Koiora heke heke ko te kōwhai o te pūkenga BaCO₃. Ko te kōwhai he pūkenga heke e hāngai ana i ngā wahi whakapapa tētahi rānei, ā, kei te takiwā māmā, ka tāwhai i te baryte, te galena, te fluorite, te calcite, me ngā pūkenga heke rānei, me ngā pūkenga heke rānei. Ko te koiora heke heke e āhua tawhiti, kauwhata, kauwhata, rānei, engari ka taea te whakaputa i ngā pūkenga heke tāwhai, engari ka tāwhai i ngā pūkenga heke, ngā pūkenga tāwhai, ngā pūkenga rāwekō, rānei.
Ko ngā tōtara katoa, he whakaputa o te mātātahi o te pūhuruhuru e āhua tonu ana i te 3 ki te 3.5, me te tāwhai tāwhai nui o te 4.2–4.3, e whakaatu ana i te tāwhai o te tohu rereke o te barium. Ko te whakapapa o te mātātahi e āhua tonu ana i te vitreous ki te resinous, me te whakapapa e āhua tonu ana i te tūhono ki te tūhono ka taea te whakapapa e āhua tonu ana. He whakaputa tino tika a wetherite i roto i ētahi āhua, me te tāwhai, te whakaputa, me te whakapapa kimi o te mātātahi. I roto i ngā mātātahi katoa, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā mātātahi katoa e āhua tonu ana i te whakaputa, te tāwhai, te whakaputa, me te whakapapa kimi. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā mātātahi katoa, engari ka taea te whakaputa i te āhua o te mātātahi me te āhua o te tāwhai. Ko te wetherite he ōhanga tūturu o te barium. I roto i te tōtara, ka tīmata te whakaputa i ngā mātātahi me te tāwhai o te barium, me te whakamahi i ngā whakapapa o te barium i ngā mahi kōnaki me te kīmata. Mā te āhua o te mātātahi me te āhua o te tāwhai, ko ngā whakapapa o te barium e āhua tonu ana ka taea te whakaputa, me te āhua o te mātātahi me te āhua o te tāwhai. I ngā kōpae mātātahi, ko te wetherite e āhua tonu ana i te whakapapa, te āhua o te mātātahi, te tāwhai nui, me te āhua o te mātātahi i ngā āhua mātātahi.
Kōrero mō te Whakaputa me te Tāwhai i te Witherite
I whakapono a Witherite i te tau 1870 kua whakapapa ki te ingoa o William Withering (1741–1799), tētahi rorohiko o Ingarani me te pūkenga pūkei e whakamārama i te pūkei me te whakarite i tana aronga. Whakamārama a Withering i tētahi pūkei māmā i te takiwā pūkei o tēnei takiwā o Ingarani ki te taha o te takiwā, me te whakapono i te āhua e tōtō ana i ngā pūkei karbonātī katoa i te wā. I whakapapa te pūkei i te ingoa Witherite hei whakapā mai i tana whakauru ki te tūhono. Ko te tāone tūtohu i te takiwā o Anglezarke i te taha o Chorley i Lancashire, Ingarani, ka taea te tūhono i ngā pūkei pūkei māmā.
Ko te whakapapa o te witherite i muri ake i te rautaki katoa o te whakamahi i te tāwhai pūhanga, i whakapono tonu ki te whakamahi i te tāwhai pūhanga, i te wā e hiahiatia ana te whakaputanga o te tāwhai pūhanga. Ko te mahi a William Withering i runga i te pūhanga i whakarato i te whakapono ki te tāwhai pūhanga hei tāwhai pūhanga e āhua ana. I ngā tāwhai pūhanga ka tīmata i te whakaputa i te witherite hei tāwhai pūhanga, BaCO₃, me te whakapakari i te tāwhai pūhanga e āhua ana i te tāwhai pūhanga e āhua ana i te strontianite, e āhua ana i te tāwhai pūhanga o te strontium. Kāore te tāwhai pūhanga o te witherite i te tauira o te whakaputa tāwhai pūhanga i te tāwhai pūhanga, engari i te tāwhai pūhanga.
