Ko te Ettringite he kohuke kiripara waikawa pākawa huka nui, he pākawa konupūmā konumohe pākawa whāiti, e whakaaturia ana e te tātai matū uaua ko Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂·26H₂O. I roto i te mātai kohuke, ka tioata i roto i te pūnaha takotoru, mā te whakaatu i ngā tioata roa, pūtahitahi, he kōpīpī rānei (acicular) he kore tae ki te mā, ahakoa ko ngā parahanga e kore e kitea i ētahi wā ka hōmai he kōwhai māmā, he kākāriki rānei. Nō te mea he hanga tioata ahurei, e whakaatu ana i ngā hongere tuwhera e noho ana i ngā ngota wai me ngā anion pākawa whāiti e herea ana ki ngā pou whakapūmau o te konupūmā me te konumohe octahedra, e whakaatu ana i te mārō o Mohs he iti, i te 2 ki te 2.5, me te taupū taumaha iti, e 1.77 ai. Ahakoa e tino paingia ana e ngā kaikohi kohuke mō ōna kāhui tioata tāroaroa, he hiranga rawa atu te ettringite i roto i te mahi hanga whare me te hangarau raima, i reira e noho ana hei wahanga tioata taketake i te wā whakamākūtanga o te ciment Portland noa.
I roto i ngā taiao ā-ao māori, ka puta te ettringite i ngā tukanga whakarerekē tuarua pāmahana iti, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i ngā rua o ngā toka puia basaltic, ngā uaua kua pākūkū o te kowhatu māhoe whakawhitia-metamorphic, ngā xenoliths rānei kua whakaurua ki ngā taiao tōtōpū ahi. Engari, ko tōna whakahiatotanga ahumahi ka puta i te whakamākū o te ciment Portland, ka timata i te tauhohenga tere o te tricalcium aluminate (C₃A) ki te gypsum (pākōhatu whakamaroke o te konupūmā whākōnuka) me te wai. Ko tēnei tauhohenga whakapūwerawera ka whakaheke i ngā tioata ettringite pai, rite ngira, ka kōpiri ki te whakarite i te wā tautuhinga tuatahi me te āheitanga mahi o te whakapiri raima hou.
Engari, tēnei kohuke e whai pānga kino hoki mō te pūmau o te hanganga mā te āhuatanga e kīia nei ko te Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF). Ki te whakamahana raima i ngā pāmahana tino nui—te nuinga i runga i te 65°C (149°F)—ka pēhia, ka whakakorea rānei te ettringite o mua. Mēnā ka pā te raima ki te mākū i muri mai i tōna huringa ora, ka pūrokuroku anō ngā wāhanga pāpata me te konumohe whakaea ki te ettringite; ko te whakawhānuitanga pūrua o ēnei tioata hou e whakaputa i te pēhanga kōwiri o roto, ka mutu i te kōpakina-iti, te whakahekenga hanganga, me te mate pukupuku o te raima.
Ko te hītori o te ettringite nō te tau 1874, i te wā i kitea tuatahitia ai, i tātarihia ai, i whakaahuahia ai e te tohunga kohuke Tiamana a J. Lehmann. I whakaingoatia te kohuke hei whakanui i tōna wāhi taketake e tata ana ki Ettringen, kei roto i te puia o Bellerberg i te rohe o Eifel o Rhineland-Palatinate, Tiamana, he rohe e rongonui ana mō ōna huinga kohuke puia e tino rerekee ana, e tino nui ana te konupūmā. Mō ngā tekau tau maha i muri mai i tōna kitenga, ka noho tonu te ettringite hei mea pākiki mātauranga anake, e noho ana i roto i ngā rārangi kohuke.Mō te huringa o te hītori o te kohuke, i huri noa i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 me te tere o te ahu whakamua o te matū raima ahumahi. I te wā e rangahau ana ngā kairangahau mō te korenga o mua me te pirau matū o ngā hanganga raima moana, i kitea e rātou tētahi matū kirikiri i tapaina i te tuatahi ko te “bacillus raima” nā tōna āhua tipu kino, rite ki te ngira. I muri mai, ko ngā tātaritanga X-ray diffraction me te matū i whakaū ko tēnei pūhui horihori he ōrite ki te ettringite māori a Lehmann, e hono tonu ana i te āputa i waenga i te whenua māori me te hangarau mātua o te ao hou.
