Ko te Crocoite he kohuke chromate mata tino onge, ko tōna tātai matū e tika ana ko PbCrO₄, nō te akomanga kohuke chromate. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō tōna tae kōwhai-karaka, whero-kōwhai, he whero hīakiniti rānei, i ahu mai i te noho o te chromium e ono ngā irahiko i roto i tōna anga karaihe. Ka tioata te Crocoite i roto i te pūnaha tioata monoclinic, ā, ka whai āhua pūtoro roa, whāiti, he kōiwi rānei, e tupu ana i te nuinga o te wā hei kāhui whiti me ngā kāhui tioata. He pīataata taimana ki te karaihe te kanapa o te kohuke, he nui ngā taupū whakaata, ā, he nui hoki te taumaha motuhake, e 5.9–6.1 pea, nā te nui o te mata kei roto. Ahakoa tōna ātaahua, he ngohengohe te crocoite, ko tōna pakeke Mohs he 2.5–3, ā, he tino māwherangi ki te māwherangi motuhake, nā reira ka ngāwari ngā tioata pai ki te pakaru. Nā reira, ko te crocoite he mea nui hei kohuke kohikohi, hei kohuke whare taonga, kaua hei rauemi whakapaipai, whakakai rānei.
Ko te ahua o te Crocoite he kohuke tuarua i roto i nga rohe whakawhanaunga o nga putunga otaota matua o te matawhenua i raro i nga ahuatanga matū whenua tino motuhake. Ko tona putanga me whakawhitiwhiti nga kohuke whai mata, ko te nuinga o te wā ko te galena (PbS), me nga wai whai chromium i puta mai i te huarere o nga toka ultramafic, serpentinites, me etahi atu toka whai chromium. I te wa o te whakawhanaunga, ka kawe te wai whenua i nga katote mata me te chromate kua rewa, ka whakakotahi ka whakaheke hei crocoite i roto i nga whati, i nga kohao, me nga taiao gossan porous. Na te mea he uaua te noho tahi o nga kukū nui o te mata me te chromium i roto i te ahuatanga whenua kotahi, he kohuke onge tonu te crocoite puta noa i te ao. He maha nga wa e hono ana ki etahi atu kohuke mata tuarua, tae atu ki te pyromorphite, cerussite, anglesite, vauquelinite, phoenicochroite, me te limonite, ka puta katoa i raro i nga tikanga whakarerekē supergene rite.
He nui te hiranga o te Crocoite i roto i te ao kohuke me te matū, nā te mea i whakamahia hei puna matū mō te kitenga o te huānga matū chromium. I kitea tuatahitia te kohuke i te rautau tekau mā waru i roto i te rohe maina o Berezovsky o ngā Maunga Ural, Rūhia, i reira tōna tae whero kaha i whakaaweawe i te aro pūtaiao. I te tau 1797, ka whakahaerehia e te tohunga matū Wīwī a Louis Nicolas Vauquelin he tātari matū o te kohuke, ā, ka angitu ia ki te wehe i tētahi huānga kāore i mōhiotia i mua, ka whakaingoatia i muri mai ko chromium, i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki chroma, te tikanga “tae,” hei tohu mō ngā pūhui kanorau me te kaha o te huānga. Ko te kohuke anō i whakaingoatia hei crocoite i te tau 1832 e August Breithaupt, i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki krokos, te tikanga “saffron.” Ahakoa te hiranga o ngā putanga o Rūhia o mua mō te mōhiotanga pūtaiao o te kohuke, ko ngā tauira hou e mōhiotia nuitia ana ka ahu mai i te whenua kohuke o Dundas i te uru o Tasmania, Ahitereiria, e mōhiotia ana ki te ao mō te whakaputa i ngā tauira crocoite tino nui, kanapa, me te tino whakapakoko pai.