Whakapapa me te tūranga pūkenga o te Witherite
Ko whakapapa te wetherite i ngā whenua hydrothermal iti ki te rata ki te rata tawhito, hoko kia tukuna ki ngā pūtahi me ngā wāhi tautuhinga e whakapai ana i te minera o te lead me te barium. Ko te wetherite he mātau nui i te wāhi ka tūhono ngā whakapapa barium ki ngā pūtahi e āwheretia ana ki te karbonate, me te wāhi ka taea te tūhono o te barium karbonate. Mā te āhua o te barium e tūhono ana ki te sulfate hei tāwhai i te baryte, ko te tūhono o te wetherite e āhua ana i ngā whenua e iti te ahu o te sulfate, me te wāhi e āhua ana te karbonate hei anion tino e taea te tūhono i te barium. I roto i ngā wā katoa, ka taea te tūhono o te wetherite me te baryte, engari ko te tāwhai o ngā taonga e āhua ana i te whakapapa me te whakaputa o ngā whakapapa minera.
I ngā pātai tētahi rāwekō, ka taea te whakaputa wītherite i roto i ngā pātai o galena, sphalerite, baryte, fluorite, calcite, quartz, me ngā mātū pūhoro rānei. Ka taea te whakaputa hei kiriata orthorhombic e pā ana ki te taha, ngā pūtake e hui ana ki te taha, ngā pūtake e āhua kōpae ana, ngā pūtake e āhua tāwhai ana, rānei, ki te pātai e āhua tūmātua ana. Ka taea te whakaputa o ngā tūemi e āhua pāwhiri rānei, rānei e āhua botryoidal ana, engari ka taea te whakaputa i ngā pūtake e āhua pāwhiri rānei e whakapāwhiri ana i ngā pātai me ngā pātai. Ka taea te whakaputa o te mātū hei phase tuarua e whakapai ana i ngā tūemi e āhua barium me lead rānei.
Ko ngā whakamahia tino mōhiotanga o te witherite he kōwhai i ngā Pennines o tēnei takiwā o Ingarani, me ngā wāhi tūturu pūkenga pounamu o Ingarani, ā, he whakapapa o ngā rāwekō hydrothermal e whakapā ana ki te galena me te baryte. Ko ngā taonga tūturu anuanui hoki i whakaputaina mai i ngā wāhi i Āmerika, Scotland, Kanata, me te Ngaio Tiriti. Ko te whenua pūhoro e āhua tōtara ana i ngā wāhi tūturu, engari ko te whakapā atu ki ngā momo tohu pūhoro e āhua barium me te pūkenga pounamu e āhua tōtara ana i ngā wāhi tūturu o te witherite. Ko ngā tikanga pūhoro he wā, whakapapa tohu, whakapapa, whakapapa pūhoro, me te aronga o ngā pūhoro e āhua tōtara ana i te wā e whakapā ana te witherite me te āhua o ngā pūhoro me ngā pūhoro e āhua tōtara ana.
Whakapapa Kōwhai o te Witherite
Koiora te wāhanga o te tōrere kōwhaiwai e whakaputa ana i te tōrere tētahi rautaki (orthorhombic) me te pūtake aragonite o ngā mīnira karōnī. Ko te tōrere e hāngai ana ki ngā pūtake karōnī (CO₃) e whakapakari ana ki ngā pūtake barium (Ba²⁺). Ko ngā pūtake karōnī e hāngai ana ki te tōrere tētahi rautaki (trigonal planar) o ngā atomo karboni me ngā atomo oksījīna, ā, ko ngā pūtake barium e iti ake ka tū ana i ngā wāhi whakapakari e iti ake te tōrere i roto i te tōrere e torotoru rautaki. Ko te kahorekotia me ngā whakamahi whakapakari o te Ba²⁺ e whakapai ake i ngā tōrere e raru ana i te tōrere wāhine me ngā mīnira karōnī e hāngai ana ki ngā pūtake iti ake.
