Ko te turquoise he kohuke konutai waiwai e mau ana i te parahi me te konumohe, me te tātai matū CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. Ka puta mai mā ngā tukanga whakapakeke tuarua i ngā taiao māokeoke me te hawhe-māokeoke, i reira te wai whenua whai-parahi e pāhekoheko ana ki ngā toka kaihautū konumohe i roto i ngā wā tataiao roa. I runga i te tikanga kohuke, nō te pūnaha tioata triclinic te turquoise, ahakoa he tino onge ngā tioata pai te hanga i te taiao. Hei utu, ka puta noa hei papatipu cryptocrystalline, hei pona, hei uaua, hei whakahiato botryoidal kiato e whakaurua ana ki roto i ngā toka puia kua whakarerekētia, toka parataiao rānei. E rongonui ana te kohuke mō tōna tae motuhake, mai i te kikorangi rangi me te kikorangi hua manu ki te kikorangi-mātomato me te āporo kākāriki, me ngā rerekētanga tae e whakahaerehia ana e ngā kukū whanaunga o te parahi, te rino, me te konutea i roto i tōna hanganga. Ko te parahi te mea nui e whakaputa ana i te tae kikorangi kanapa, ā, ko te nui o te rino e whakaputa ana i ngā tae kākāriki ake.
Ko te hanga o te turquoise he tukanga whakawhanaunga tuarua i roto i ngā rohe whakawhanaunga o ngā putunga parahi, i ngā taiao āhuarangi maroke me te āhua maroke. Ka whanake te kōhatu i te wā e kuhu ana te wai whenua e whai ana i te parahi whakarewa ki roto i ngā toka e whai ana i te konumohe, ā, ka pāhekoheko ki ngā wairewa whai ūkuikui mō ngā wā roa o te wā āhuatanga. I te wā e neke haere ana ēnei wai matū kaha ki roto i ngā whati, i ngā kōhao, i ngā toka kaihautū maiengi, ko ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te waikawa, me ngā āhuatanga whakaetonga e whakaohooho ana i te whakaheke o ngā kōhatu konumohe-parahi-ūkuikui mākū, ā, ka mutu ka puta te turquoise. Ka puta te tukanga i te nuinga o te wā tata ki te mata o te whenua i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana iti, ā, e piri tata ana ki te hāora me te whakawhanaunga o ngā kōhatu whanariki parahi o mua. Ka kitea te turquoise i te taha o ngā kōhatu tuarua pērā i te malachite, te chrysocolla, te limonite, te quartz, me te kaolinite, e tohu ngātahi ana i ngā taiao āhuatanga whakawhanaunga. Nā te mea e hiahiatia ana e te hanga o te turquoise he huinga motuhake o te parahi, te konumohe, te ūkuikui, te wātea wai, me ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi e tika ana, he iti noa ngā putunga whai hua ōhanga puta noa i te ao. Ka puta te kōhatu whakapaipai i te nuinga o te wā hei pōkai, hei whakakī whati, hei kirinuku, hei papatipu kiripiri huna rānei i roto i ngā toka kaihautū puia, parataiao, toka ahi panoni rānei, kaua hei tioata nui takitahi.
