki runga ake i ngā mākete whakapaipai nā te mea ko ngā tauira whakahirahira e whakaatu ana i ngā pārongo ā-rohe nui me te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga taiao motuhake. Ko ngā tauira mai i ngā wāhi keri rongonui e whai ana i ngā tae kanapa, ngā kākano rerekē, te hiranga o te hītori rānei, ka taea te noho hei taonga tino rapuhia hei tāpiritanga ki ngā kohinga kohuke.

Ngā Whakamahinga me te Hiranga o Smithsonite

I roto i te hītori, ko te smithsonite he tino kōrehe konutea, ā, i whai wāhi nui ki ngā umanga tango konutea mōata. I mua i te whakamahinga whānui o te sphalerite, ko ngā putunga smithsonite i keria hei puna konutea whai hua. I whakamahia te maitai i tangohia ki te whakaputa i ngā konupūraka parahi, ngā rauemi kapi, me ngā momo hua ahumahi.

Ko te whakamahinga ahumahi hou o te smithsonite he iti na te mea ko te nuinga o te hanga konutea kei runga i nga putunga sulfide nui ake. Heoi, he mea nui tonu te kohuke ki te rangahau kohuke, te ako, nga kohinga whare taonga, me te ahumahi kohatu. Ko tana mahi ki te mohio ki nga tukanga whakawhanaunga i roto i nga putunga kohuke he mea nui ki nga kaimatai whenua e ako ana i te hanga kohuke.

Kei te tohu tonu a Smithsonite i tētahi hononga nui i waenganui i te matawhenua ohanga, te pūtaiao kōhuke, me te ahurea kohikohi. Tōna huinga o te hiranga matū, te hiranga hītori, me te pīrangitanga ātaahua e whakapūmau ana i tōna rongonui tonu i waenganui i te hunga kaingākau ki ngā kōhuke.

Me pēhea te tautohu i te Smithsonite

Ko te tautuhi i te Smithsonite e hiahia ana kia tirotirohia ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-matū. Ko tōna tino kiato, te hanganga warowaihā, te māwheratanga rhombohedral, me ngā hanganga botryoidal e whakarato ana i ngā tohu whaihua. Pērā i ētahi atu kohuke warowaihā, ka urupare te Smithsonite ki ngā waikawa, ka tuku i te hauhā ina pā atu ki te waikawa pūhaumāota, ahakoa he ngoikore ake te urupare i tērā o te calcite.

Nā te mea ka rite te smithsonite ki ngā kōhatu pēnei i te hemimorphite, te calcite, me te aragonite, ko te tautuhi tika me whakamahi ētahi atu tikanga whakamātautau, tae atu ki te whakamātautau pakeke, te ine i te taumaha motuhake, te karu whakaroa, te tātari matū taiwhanga rānei. He mea nui te tautuhi ngaio mō ngā tauira kohikohi utu nui.

Smithsonite Tiaki me te Whakahaere

Me whakahaere tupato i te smithsonite nā tōna pāngiahi me ngā āhuatanga wehenga. Me tiaki ngā tauira me ngā whakapaipai i ngā whakamoe, ngā pānga, me ngā matū kino. Me whakawhāiti te horoi ki ngā tikanga mārie mā te whakamahi i te wai mahana, te hopi māmā, me te kākahu ngawari. Me karo i ngā horoi ultrasonic, ngā horoi mamaoa, me ngā rauemi kiriwha nā te mea ka tūkino i te mata o te kōhatu, ka whakaputa rānei i ngā pakaru. Mō ngā kaikohi, mā te penapena i te smithsonite wehe atu i ngā kōhatu pakeke ake e āwhina ana ki te ārai i te whakamoe ohorere, ka tiaki hoki i te ātaahua māori o te tauira.

Pukapuka Whakamārama Kohatu

Kohatu whānau