Koiora tāwhai tāwhai a wīthirī i te whakapapa kōtahi o ngā āhua pūhau me te whakapapa o ngā āhua e hiahiatia ana. Ngā āhua tāwhai tāwhai ka taea te kite i roto i ngā rāwekō, ngā rāwekō rānei, ā, he rāwekō rānei, ā, ko ngā āhua māmā me ngā āhua e whakaputa ana anō ka taea te kite. Ko te whakatau o ngā atomo i roto i te rāwekō kōtahi anō ka whakapakari i tana whakaputanga me ngā whakapapa pūhau anō. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā tauira tāwhai tāwhai i ngā tauira tāwhai tāwhai, e whakaatu ana i ngā rāwekō i roto i te āhua e ngā pāwhiri e iti ana te pāwhiri.
Ko te wāhi whakaputa o te kōhanga aragonite, ko te witherite e hiahiatia ana i ngā take tūmahi, ā, ko te aragonite (CaCO₃) me te strontianite (SrCO₃). Ko ngā pūnaha pūkenga e whai ana i ngā whakatau tūmahi engari e whai ana i ngā kati rorohiko e torotoro ana. Ko te radius ionira nui a te barium e whakapai ake i ngā mahinga pūkenga me te whakapapa o te pūnaha pūkenga, me te whakapai ake i te tāwhai tūmahi o te witherite. Ko te whakapapa nei e whakamahia ana i te whakaritenga pūkenga mā te whakapakoko pūkenga me te pūnaha pūkenga e whakapāwhai ana i te witherite i ngā pūkenga carbonate e tino whakarite ana.
Ngā Whakapapa Kōtahi me ngā Whakapapa Kōmihana o te Witherite
Ko ngā wāhanga o Witherite he māwhero, he pango, he kōwhai iti, he kōwhai tawhiti, he kōwhai tāwhai, rānei, ka tūhono i ngā whakapapa me ngā minera e āhua ana. He whakapapa māwhero ki te tāwhai ki te tāwhai, engari he wāhanga māwhero. Kāore i te tūmataki, engari he tūmataki rānei, he tūmataki rānei. Ko te mahinga o te Mahs he 3 ki te 3.5, e whakapakari ana i te tūmataki me te whakapakari i te tāwhai ki ngā tauira e āhua ana. Ko te tohu tāwhai ko te 4.2–4.3, e whakapakari ana i te tohu tāwhai me te tāwhai o te taumahatanga o te element katoa o te barium.
Ko te wāhi tūturu o Witherite he tūturu whakarara, me te whakaputa katoa i ngā tūturu pōtiki, tūturu rānei, tūturu pīrani, tūturu rāwai, tūturu rāwhā, rānei. Ko te whakaputa he whakaputa āhua māmā i ngā ara tahi, engari ko te whakaputa he whakaputa iti ki te whakaputa rāwai. Ka taea te whakaputa o ngā tūturu e whakapapa ana i ngā tūturu tūturu, engari ka taea hoki te whakaputa o ngā tūturu tūturu rānei i ngā tūturu tūturu rānei i ngā wāhi tūturu. Ka taea hoki te whakaputa o ngā tūturu e whakapapa ana i ngā tūturu tūturu, me ngā tūturu e whakapapa ana i ngā tūturu tūturu rānei i ngā wāhi tūturu.