Kua whakanuia te kōwhaiwhai e ngā iwi tangata mō neke atu i te rima mano tau, ā, e whakaarotia ana ko ia tētahi o ngā kōhatu utu nui tuatahi i keria, i whakamahia hoki mō ngā kaupapa whakapaipai. E whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga whaipara tangata i tangohia e ngā Ihipiana tawhito te kōwhaiwhai i te Kūrae o Hinai mai i te 3000 BCE, i hangaia ai hei whakapaipai, hei taonga karakia, hei ārai, hei whakapaipai hoki mō ngā rangatira. Ko ētahi o ngā taonga tawhito rongonui rawa atu e mau ana i te kōwhaiwhai i kitea i roto i ngā taonga tanu o te Pirāmia Tutankhamun. I Pāhia tawhito, ināianei ko Īrāna, ka noho te kōwhaiwhai hei tohu o te whai rawa, o te whakamarumaru, o te manako atua, ā, i tino whakanuia te kōwhaiwhai Pāhia puta noa i Āhia me Ūropi mō tōna tae kikorangi kaha. He maha ngā wā i whakaurua te kōwhaiwhai ki ngā karauna, ki ngā whare, ki ngā patu, ki ngā taonga karakia hoki. He nui anō te hiranga ahurea me te wairua o te kōwhaiwhai i waenga i ngā iwi taketake o te tonga-mā-uru o Amerika, tae atu ki ngā hapori Navajo, Zuni, me Hopi, nā rātou i whakamahi te kōwhaiwhai i roto i ngā whakapaipai, i te hokohoko, i ngā tikanga karakia, i ngā whakaaturanga toi hoki. I roto i ngā tikanga o Tibet me Haina, i honoa anō te kōwhaiwhai ki te whakamarumaru, ki te whai rawa, ki te whakaora, ki te hiranga wairua hoki. I te wā o te Waenganui me ngā wā o muri mai o te hokohoko ao, ka horahia te kōwhaiwhai puta noa i Ūropi, ā, ka tino rongonui i waenga i ngā whānau rangatira me ngā hapori whakahirahira. Ko te kupu Pākehā hou “turquoise” i ahu mai i te kīanga Wīwī pierre turquoise, te tikanga “kohatu Tūke,” nā te mea i tae mai te kōwhaiwhai ki Ūropi mā ngā ara hokohoko Tūke ahakoa i keria tuatahitia ki Pāhia. I ēnei rā, kei te noho tonu te kōwhaiwhai hei mea whakahirahira ahurea puta noa i te ao, ā, kei te whakamīharotia tonutia mō tōna tuku iho hītori me tōna ātaahua māori motuhake.
Ko te Hanganga Karaihe o te Turquoise
Ko te turquoise he kohuke konupūmā-konumohe-waiwai pāmea me te tātai matū CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O, ā, ka whakapakari i roto i te pūnaha tioata triclinic. Ahakoa tōna whakarōpūtanga tioata, he tino onge ngā kirikiri takitahi e tino pai ana te hanga i te taiao, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka kitea te kohuke hei papatipu cryptocrystalline, hei kōpuku kiato, hei whakakī i ngā kapiti, hei kirikiri, hei whakahiato botryoidal rānei. Ko tōna hanganga tioata he whakaritenga matatini o ngā octahedra konupūmā me konumohe e hono ana ki ngā tetrahedra pāmea me ngā rōpū hydroxyl, ā, kei roto hoki ngā ngota wai i roto i te anga hanganga. Ko te hangarite triclinic e whai wāhi ana ki te kore e tino pai te whanaketanga o te kirikiri me ngā tikanga tipu whakahiato kōpīpī. Ka puta noa te turquoise i roto i ngā toka kaihau me ngā pūnaha kapiti e pā ana ki ngā putunga konupūmā waikura, ā, ka noho tahi me ngā kohuke tuarua pērā i te malachite, te chrysocolla, te limonite, me te quartz.
Te tae o te Turquoise
Ko te turquoise e rongonui ana puta noa i te ao mō tōna tae motuhake, mai i te kikorangi o te rangi me te kikorangi o te hua manu ki te kākāriki-kikorangi, te kikorangi-kākāriki, me te kākāriki pūahoaho. Ko te tae o te kōhatu whakapaipai e whakahaerehia ana e te matū o ngā tohu-tuwha i roto i te hanganga kōhatu. Ko ngā katote konukura te take matua o te tae kikorangi motuhake, engari ko te pikinga o te konutai e kukume ana i te tae ki te kākāriki. I ētahi wā, ko te whakakapi o te konutea ka whakaawe anō i ngā rerekētanga o te tae. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te taiao, te pūare, me te whakamaroketanga ka taea te whakarerekē i te āhua o te turquoise i roto i te wā. Ko ētahi tauira e whakaatu ana i te tae tino ōrite, ko ētahi atu kei roto he uaua pango, parauri, kōura rānei i ahu mai i te toka kāinga e karapoti ana. Ko ēnei tauira uaua e tino kitea ana i te turquoise o te tonga-mā-uru o te Hononga o Amerika, ā, e whakaarotia ana he ātaahua i roto i ngā whakapaipai me ngā whakamahinga whakapaipai.