Hanganga Karaihe, Tae, me ngā Āhuatanga Whatu
Ko te Crocoite e whakawhanake ana i roto i te pūnaha tioata monoclinic, ā, nō te rōpū mokowā P2₁/n, me tōna hanganga tioata e pātata ana ki tō te rōpū barite me ētahi atu kohuke chromate. Ko tōna hanganga he tetrahedra chromate motuhake (CrO₄)²⁻ e honoa ana e ngā katio Pb²⁺ nui, e hanga ana i tētahi whakaritenga ngota mātotoru e whai wāhi ana ki te taumaha motuhake o te kohuke. Ko te whanaketanga tioata e tohua ana e ngā āhua prismatic roa e whakarara ana ki te tuaka-c, ahakoa ko ngā tioata acicular kikokore, ngā pūhā whiti, ngā kirikiri, me ngā whakahiato whakarara e kitea nuitia ana. He maha ngā tioata takitahi e whai rārangi roa ana, ā, ka kitea pea ngā āhua tioata tuwhera, tipu kōiwi rānei i puta mai i te whakawhanake tere i raro i ngā tikanga supergene.
Ko te tae tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino mārama me te mōhiotia o te crocoite. Ko ngā tioata hou e whakaatu ana i ngā ātārangi kanapa mai i te kōwhai-karaka, te karaka-whero ki te whero-hina, te whero-hyacinth rānei. Ko te tae kaha e puta mai ana i ngā tukanga whakawhiti utu hiko e pā ana ki te chromium hexavalent (Cr⁶⁺) i roto i ngā rōpū chromate. Ko te huarere, te roa rānei o te whakapā atu ki ngā āhuatanga taiao, ka pōuri i te tae o te mata, ahakoa ko ngā mata tioata katahi anō ka whati, ka mau tonu i te kanapa motuhake. Ka puta mai i te kohuke he kōwhai-karaka ki te kōwhai-karaka te tae o te rārangi, e whai hua tonu ana mō te tautuhi ahakoa tōna āhua motuhake.
He ātaahua, he mārama te crocoite ki te āhua pūataata, ā, he tiketike rawa ngā taupū whakaata, e ai ki ngā pūrongo, ko te nα = 2.29, te nβ = 2.36, me te nγ = 2.66. Nā ēnei uara tiketike rawa, ka puta te marara mārama kaha, ā, ka whai wāhi ki te kanapa o te kohuke, he mea kanapa pēnei i te taimana ki te karaihe. He paiaka rua tōrunga te crocoite, ā, he āhua kaha ki te kaha te whakaata rua, e whakaputa ana i ngā tae whakawhitiwhiti e kitea ana i raro i te mārama whakaōrite. Ka kitea hoki te whakawhiti tae kaha o te kohuke, ko ngā tae e kitea ana mai i te kōwhai-karaka ki te whero hōhonu, i runga anō i te āhua o te whakatakotoranga kiripiri. Ka honoa ki ōna taupū whakaata tiketike me te tae kaha, ko ēnei āhuatanga whatu e kīia ai te crocoite ko tētahi o ngā kohuke tino motuhake e mōhiotia ana.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ko te Crocoite he kohuke konupūmā chromate me te tātai matū tino pai ko PbCrO₄, e tohu ana i te taurite konupūmā māori o ngā puehu kōwhai chrome waihanga. Ko tōna hanganga e rangatira ana i te waikura konupūmā (PbO) me te waikura chromium (CrO₃), me ngā ōwehenga ariā e tata ana ki te 68.9% PbO me te 31.1% CrO₃ mā te taumaha. He iti noa ngā whakakapinga matū, ahakoa ka kitea ētahi tohu whakarewa whanariki, rino, ētahi atu huānga rānei i ētahi wā, i runga anō i te taiao āhuwhenua i puta ai te kohuke.
I rohe tinana, ka mōhiotia te crocoite mō tōna whakakotahitanga o te kiato teitei me te iti o te pūmau o te pūkaha. He 2.5–3 te pakeke o te kohuke i runga i te tauine Mohs, nā reira he ngāwari, he māmā hoki te whakamātaratara. Ko tōna taumaha motuhake e 5.9 ki te 6.1, e whakaatu ana i te nui o te whai wāhi mai o te matā ki tōna hanganga tioata. He mārama ki te kore e tino pai te wehenga, ka puta i te nuinga o te wā i runga i te {110} me ētahi atu papa tioata e pā ana, ā, ko te whati he koretake ki te āhua o te anga. Nā tōna pākaka me tōna kaha ki te whati i ngā mata wehenga, he uaua te tango me te tiaki i ngā tioata kāore i pakaru, inarā ka puta i ngā kāhui ngira ngāwari.