Koiora, he wītherite he tāwhai pūnaha o tētahi pūhōtanga barium, me te whakaritenga tika BaCO₃. Ka taea te whakapapa i te kōhui pūhōtanga me te kōhui aragonite. Ko te rōpū pūhōtanga e whakapā ana ki ngā rōpū CO₃, ā, ko te cation māmā he Ba²⁺. Ka whakautu te wītherite i ngā ākiri, e hua ana i te karboni dioxid, engari ka tino iti te whakamahia i te tatau i te kāriki i ngā āhua tika. Ka taea te whakaputa i te rōpū pūhōtanga me te whakaputa i te oxide barium me te whakaputa i te karboni dioxid. Ko te whakapapa pūhōtanga e whakaatu ana i tana rōpū pūhōtanga me te tāwhai iti o te ion barium.
Ko te whakapapa o te barium e rere ana i te tini o ngā āhuatanga, kaua me whakarite i te witherite ki te mōhiotia, nui ake i te wā e hiahiatia ana te pūpū, te pūpū, me te whakamahi i te whakaputa kimi. Ngā taputapu pūnaha e torona ana i te tāwhai o te barium e rere ana i te tino āhuatanga, engari kaua me whakauru i te pūpū pūnaha i te wā e kore rawa te whakamahi. Kāore ngā āhuatanga kimi he iti i te whakamahi rongonui me te whakaputa o te witherite hei tauwehenga o te barium.
Kōwhai, Kōwhai, me ngā Hāngai o te Witherite
Ko te wāhine katoa he pango rānei, engari ngā tūranga tītahi e āhua whero, whero pakihi, whero-pōtiki, rānei ka taea te kite i te āhua o ngā mātau me ngā mātau e hāngai ana ki te tū. Ka taea te whakaputa whakapapa waihanga me te whakaputa wāhi i ngā tūranga e āhua whakapakari ana. Ngā kiriata tūmuri e āhua whakapakari ki te pāwhiri rānei, engari ngā tūranga tūmuri e āhua iti ake ana i te āhua o ngā mātau e āhua tūmuri ana. Te tāwhai o te wāhine he pango, e whakamahia ana hei whakapakari i ngā mātau tāwhai e āhua tāwhai ana i ngā tāwhai tāwhai.
Koiora tāwhai a whitiroti he huinga rereke. Ētahi koiora tāwhai e pā ana ki te tōranga tāwhai me āhua katoa, ā, āhua tāwhai, āhua tāwhai, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua rereke atu o ngā tāwhai tāwhai. Heoi anō, ka taea te whitiroti te kite i roto i ngā huinga rereke, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai. Ka taea te whitiroti te kite i ngā huinga rereke, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai. Ko ngā taonga e pā ana ki ngā huinga rereke, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai. Ko ngā huinga rereke i te tāwhai e mōhiotia ana i ngā taonga e pā ana ki ngā wai tūhono, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai, ā, āhua tāwhai.
Kāore te wetherite e hiahiatia i ngā whakaputa kōwhai rānei, engari ka taea te whakaputa i ngā whakaputa pūtahi rānei me te rāwekō rānei. I ngā āhua o ngā wā, ka whakapapa ngā kiriata i ngā wāhi katoa me ngā wāhi whakarere, e whakamahia ana te whakapapa kiriata iti ake me te whakapau mātau o ngā tapa kiriata. Ko te kombinata o te tūmau tāwhai nui, te tūmau iti ake, te whero ki te tarataki, te tāwhai kiriata o te tāwhai tāwhai, me te reo karbonate ka taea te whakapā mai i te wetherite i ngā minera e āhua whakapapa anake, pērā i te kākātī, te aragonite, te strontianite, me te baryte. Engari, ka taea te whakapā katoa e āhua whakapapa anake, me ngā āhua whakapapa e āhua anake, ka hiahiatia te whakamātautau atu.
