Ko Tugtupite he kohuke tino onge o te konupūmā pākōhatu konumohe (e tohua ana ko Na₄BeAlSi₄O₁₂Cl) nō te rōpū sodalite i roto i te whānuitanga o te kāwai pākōhatu, e whai hāngaitanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki ki ngā kohuke pēnei i te sodalite me te hackmanite. E whakanuia ana e ngā tohunga kohuke me ngā kaiwhai kohatu pīataata, ā, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna āhua motuhake—mai i te māota kōmā me te whero here here ki te mā, te pūmā uriuri rānei i ētahi wā—me ōna āhuatanga ā-whatu whakahirahira, tae atu ki te tīaho kaha i raro i te mārama tūpou me te tenebrescence (te kaha ki te huri tae i te wā e pā ana ki te mārama, ki te pōuri rānei). Kāore i rite ki ērā atu kohuke e nui ake ana te kounga kohatu i whakamahia puta noa i te ao, ka puta noa a Tugtupite i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino motuhake o te kawa hākui, ka mutu, he iti rawa ngā tauira tino pai i te taiao, ā, ko te nuinga kei ngā wāhi tawhiti, tino kitea ai ki te whare o Ilimaussaq i te tonga o Kāriporangi. Nā tēnei matatini matū, tōna hononga ā-tinana ki ngā kohuke o te rōpū helvine, me te onge o tōna putanga, ka noho a Tugtupite hei kaupapa whai pānga nui i roto i te rangahau matatini o ngā kohuke me te kohi kohatu pīataata pai rawa atu.
Te hitori me te kitenga o Tugtupite
I te tau 1957 i kitea tuatahitia a Tugtupite i Tugtup Agtakôrfia, kei roto i te pūhui kawa alkaline rongonui o Ilímaussaq i te tonga o Greenland, i reira te ingoa ōkawa o te kohuke i ahu mai ai. Ko tōna whakaahuatanga ōkawa i hāngai ki te whakawhanaketanga o te rangahau kohuke i waenganui o te rautau 1900 ki ngā toka mapere peralkaline motuhake o Greenland, i reira hoki tōna mana ā-ahurea o te rohe i pūtake mai—ko te kupu Greenlandic kei roto i te ingoa. tuttu (reindeer), e kōrero ana i ngā tae whero mākūkū hei “reindeer blood.” Ahakoa kua pūrongohia ētahi āhuatanga iti i roto i ētahi atu whakaeke alkaline tino whaitake i te ao, pērā i te Kola Peninsula o Rūhia me Mount Saint-Hilaire i Kānata, ko te whakaeke o Ilímaussaq tonu te puna matua o ngā tauira karaehe-tohu me te tae kaha, e pupuri ana i te mana o tugtupite’s hei taonga onge e tino rapuhia ana i roto i ngā kohinga kōhatu o te ao.
Te Whakaputanga me te Putanga Āhuatanga Whenua o Tugtupite
Ka tipu ake te Tugtupite i raro i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua tino rerekee, ka tupu i roto i ngā taiao puehu alkaline tino kaha—arā, i roto i ngā pūhui syenite nepheline agpaitic me ō rātou pūnaha waiariki e pā ana. Ko te tukanga whakatipuranga e whakahaerehia ana e ngā waiariki momona, e rere ana i roto i ngā kawenga me ngā kowhao o te toka kaihautū e whakamatao ana; i te hekenga o te pāmahana me te pēhanga, ka whakakoi ngā kohinga o te konutai, te beryllium, te konumohe, te silicon, me te māota ki te whakaputa i tēnei kohuke rerekee. Ko te puna matua o te ao ko te pūhui rongonui o Ilímaussaq i te tonga o Kārini, i reira ka puta te Tugtupite i ngā wāhi waiariki o muri, i ngā wāhi whakakapi, me ngā kohao pegmatitic, me ngā kohuke e tata ana pēnei i te albite, te sodalite, te analcime, te chkalovite, me ngā feldspathoids maha. Nā te mea ko tōna whakatipu e hiahiatia ana he huihuanga matawhenua e kore e kitea noatia—te alkaline nui me te whakarauikatanga o te beryllium me te māota—ka tino iti ngā taiao tika, e whakamārama ana i te pāputanga iti rawa o te Tugtupite i te ao.