Ngā Āhuatanga Whatu o te Kōhatu Turquoise
Mai te tirohanga whatu, ko te kōhatu turquoise e mōhiotia ana he kōhatu pōkākā, ahakoa ko ngā tapa tino angiangi, ngā kongakonga, ngā wāhanga moroiti rānei e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te mārama. E whakakikorua ana i roto i te pūnaha triclinic, he anisotropic te turquoise, ā, e whakaatu ana i te taupū whakaata e 1.610 ki te 1.650 te nuinga, me te uara toharite e tuhia ana ki te 1.62. Nā te mea he whakahiato cryptocrystalline (papatipu moroiti) te nuinga, kāore i te kirikiri kotahi, he uaua te whakatau i ngā taupū motuhake (alpha, beta, gamma) mā te refractometer paerewa, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta he pānui wāhi kotahi.
He ngoikore te kōpīpītanga o te kohuke, ahakoa e huna ana tēnei āhuatanga e te āhua whakahiato. I tōna āhua mata, ko te kanapa o te turquoise mai i te iti-karaihe ki te ware me te pūaho; heoi, mā te whakakoi tika o te kōhatu ka puta he kanapa ware ki te iti-karaihe e tohu ana i tōna ātaahua hei kōhatu whakapaipai. I raro i te karu whakanui nui, i te karu hiko tāwhai rānei (SEM), ka kitea he anga moroiti matatini e whakaurua ana e ngā momo rerenga mai i te pōrearea me te whakaurunga auau o te anga kōhatu kaihautū (pērā i te limonite, te quartz, te pyrite rānei). Nā te kaha o te pōuri, kāore e kitea te tae-whakarerekē i roto i ngā tauira nui. Ina whakapā atu ki te hihi ultraviolet (UV), he tino rerekē, he ngoikore hoki te urupare whiti o te turquoise māori; i te nuinga o te wā, kāore e whiti, ka puta rānei he whiti kākāriki-kōwhai ki te kikorangi mārama i raro i te UV ngaru-roa, e whakatauhia ana e te ōwehenga parahi-ki-rino me te noho mai o ngā pūhui whakapūmau waro.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana o te Turquoise
Ko te pūmau ā-tinana o te turquoise he tino rerekē, e whakatauhia ana e tōna kiato me tōna porosity microstructural. I runga i te tauine pakeke Mohs, ko te turquoise mai i te 5.0 ki te 6.0. Ko ngā momo kiato, kōpīpī e ahu mai ana i ngā putunga matua e tata ana ki te pakeke o te 6.0, engari ko ngā tauira porosity nui, “chalky” rānei ka heke iho ki raro i te 5.0, me whakapūmau ā-horihori i mua i te whakahaere. Ko te taumaha motuhake (kiato) e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga whakarara, e horapa ana i te nuinga o te wā mai i te 2.60 ki te 2.90, me ngā uara teitei e hono tika ana ki te porosity iti ake me te nui ake o te rino.Turquoise kāore he papa wehenga motuhake. I te pānga, ka whakaatu i te whati conchoidal ki te koretake, te whati granulitic, e