Kāwai me ngā taua o te Witherite
Ko te wāhanga o Witherite he tini o ngā kōwhai whakarite i raro i te tino whakarite, engari he kōwhai tahi. Ko ngā whakapānga o ngā pūkenga e hiahiatia ana hei whakamārama i ngā tikanga o te kōwhai, te āhua o te pūkenga, te wāhanga, te tino māwhiti, me te tōtara o te pūkenga. Ko ngā āhua katoa e āhua tonu ana:
- Witiro tāwhai rite – E hāngai i ngā tāwhai whakarite kōtahi, ka tūhono i ngā mātau pāwhiri, pāwhiri rānei, me ngā mātau pīrani. Ngā tāwhai e āhua whāngai ana ka tētahi wāhi iti, ā, he māmā anake ki te tāwhai mātua me ngā kōpae.
- Kōwhai Witherite – Ngā whakaritenga kōwhai rānei e hua ana i ngā pūkupu iti iti. Ka taea ngā whakaritenga nei te tū wāhi rānei i ngā pūkupu, ā, ka tino whakamahi i ngā tūranga tere.
- Kōwhai Witherite – Kāwhai i ngā kōpae rānei e hua ana i ngā pūtake whakapakari e tāwhai ana. Ka taea te taha waho e whai whakapapa i te pūtake iti ki te pūtake rereke.
- Whakaputa Witherite – e kai tāwhai i ngā pūtake e whakapapa ana i ngā wāhi tawhito, e whakapakari ana i ngā whakamātautau rāwiri, rāwiri, ā, rāwiri. Ka taea te kite i ngā whakamātautau rāwiri iti ki ngā tauwehi rānei i ngā wāhi e huri ana.
- Whakapapa Witherite – E hapa e pāwhiri ana i ngā whakaputanga kōhī āhua rere, me te tāwhai o ngā kōhī e āhua rere ana, ka āhua rere. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā wā e whakaritenga ana te whakaputanga o ngā kōhī, ki te whakaputanga whakamua ka hua ngā rāwekeweka e āhua rere ana.
- Kauwhata Witherite – E mātua koe i ngā pūtake whakarite, pūtake tino rereke, rānei, āhua katoa e kore he wāhanga tino rereke o ngā pūtake. Ko te mātua e hiahiatia ana i ngā pūtake whakarite me ngā takiwā whakangāwhai.
- Kōwhai rānei Kōwhai Witherite – Kāore ngā pūhanga, ngā whakapai, rānei i ngā pūhanga kōwhai, me ngā mīneria e hiahiia ana, pērā i te baryte, te galena, te calcite, me te fluorite. Ka tino whai wāhi te tae o ngā taonga nei i te tāwhai o te whakapai mīneria me te whakawā ki muri.
Koiora kātahi ka tūhono i ngā āhua o te BaCO₃, ka whakapāwhai i ngā tikanga o te whakaputanga me te āhua o te wā. Ko te tāone pōkai e āhua tahi ranei anake ka taea te whakaputa i āhua maha, i te āhua o te whakaputanga, te āhuatanga o te wai, te wāhi e āhua ana, te tētahi rānei o ngā tāone pōkai.
Kāwhai Kōwhiringa Kōiwi me ngā Wāhi Tūturu Rite o te Witherite
Koiora te tāwhai katoa e hiahiatia ana i ngā pūtake whakapapa wai rorohiko, i roto i ngā pūtake e āhua barium te wai e whakapā ana ki ngā pūtake e āhua karboniti, rānei ki ngā pūtake e āhua lead te wai. Ko te tāwhai katoa e hiahiatia ana i ngā pūtake e āhua baryte, galena, fluorite, calcite, quartz, me ngā pūtake karboniti me sulfide anō. Ko te hononga i waenganui o te witherite me te baryte e mōhiotia ana, i te mea ko ngā pūtake e āhua barium, engari ka taea te whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga kemiata e āhua whai ake. Ka taea te witherite ki te āhua karboniti me te āhua sulfate e āhua iti, engari ka taea te baryte ki te āhua sulfate e āhua nui. Ka taea te whakaputa i ngā pūtake e āhua tahi i roto i te pūtake wai rorohiko i te āhua kemiata o ngā wai rorohiko.