Ngā Momo me ngā Rerekētanga o Tugtupite
Ko te Tugtupite e whakaatu ana i te whānuitanga o ngā rerekētanga o te tae, ngā āhuatanga tinana, me ngā whanonga whatu e whakaaweawe ana e tōna hanganga karaihe, te matū o ngā kōre huānga, me te urupare ki te hihi hiko. Ahakoa kāore i wehewehea hei momo motuhake i roto i te mātai kōhatu ōkawa, ka whakarōpūtia te rauemi e ngā tohunga whenua me ngā tohunga kōhatu ki ētahi momo e mōhiotia ana i runga i te āhua o te tae, ngā āhuatanga whatu, me te hononga hanganga:
Ngā Momo Krimihina Hōhonu me te Whero Hinareti
Ko nga tauira whero hohonu me te whero here e tohu ana i te momo tae tino nui me te rongonui o te tugtupite. Ko tenei whakaahuru kaha na nga pokapu tae—otira nga irahiko kua mau, nga radical e pa ana ki te whanariki—i roto i tona hanganga anga rite ki te sodalite. I kiia i mua i roto i nga korero a te iwi Greenlandic ko te “reindeer blood” (tuttu), e whakaatu ana tenei momo i te whakakī nui, e tino rapuhia ana mo te tapahi kohatu me te kohinga kohuke tino utu.
Ngā momo māwhero mā ki te mā
Ko ngā momo māwhero kōmā me te mā pūtohe e puta ana inā he iti iho te kaha o ngā pūmanawa tae kaha i roto i te anau tioata, i te mea rānei kua roa e kore e pā ki te hihi wairākeitono. Ko ēnei tauira māmā ake hei tūāpapa tino pai mō te mātaki i ngā āhuatanga whatu, nā te mea ko te tae māwhero o te tinana tuatahi e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga mātaitai i te wā e puta ai ngā huringa tae nui i te whakaohonga a ngā pūngao taiao.
Ngā Momo Kikorangi Tino On
He tino uaua te kitea i te taiao, ko ngā tauira tugtupite kākāriki-kikorangi ki te kikorangi mākū e tohu ana i tētahi rerekētanga tae onge i roto i te rōpū kōhatu. Ko ēnei rerekētanga e kīia ana nā te whakakapi iti o ngā katote whakarewa whakawhiti motuhake, o ngā momo whanariki hoki e noho ana i roto i ngā kōhao honohono o te anga o te rōpū sodalite, e rerekē ana i ngā chromophores māwhero-ki-whero noa.
Tauira Tino Whitiata
Ahakoa ko te nuinga o te tugtupite e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga whitiwhiti, ko ētahi tauira e whakaputa ana i te huringa tūrama tino kaha. I raro i te pūhihi tāpokopoko ngaru poto (SWUV), ko ēnei tauira e whakaputa ana i te whitiwhiti whero-kōwhai mura kaha, ā, i raro i te pūhihi tāpokopoko ngaru roa (LWUV), ka puta mai i a rātou te kanapa māwhero-kānara tino pīataata. Ko tēnei huringa tūrama kaha he āhuatanga ā-tinana matua hei tautohu i te tugtupite me te wehewehe i a ia i ngā kōhuke rite te titiro pērā i te rhodonite, te rhodochrosite rānei.
Momo Tenebrescent (Photochromic)
Ko te Tenebrescence, ko te photochromism whakahoki ranei, tetahi o nga ahuatanga tino motuhake o tugtupite’s. Ina pa ki te rama ultraviolet poto, ki te ra tika ranei, ka huri te hiko o roto o nga tauira mawhero koma, ma ranei, ka tere te kaha o te tae ki te whero kanapa, kikii. Ina whakatakotoria
Ngā Kohinga Nui me Ngā Kohinga Kirikiri Iti
Mai i te tirohanga hanganga, ko te nuinga o te tugtupite tūāhua kohatu e puta ana hei whakahiato pūhui moroiti matotoru, nunui, he kiri pai rānei, kaua ki ngā tioata euhedral e tino hanga ana. Ēnei whakakīkī uaua kōpū, mōninori ki te puata, me ngā putunga kōhao waiariki e whai kaha ana ki te kaha toe me te pūmatua hanganga hei whakairo hei cabochons, whakairo, me ngā kohatu whakapaipai.
Ngā
I roto i tōna taiao whenua taketake, ka hanga pinepine te tugtupite i ngā whakaurunga matatini ki ngā kohuke kaihautū me ngā kohuke āwhina i te urunga kawakawa o Ilímaussaq. Ko ēnei āhua whakahiato e whakaatu ana i te tugtupite e whakauru tata ana ki ngā kohuke pērā i te albite mā, te sodalite kikorangi, te analcime kākāriki-hina, me te chkalovite kōmā. Ko ēnei tauira e whakaatu ana i ngā tātaritanga tae-whakamiharo o ngā kohuke maha, ā, e whakarato ana i te horopaki whenua whai hua e pā ana ki ngā tukanga whakamaarama waiariki o te wā whakamutunga.