Te Putanga me Ngā Wāhi Matua
I roto i te taiao, he iti rawa te ettringite, he kohuke e whakawhāitihia ana ki ngā taiao tino kawakawa, whai konupūmā, me te nui o te whanariki, e puta ana mā te panoni tuarua i te pāmahana iti i roto i ngā rua o ngā toka puia basaltic, ngā skarn whakapā-ahuwhenua, me ngā papatūnga pākeho kua panonihia, he uaua te kitea o ngā tauira pai i te mea ko te kaha o te whakamakuku me te tairongo matū o te kohuke. Ahakoa i kitea tuatahitia, i whakaingoatia hoki i te tau 1874 i tōna wāhi momo i te puia Bellerberg e tata ana ki Ettringen, Tiamana, ko ngā tauira kohikohi tino whakamīharo o te ao—e whakaatu ana i ngā tioata mārama nui i ngā atakura kirīmona, koura honikoma, me te kākāriki kotakota—ka ahu mai i te Kalahari Manganese Field i Āwherika ki te Tonga, me ētehi atu putanga māori rongonui pēnei i te Hatrurim Formation kua pāhaihia i Iharaira me Hōrano, Mont Saint-Hilaire i Kānata, me Fuka i Hapani. Engari, i te taha ahupūngao, ka puta nuitia te ettringite i te ao katoa hei wāhanga tioata taketake ka hua i te whakamākūtanga o te wa-wawe o te sima Portland noa, tae atu ki te hua panoni tuarua i roto i ngā hanganga ä-iwi kua tūkino, me te parataiao whāinga i roto i ngā whare whakamahere wai para i hangaia hei hopu i te parakino whakarewa taimaha me te whanariki.
Hanganga Karaihe o Ettringite
Ko te hanganga tioata o te ettringite he tino motuhake, he uaua hoki, e tohuhia ana e te anga tuwhera, pou-me-te-hongere e whakaatu ana i tona itinga o te kiato me te nui o te wai. I te whakatahi ki te pūnaha takotoru (rōpū mokowā P31c), ko te tuara hanganga o te ettringite he pou roa, he pāpātanga hōkai e rere whakarara ana ki te tuaka-c. Ko ēnei pou mārō he mea tito mai i te kōhatu konumohe [Al(OH)₆]³⁻ me te kōhatu konupūmā [Ca₃(OH)₄(H₂O)₄]²⁺, e hanga ana i te pūmanawa whakarite porotaka.
I waenganui i ēnei pou hangahanga tūturu, whiwhi tihi pai, e takoto ana ngā awa whānui, tuwhera e kawe ana i te whiwhinga tihi kino. Ko ēnei awa he whare mō ngā wāhanga toenga o te kōhuke: ngā anioni sulfate nekeneke (SO₄²⁻) me tētahi kupenga nui o ngā ngota wai kāore i te whakarite. Inā rā, mai i ngā ngota wai e 32 kei roto i te waeine tātai, e 24 kei te herehere pūmau i roto i ngā porowhita whakarite kākonu o ngā pou, ko te toenga e 8 e noho noa ana i roto i ngā awa pokapoka. Mā tēnei whirihoranga e hanga ai tētahi whanonga porous, zeolitic, e taea ai e te wai awa me ngā katote sulfate te whakawhiti katote, te whakamaroke wāhanga rānei, me te kore e whakakore i te anga kōiwi o raro o te tioata.