whakaputa ana i te mata pūhoi, kāore i whakakororia. Nā tōna porosity tūturu, ko te turquoise kāore i rongoā he pūnaha capillary tuwhera. He tino pāngia ki te whakauru o ngā wai o waho—tae atu ki ngā hinu kiri, ngā whakapaipai, te makuku, me ngā matū ahumahi a te taiao—e kuhu ana ki te hanganga me te whakaputa i te panoni tae kore e taea te whakahoki (he maha ngā wā ka huri ngā tae kikorangi ki te kākāriki pūhoi) me te pirau mata i roto i te wā. Nā reira, ko te rauemi kounga teitei, kiato he tino pūmau ake ki te huarere taiao. Nā tōna ngāwari ā-tinana, te hanganga microcrystalline, me te pōuritanga katoa, tata tonu kāore te turquoise e whakapaipaihia ki ngā mata; engari, he mea hanga ki ngā cabochon, ngā pirepire, ngā whakairo uaua, me ngā whakauru papatahi.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matū o te Kōhatu Turquoise
Mai te taha matū, ko te turquoise he konutai pākawa konupūmā konukura mākū, e noho ana hei mema tino mō te rōpū turquoise. Ko tōna tātai matū e whakaaturia ana ko CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O.I roto i ngā taiao māori, ka puta te whakakapinga ā-ahua whānui i roto i te whakatakotoranga tioata. Inarā, ka whakakapi te rino tuatoru (Fe³⁺) i te konumohe (Al³⁺); ko te nui ake o te konukura e puta ai te tae kahurangi e arohaina ana, engari ko te pikinga o te rino ka huri te tae ki te kākāriki. Ka kitea hoki ngā tohu iti o te konutea (Zn), te konupūmā (Ca), me te konupara (Mn).He kōhuke tuarua te turquoise, e hanga ana mā ngā tukanga supergene. Ka puta tēnei i raro i ngā āhuatanga mātao, whakawera, ina uru ngā wai ā-rangi konukura waikawa ki roto i ngā toka matua konumohe (pērā i ngā feldspar kua pākūkū) i te aroaro o te apatite, ētahi atu pūtake pākawa rānei, i roto i ngā putunga konukura mārokiroki, āhua mārokiroki rānei.
He tino tairongo te kohuke ki ngā taumahatanga o te taiao me te matū. He kino te urupare ki te whakapā wera; ko ngā pāmahana teitei e whakaputa ana i te whakamaroketanga, ka ngaro te wai e herea ana e te matū o te kohuke, ka pakaru te hanganga me te tino whakapirau o te tae. I tua atu, ka whakaekea te turquoise e ngā waikawa ngāwari me ngā kawakawa kaha, ka whakakore i te anga phosphate me te whakairo i te mata orohia. Hei whakaiti i ēnei whakaraerae, ko te nuinga o te tuku kohatu whakapaipai arumoni ka whakapūmau—he tukanga e whakaurua ai te kohuke maiengi ki ngā kāpia kore tae, ngā polymers, te konutai silicate rānei hei whakapakeke i te pakeke o te hanganga, hei whakakore i te maiengitanga, hei tiaki hoki i te tika o te tae.