Te Hanganga Karaihe me te Hanganga Kōhuke
Ko te Tugtupite e whakaoio ana i roto i te pūnaha tioata tetragonal, e whakaatuhia ana e te āhuatanga matarua toru-āhuatanga o te anga, e hono tata ana ki te hanganga o ngā kohuke o te rōpū sodalite. Ko tōna anga ngota i hangaia mai i ngā tetrahedra silica (SiO₄) me te alumina (AlO₄) e hono ana, me ngā waeine beryllium e whakatau ana i tōna stoichiometry motuhake (i whakatauhia hei Na₄BeAlSi₄O₁₂Cl). I roto i tēnei kupenga silicate tuwhera, ko ngā kōhao nui pēnei i te whare e noho ana i ngā cation sodium me ngā anion chlorine. Ko te whakaurunga here a te beryllium i roto i te anga he āhuatanga kohuke e tautuhia ana; nā te mea he pūmotu māmā te beryllium e hiahia ana ki te rerekētanga ā-whenua motuhake hei whakakoi i roto i ngā pūnaha toka whakangaoka o te wā mutunga, ko tōna noho mai e here kaha ana i te hanganga o te tugtupite. I tua atu, ko tēnei hoahoanga tioata tuwhera, pēnei i te whare, e whakatūpono tika ana i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga matū iti me ngā hētanga o te tukutuku hanganga (pērā i ngā pokapū irahiko kua mau, ngā pūtoru e hāngai ana ki te whanariki rānei). Ko ēnei āhuatanga moroiti hanganga te kawe matua o ngā tikanga ōkiko e whakaawe ana i ngā āhuatanga whatu rongonui o te tugtupite, tae atu ki ōna rerekētanga tae iho, te whakawhitiwhiti ultraviolet kaha, me te tenebrescence whakahoki.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Āhua o te Ata
Ko Tugtupite e whakaatu ana i te huinga motuhake o ngā āhuatangata ā-tinana me te whatu e mōhiotia ai i waenga i ngā kohuke tārake. He pakeke tonu te Mohs mai i te 4 ki te 6, he kanapa karaihe ki te kanapa hinu, ā, he iti noa te taumaha motuhake tata ki te 2.30 ki te 2.36 g/cm³. Ko te nuinga o te wā, ka puta te kohuke hei whakahiato mātotoru, moroiti-tioata, papatipu rānei, nā te mea he tino uaua te kite i ngā tioata ehuhedral pai. Ki te hanganga, he kino, he ōritenga kore te whakawehenga me te pakaru anga-kōnohi. Ko tōna āhuatanga ā-tinana tino motuhake ko tāna whanonga whatu whakamīharo: he tino kōwhitiwhiti te Tugtupite, e whiti ana i te kōwhiti whero kanapa, whero-hōpine rānei i raro i te mārama ultraviolet, ā, e whakaatu ana i te tenebrescence whakahoki (photochromism), e tere hōhonu ai te tae tinana mai i te māwhero kōmā, te mā rānei, ki te whero tītī, ina whakapā atu ki te rā tōtika, ki te iraruke ultraviolet rānei.
Te Hanganga Matū me te Pūmau
He kōmaka matū o te tugtupite he konutai pērihiriuma konumohe silica pūhaumāota, ko tōna tātai matū ōkawa ko Na₄BeAlSi₄O₁₂Cl. He mema onge o te rōpū feldspathoid/sodalite e mau ana i te pērihiriuma, e whakauru ana i te konutai, pērihiriuma, konumohe, silica, hāora, me te pūhaumāota ki roto i tōna anga karaihe. Mō te pāhekoheko matū, he tino pūmau te tugtupite i raro i ngā āhuatanga āhua noa o te rangi, ahakoa he tairongo ki te wera ōna pokapū tae; ka taea e te whakapā atu ki ngā pāmahana teitei te whakamā te kara whero ki tōna āhua māmā ake. Waihoki, nā te iti o tōna pakeke me te pāpā noa ki ngā waikawa kaha, me āta whakahaere ngā tauira kāwhatu me te tiaki i ngā matū kino kia mau ai te whainga hanganga me te pīataata whatu.
Ngā Wāhi Nui o te Ao me te Tohatoha Matawhenua
Ko te Tugtupite he kohuke tino onge i te ao, tata ki te katoa he mea here ki te tokoiti o ngā papatipu toka peralkaline matatini. He tino noho takitahi ngā putanga whenua nā te mea e hiahiatia ana he whakakotahitanga motuhake o te waiwaro me te tino whakarangatira i te konutai, te pēri, me te māota i te wā o te whanaketanga mahi-waiariki whakamutunga o te mahi ahi.