Tae me ngā Āhuatanga Whakaata o Ettringite
I roto i ōna momo māori me waihanga parakore, he korekore te tae, he mā mārama hoki te ettringite, nā te mea kāore tōna hanganga matū matua e whai pūtau karakōwhai whakawhiti whakawhenua. Heoi, e whakaatu ana ngā tauira whenua i te whānuitanga o ngā tae ngāwari, mārama—ko te nuinga he kōwhai kōmā, kōwhai rēmana, kōwhai hōne, ā, i ētahi wā he kākāriki māmā, he mā kawenga rānei—e puta ana i ngā parakino iti, i ngā whakaurunga moroiti rānei o te rino, te konupora, te konukura rānei e whakakapi ana i te whāriki rātau. Mai i te tirohanga whatu, he pūnaha tioata hexagonal/trigonal te ettringite, ā, he uniaxial negative tino mārō. He iti rawa tōna taupū tiango, ko te hihi tino (ne) e 1.458 e ai ki te ine, ā, ko te hihi noa (no) e 1.462 ki 1.466. Nā tēnei taupū tiango iti rawa, me te korenga o te hīnātore e rua (i waenga i te 0.006 ki 0.008), ka kitea he iti te āhua o te kohuke i raro i te karu whakarahi whakataurite, e tata kore kitea ai ngā tioata i te wā e rukuhia ki ngā hinu petrographic noa. I tua atu, i raro i te mārama whakawhiti-pouwhiti, e whakaatu ana te ettringite i ngā tae whakararu iti rawa, ko te nuinga he hina me te mā o te raupapa tuatahi, he tohu matua tēnei mō ngā pūtaiao rauemi e whakatau wehe i ētahi atu hua whakamākūtanga sima.
Te tautuhi i te Ettringite
Ko te taututūtanga tino tika o te ettringite e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakakotahitanga o ana āhuatanga macromorphological motuhake, ngā āhuatanga whatu tātaritanga, me ngā tikanga microanalytical matatau. Ki te titiro whānui, ka mōhiotia e tōna āhuatanga kiripiri acicular (pēnei i te ngira) rānei prismatic, te taumaha motuhake tino iti (1.75 ki te 1.80), te kiri mā, me te putanga tino whāiti i roto i ngā taiao hyper-alkaline, whai-tōkena. I raro i te karu whakaātaata polarizing, ka wehewehea te ettringite hei kohuke uniaxial kino e whakaatu ana i ngā taupū whakaata iti (ne = 1.458, no = 1.462 ki te 1.466), te birefringence ngoikore (0.006 ki te 0.008), me ngā tae wawaotanga hina ota iti, tuatahi, e whakawhiwhi ana i te āhua iti motuhake i roto i ngā wāhanga petrographic paerewa.
Ahakoa ka raru noa te whakataurite ki te thaumasite nā te mea he ōrite te āhua o te muka me te noho tahi hei hua tuarua i roto i te raima kua pakaru, he rerekē te matū o ēnei mea e rua; ko te thaumasite he whakauru i te warowaihā me te silicon ki roto i tōna anga hanganga, ko te ettringite he kohuke pākawa whākīkī e mau ana i te konumohe. Nō reira, ka taea te wehewehe tika me te tautuhi tika i ngā wā katoa mā te whakamahi i te X-ray diffraction (XRD) hei wehe i āna d-spacings hanganga tioata, te scanning electron microscopy (SEM) me te energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) hei whakaatu ā-kanohi i ngā hanga ngira whakawhitiwhiti me ngā ōwehenga ngota, me te tātari waiariki pērā i te thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) hei aroturuki i tōna tino kōwaiwai whakamaroke i te pāmahana iti.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū o Ettringite
Ā-tinana, ko te ettringite e whakaatuhia ana e tōna āhua motuhake, he rite tonu te hanga o ngā kirikiri roa, ngā kirikiri pūtaiao, ngā huinga ngira-rite, me ngā papatipu muka me te whiti. He kōhuke tino mārō, he 2 ki te 2.5 te mārō o Mohs, arā, ka ngāwari te whakangaueuetia e te maikuku, ā, he pai tōna wehenga e whakarara ana ki ngā mata pūtaiao {1010}. He iti rawa te taumahatanga motuhake o te kōhuke, mai i te 1.75 ki te 1.80, he hua tērā nō tōna hanganga kirikiri tino tuwhera, pōngia hoki. Ina hou, kāore anō kia takahurihia, ka whiti te kanapa o te ettringite (kanapa karaihe) ki ngā mata kirikiri, ka huri pea ki te kanapa hiraka, ki te pūhoi rānei i ngā momo muka, kua tawhito rānei.