I roa whakapapa, ka tāwhai a wetherite i te galena me ngā pūhanga pūtahi pounamu katoa i ngā rāwekō pūhanga iti. Ka taea te tū atu i ngā whakarāpopotia rāwekō, ngā whakarāpopotia i ngā pūhanga pūtahi māmā, ngā whakarāpopotia o ngā pūhanga pūtahi, ā, ngā pūhanga pūtahi e hua ana i ngā rautaki mōhiotia o te whakaputaina. Ka taea te whakauru a te calcite me te fluorite i ngā rāwekō me ngā pūhanga pūtahi, ā, ka taea te whakauru a te quartz me ngā pūhanga pūtahi e whakamahia ana i ngā rautaki mōhiotia o te whakaputaina. Ko te tauira whakaputa e toro ana i ngā pūhanga pūtahi, ā, ka taea te whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga o te whakaputaina me te tētahi wāhi o ngā pūhanga pūtahi.
Koiora tūturu katoa o te wetherite kei ngā takiwā whakangāwhai pūhī o tētahi takiwā o tēnei tāone, i te nui o te takiwā o te Pennine o Ingarani. Kāore hoki i tēnei tāone i whakaputaina i ō Scotland, Germauni, Kanata, me ngā takiwā tōpū i te Tiriti. Ko ngā takiwā Ingarani he mātua tūturu mō ngā kōrero āhua rānei o ngā kōrero tūturu me ngā kōrero tūturu e whakapakari ana ki te pūhī me te baryte. Ko te mōhiotanga o te takiwā e āwhina ana i te whakamātautau i ngā taputapu, ā, ko te āhua o ngā kōrero, ngā kōrero ka taea te whakaputa i te tāone tūturu.
Ko whakamahi i te Witherite
Ko te whakapapa tūturu o te witherite, he raru nui i te wāhanga o te pūtaiao o te barium. Mā te kōwhiringa o te mīnara e hāngai ana ki te barium carbonate, ka whakamahi i ngā pūtake e whakaputa ana i te barium mō te whakaputanga pūtaiao. I roto i ngā wā katoa i te whakaputanga o ngā rorohiko pūtaiao nui ake o ngā whakaputa o te barium, ka tino whakapapa te witherite e āhua tūturu i ngā wāhi o Aotearoa, hoki i ngā wāhi e āhua ana te pūtake o te lead. Ka taea te barium carbonate e whakaputa ana i te witherite te whakaputa ki ngā whakaputa barium katoa e whakamahi ana i ngā mahi pūtaiao, pūrere, pūtaiao, me ngā mahi pūtaiao. Ko te barium carbonate anake ka whakamahi i ngā whakaputa pūrere me te whakaputanga o ngā taonga tūturu. Heoi, ko ngā whakamahi pūtaiao o ngā wā kua hua ka whakamahi i ngā whakaputa barium e whakaputa ana me ngā raw material e whakahaere ana i te kōhinga kōwhai, kaua i ngā pūtake mīnara e whakaputa ana i te āhua.
Ko te wāhi tōtara hoki i ngā whakamātautau pūhanga mātau me ngā kōpae pūkenga. Ko tana whakapapa rereke o te mīniro ki te tāwhai āhua, te tāwhai iti, te tāwhai āhua e torotoro ana, me te tāwhai ki ngā wāhi o te lead, baryte, fluorite, me ngā mīniro o te carbonate e whai whārangi tāwhai mā te tāwhai āhua tūhonohono. Ko ngā kōpae rite me ngā kōpae e āhua rānei rānei ka tāwhai i ngā wāhi tōtara, nui ake i ngā wāhi tōtara. Mā te whakaputa tēnei mīniro he mīniro o te barium carbonate me te kore e whakauru ki ngā tāwhai barium e āhua rereke ana, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā kōpae me te kore e whakamahi i ngā kōpae mō te kai, te whakapae, me ngā mahi tāwhai rereke.