Puna Matua: Te Ilímaussaq Complex (Kiriwhenua ki te Tonga)
Ko te whare whakauru o Ilímaussaq i te tonga o Greenland te waahi tino nui o te ao mo te tugtupite me te puna e mohiotia ana anake e taea ana te whakaputa i nga rawa o te kounga-kohatu i roto i te tauhokohoko, ahakoa he iti rawa, te nui. * Momo Takiwā (Tugtup Agtakôrfia): I kitea tuatahi i te tau 1957 i runga i ngā pari takutai i te taha raki o te whanga o Tunulliarfik. Ko te kohuke i whakaahuatia tuatahi mai i tēnei wāhi, ko te nuinga he kirikiri iti mā ki te māwhero pūahoaho, he kirikiri pai, i whakakotahi me ētahi atu kohuke o te rōpū sodalite. * Kvanefjeld Papa: Kei te kokonga ki te raki-mārua o te urunga, ko Kvanefjeld te wāhi tino rongonui mō te tugtupite kounga-kohatu. Ko ngā uaua albite hydrothermal e tapahi ana i te syenite alkali i tēnei mānia i whakaputa i ngā tauira whero-keri “toto renitia” kaha, kukū nei i whakapūmau i te rongonui kohatu o te kowhatu. * Taseq Slope and Kangerluarsuk Fjord Ko ngā tūponotanga nui anō i roto i te whakaurunga ko ngā uaua waiariki albite-analcime i te Taseq Slope—e mōhiotia ana mō ngā papatipu moroiti pai me te whanonga whakaahua motuhake—me ngā wāhi tata ki Kangerluarsuk.
Ngā Takahanga Tuarua Ririki
I waho o South Greenland, kua whakamanahia te tugtupite ki etahi atu waahi whenua mokemoke kee puta noa i te ao, kāore tētahi o ēnā e whakaputa i ngā tauira momo taimana, momo whakairo nui rānei: * Lovozero Massif (Kola Peninsula, Rūhia): Ko nga karaehe moroiti iti me nga uaua angiangi o te tugtupite kei roto i nga pegmatite tino agpaitic (pēnei i te pegmatite Shkatulka) i te taha o ētahi atu kohuke onge e whai ana i te beryllium me te konutai. * Mont Saint-Hilaire (Kēbeki, Kanata): Kua tuhia ngā putanga o te tugtupite i roto i ngā kōhao waiariki o te wā mutunga me ngā pegmatite o tēnei matatini whakauru kawakawa, ahakoa ko ngā rawa mai i tēnei wāhi he tino whai take mātauranga ki ngā kaikohi.
Ngā tono me ngā whakamahinga o Tugtupite
Ko te whakamahinga tuatahi o Tugtupite kei roto i nga mahi tohu kohatu me nga mahi whakapaipai, i reira e tino rapuhia ana te taonga na te onge me te kounga o te whakaata. Na te kaha o te ahua microcrystalline ki te ahua papatipu me te pakeke tūturu (4 ki te 6 i runga i te tauine Mohs), ka hangaia te tugtupite kounga-kohatu hei cabochon, hei peara, hei papa orohia, hei whakairo whakapaipai. Ko nga kaitarai kohatu me nga kaihoahoa whakapaipai pai e tino paingia ana nga tauira whero “toto renitia” e kapi ana, e whakaatu ana i te taha o nga kohuke matrix rereke penei i te albite ma, te sodalite kikorangi ranei. Na te mea e whakaraerae ana te kohuke ki te awangawanga wera me te kakahu miihini, me aata whakahaere nga waahanga kohatu kua oti, ka whakatakotoria ki roto i nga whakapaipai ritenga tiaki, ka tiakina ranei hei cabochon kaikohi utu nui. I tua atu i te ahuwhenua kohatu, he nui te uara o te tugtupite ki te kohi kohuke, te whakaaturanga whare taonga, me te rangahau pūtaiao. Ko nga tauira ringa tino pai—ina koa mai i nga waahi tawhito o Greenland—he mea matua i roto i nga kohinga kohuke whiti motuhake na te mura whero o te whakamarama i raro i te rama ultraviolet me te ahua whakamiharo o te photochromism whakahoki (tenebrescence). Mo nga kaimātai whenua me nga tohunga ahupūngao totoka, he kaupapa taiao nui te tugtupite hei ako i nga pokapū tae hopu irahiko i roto i nga silicates anga tuwhera, me te mahi hei tohu petrological mo te whakarangatira nui o te beryllium me te sodium i te wa o te kukuwhatanga wai-wera mutunga i roto i nga whakaurunga alkaline igneous.