Ngā Puna Matua o te Kōwhaiwhai
Ko ngā putunga pounamu e horahia ana puta noa i ētahi rohe maroke me te āhua maroke o te ao, me ia wāhi e whakaputa ana i ngā rawa e mōhiotia ana e ngā tae ahurei, ngā tauira matrix, me ngā āhuatanga gemological. I ngā wā o mua, ko ētahi o ngā pounamu rongonui rawa atu i ahu mai i Iran, inarā ko ngā maina tawhito e tata ana ki Neyshabur, kua keria mo te rua mano tau neke atu. Ko te pounamu Pāhia e rongonui ana i te ao mō tōna tae kikorangi kahurangi kaha, ōrite, me te iti o te ihirangi matrix, ā, kua roa e kiia ana ko tētahi o ngā pounamu tino kounga rawa atu i kitea. I te Hononga o Amerika, kei te taha tonga-uru o Amerika ngā putunga nui, inarā i Arizona, Nevada, me New Mexico. He tino kanorau te āhua o te pounamu Amerika, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira matrix pango, parauri rānei e rite ana ki te whare pūngāwerewere, e tino whakanuia ana i ngā tikanga whakapaipai a ngā iwi taketake o Amerika. Ko ngā rohe maina rongonui o Amerika ko te Sleeping Beauty Mine i Arizona, te Bisbee Mine, te Kingman Mine, me ngā wāhi pounamu tawhito maha o Nevada. Ko Haina tētahi o ngā kaihanga pounamu nui rawa atu o te ao i tēnei wā, ko ngā putunga nui kei te Porowini o Hubei te nuinga. He whānui te tae o te pounamu Haina mai i te kikorangi kanapa ki te kākāriki, ā, he maha ngā wā kei roto he uaua matrix pōuri. Ko te pounamu Tibet, i ahu mai i ngā rohe o Tibet me te uru o Haina, he mea nui hoki i te taha ahurea, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakaatu ana i ngā tae kākāriki-kikorangi me ngā hanganga matrix motuhake. Ko ētahi atu puna nui ko te Kūrae o Sinai o Ihipa, tētahi o ngā rohe maina pounamu tawhito rawa atu i te hītori o te tangata, tae atu ki ngā putunga i Mexico, Chile, Afghanistan, me Kazakhstan. Ko ngā rerekētanga ā-āhuatanga i waenga i ēnei wāhi e kaha ana te whakaawe i te hanganga matū o te kohuke, te pakeke, te poka, te pūmau o te tae, me te uara mākete katoa, nā reira ko te takenga whenua he mea nui ki te tautuhi gemological me te whakarōpūtanga arumoni.
Ngā Whakamahinga me te Hiranga o te Turquoise
Kua te mana o te turquoise hei taonga whakapaipai, ahurea, tohu hoki mō ngā mano tau, ā, kei te noho tonu hei kōhatu tino mōhiotia o te ao. Ko tāna mahi matua kei roto i te ahumahi whakapaipai, e hangaia nuitia ai hei kōhatu porotaka, pirepire, tāwhiri, mōwhiti, poroporo, whakairo, me te mahi whakauru i runga i tōna kara kikorangi-mātotoru me ōna tauira matapihi ātaahua. He mea rongonui te turquoise i roto i ngā tikanga whakapaipai a ngā Iwi Taketake o Amerika, Tibet, Pāhia, me te Middle East, e whakaurua ai ki te hiriwa me ētahi atu rauemi whakapaipai hei hanga i ngā hoahoa toi tino uara. I tua atu i te whakapaipai whaiaro, kua whakamahia te turquoise i ngā wā o mua ki ngā taonga karakia, ngā taonga whakapono, ngā mosaik, te whakapaipai patu, te hoahoanga, me ngā kākahu kingi. Ko ngā iwi tawhito pērā i ngā Ihipiana, Pāhia, Hainamana, me ngā Iwi Taketake o te Tonga-uru o Amerika i whakaaro ki te turquoise hei kōhatu whakamarumaru, whai rawa, mana wairua, me te mana pāpori. I roto i ngā ahurea maha, i whakaponohia hei whakamarumaru i te kino, hei kukume i te waimarie, hei whakatairanga i te oranga tinana me te hinengaro. Kei te whakanui tonu ngā kaingākau kōhatu me ngā kaikohi o nāianei i te turquoise mō tōna hiranga o mua me tōna ātaahua ahurei, inarā ko ngā tauira e whakaatu ana i te tae māori kāore i rongoā, i ngā tauira matapihi pūngāwerewere rānei. I te taha ōhanga, he kōhatu nui tonu te turquoise i roto i ngā mahi toi a te ringa, ngā whakapaipai papai, me ngā mākete taonga ahurea puta noa i te ao. I te taha pūtaiao, he hiranga anō te turquoise i roto i te mātai kōhatu hei tohu mō te kōpura parāoa tuarua me ngā taiao āhuahua hāora, e whai wāhi ana ki te rangahau i te hanganga kōhatu, te matū whenua, me te tātari takenga.