He kohuke pākawa konupūmā konumohe wai-wa matatini te ettringite i te taha matū, ko tōna tātai ko Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂·26H₂O. Ko tētahi o ōna āhuatanga matū tino whakamārama ko tōna taumata whakamākūtanga tino nui, e tata ana ngā rāpoi ngota wai ki te haurua o te taumaha rāpoi ngota katoa. Nā tēnei whakamākūtanga nui ka kore te kohuke e pūmau i te wera; ina whakawerawera ki runga ake i te 50°C ki te 60°C (122°F ki te 140°F), ka whakamāoke tere te ettringite, ka ngaro tētahi wāhanga nui o ōna wai ara, ā, ka taka ki tētahi āhua kore-ahua, āhua iti ake rānei o te whakamākūtanga. I tua atu, he tairongo te ettringite ki ngā taumata pH, ka noho pūmau anake i ngā taiao kawakawa nui, i te nuinga o te wā i waenganui i te pH 11.5 me te 12.5. Mēnā ka heke te pH ki raro i te 10.5, ka kore te kohuke e pūmau, ka memeha, ka pakaru hei kāpata, hei waiwā konumohe, hei ngota hiko konupūmā, nā reira ko te pūmautanga matū o te ettringite he take tino nui hei aroturuki i te pūmau o te raima ahumahi.
Ngā Whakamahinga me te Hiranga Wairua o Ettringite
Ko te Ettringite he mea nui i roto i te matū ciment, te pūtaiao rawa hanga whare, me te pūtaiao taiao. Ko tētahi o ngā hua whakamākūkū matua e puta ana i te tauhohenga o te ciment Portland ki te wai, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahaere i te wā tautapa me te whanaketanga o te hanganga moroiti o te raima. Ka rangahaua nuitia te kohuke nei i roto i te rangahau pumau nō te mea ko te nui rawa, ko te whakaroa rānei o te hanganga ettringite ka pā ki te mahi wā roa o ngā hanganga raima. I tua atu i te ahumahi hanga whare, kua aro te ettringite waihanga ki ngā whakamahinga taiao nā tōna kaha ki te whakauru me te whakakore i ngā momo parakino, tae atu ki ngā konganuku taumaha me ngā pūhui whakapāwhā sulfate, e whaihua ana ki ētahi tikanga maimoatanga para me te whakatikatika. I roto i te pūtaiao whenua me te pūtaiao kohuke, ko ngā putanga māori o te ettringite e whakarato ana i ngā kōrero whai hua mō ngā tukanga panoni whenua alkaline, e whai rawa ana i te sulfate, me ngā taiao waiariki.
I roto i ngā tikanga metaphysical, ehara a ettringite i te mea e mōhiotia whānuitia ana hei kohuke whakaora, engari i ētahi wā e honoa ana ki ngā kaupapa o te tipu, te pūmau, me te panoni. Āna hanga kirikiri e whiti ana i ētahi wā e tirohia ana hei tohu mo te taurite hangahanga me te whakawhanake haere o ngā turanga kaha, e whakaata ana i te mahi a te kohuke’s i roto i ngā pūnaha raima. Ko ētahi tohunga kirikiri e whakapono ana he whakatenatena i te whakahaere, te manawanui, me te ahunga whakamua pūmau o te tangata. Heoi, ko ēnei whakamāramatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whakapono wairua me metaphysical, ehara i te taunakitanga pūtaiao. Mai i te tirohanga pūtaiao, e whakanuia ana te ettringite mō tōna matū kirikiri motuhake, tōna hiranga āraiwhenua, me āna whakamahinga mahi i roto i te hangahanga me te rangahau taiao.