He maha ngā whanonga matū o te Crocoite e āwhina ana ki te tautuhi i a ia. Ka memeha i roto i te waikawa haumāota kaha me te waikawa nitric, ka tuku i te mata ki roto i te wairewa me te whakaputa hua tauhohenga e pā ana ki te chromate. Ina whakamahanatia, ka pirau māmā te kohuke, ā, ka rewa pea i mua i te putorino pupuhi, e whakaatu ana i te koretake o te lead chromate i ngā pāmahana teitei. Nā te mea kei roto i te crocoite te mata me te chromium hexavalent, me āta whakahaere, ā, me karo i te whakapā roa ki te puehu mā te whakapā, te horomi rānei. Ahakoa kāore he whakamahinga ahumahi nui o te kohuke i ēnei rā, he mea nui tonu tōna hanganga matū i roto i te hītori nā te mea ko ia te puna matua i kitea tuatahitia ai te chromium i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā waru.
Whakamahinga o te Crocoite
Nā te mea he tino onge, he tino pākiki, he paitini hoki tōna hanganga e mau ana i te mata o te konupūmā me te konupūma whero e ono, kāore he whakamahinga ahumahi hou mō te crocoite. I ēnei rā, ko te tino hiranga o te kōhatu nei kei roto i ngā mahi kohi kōhatu tino nui, tiaki whare taonga, me te rangahau pūtaiao. Ko ngā tauira tino pai, inarā ko ngā ngira tuwhera, tuwhera hoki i kitea mai i te whenua kōhatu o Dundas i Tasmania, e rongonui ana puta noa i te ao, e tino rapuhia ana mō ō rātou tae kanapa, te āhua motuhake o te karaihe, me te ātaahua whakamīharo. I tua atu i tōna ātaahua, he wāhi rongonui a crocoite i roto i te hītori o te mātauranga matū. I te tau 1797, ko te tohunga matū Wīwī a Louis Nicolas Vauquelin te tangata tuatahi i wehewehe me te tautuhi i te pūmotu konupūma mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira crocoite māori mai i te putunga kōhatu o Berezovskoe i Rūhia. Ahakoa ko ngā pūhui konupūmā mata o te konupūma i ahu mai i te crocoite, i whakaaweawe rānei e te crocoite, i whai wāhi nui ki te whakawhanaketanga o ngā tae ahumahi chrome kanapa o mua, pērā i te “chrome kōwhai,” kāore rawa te crocoite māori i keria nui mō te hanga peita arumoni nā te mea he onge. Nō reira, ka noho tonu te kōhatu nei hei tauira utu nui, hei tauira mātauranga hoki i roto i ngā kohinga kōhatu me ngā kohinga matawhenua puta noa i te ao mō te ako i te whakapākehātanga o te konupūma whero.
Te tikanga whakapākehā o te Crocoite
I roto i ngā tikanga whakaora kiripaka me ngā tikanga metapika, e whakanuia ana te crocoite hei kōhatu kaha mō te pūngao kaha, te oranga, me te whakahoutanga wairua. Nā tōna tae whero-kōwhai e mura ana, e kaha hono ana ki te Pūtake me te Pūtake Tapu, e whakamahia ana e ngā kaimahi ki te whakapūmau i te pūngao wairua i te wā e whakaohooho ana i te kaha ora me te hiahia tinana. He maha ngā wā e kiia ana he kaiwhakaohooho kaha mō te panonitanga whaiaro me te whakaaweawe, e whakaponohia ana e ngā kaingākau ki te āwhina i te whakakore i ngā tauira kare ā-roto e pūkoro ana, te wikitoria i ngā ārai auaha, me te whakatipu i te māia o roto e hiahiatia ana ki te awhi i ngā panonitanga nui o te ora. Heoi, nā te mea kei roto i te crocoite ngā konganuku paitini me te tino pākiki, kaua rawa e whakamahia hei hanga i ngā wai rongoā tika, e māwhe noa ana, e whakahaerehia rawatia rānei. Ko ēnei whakamāoritanga metapika e pūtake katoa ana i ngā whakapono wairua me ngā tikanga ahurea, kaua i te raraunga pūtaiao, ā, kaua rawa e whakamahia hei whakakapi mō ngā mōhiotanga ngaio o te rongoā me te kohuke.