Ko te Topazi he kohuke konumohe silicate e puta noa mai ana, no te whānau nesosilicate, e mohiotia ana e tōna pūnaha karaihe orthorhombic, he tohu pūmau o te mārō o Mohs e 8, he kanapa karaihe, me te wehenga taketake. Ko te tātai matū pai o te topazi e whakaaturia ana ko Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂, e tohu ana i te matū kiripara uaua e herea ai te konumohe, te silicon, me te hāora me ngā ōwehenga rerekē o te fluorine me ngā rōpū hydroxyl. I tōna āhua mā te matū, korekore e paru, he tino kore tae, mārama hoki te topazi; engari, ko te whakaurunga o ngā huānga whakawhiti maitai, te whakaputa rānei i ngā koha hanganga (pokapū tae) e tohu tonu ana i te whānuitanga o ngā tae māori, tae atu ki ngā ātārangi kōwhai, karaka, kikorangi, māwhero, whero, parauri, me kākāriki. Nā tōna taupū whakaata teitei, te taumaha motuhake nui, me tōna pūmau ā-tinana ki te wariu, kua whakamahia te topazi hei kōhatu māhorahora rongonui i te ao lapidary, ā, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana hei kōhatu whānau mō Noema. I tua atu i āna tono arumoni me ngā whakamahinga gemological, ko te topazi he tohu petrological me mineralogical nui i roto i te rangahau āwhenua, nā te mea ka whakatauirahia i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake i roto i ngā taiao e whai fluorine ana - ngā pegmatites granitic, ngā awa kōha rhyolitic, me ngā uaua pneumatolytic me hydrothermal i te pāmahana tiketike - nā reira e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga geochemical mō te petrogenesis me te whanaketanga pūngao o ngā pūnaha igneous hautanga nui, silica-waenga.
Te Hītori me te Kitenga o Topaz
Ko te kōrero hītori me te kitenga o te topaz e hono pūmau ana ki te whanaketanga o ngā ingoa tawhito o ngā kōhatu whakapaipai me te whakawhanaketanga o te pūtaiao mātai kōhatu o nāianei. Ki te tikanga o te kupu, e whakapaehia ana e te nuinga ko te kupu “topaz” i ahu mai i Topazios, te ingoa Kariki tawhito mō te Moutere o Zabargad i te Moana Whero; engari, ko ngā tātaritanga o te hītori me te ahorangi tohuwhenua e tohu ana i te whakamahinga pūnaha a ngā kaituhi o mua ki tēnei ingoa ki tētahi whānui o ngā kohatu taimana kōwhai-mātārere—tino mō te peridot (olivine)—kāore i te konutū pūkoro konumohe motuhake e mōhiotia ana i ēnei rā. I mua i te taenga mai o ngā tātaritanga matū whānui me ngā tikanga tautuhi tohunga hanga kōhatu hou, i whakarōpūtia ngā kohatu taimana mā ngā āhuatanga nui pērā i te tae, nā reira i pohehe ai te tautuhi i ngā momo kōhatu kōwhai maha, inā koa te kiripine sitirina, i raro i te whānui o te topaza. I whakatauhia tēnei rangirua whakarōpūtanga i te wā o te whanaketanga o te mātauranga kōhatu pūnaha, i whakatū ai i te topaza hei momo kōhatu motuhake e tohua ana e ngā hanganga matū me ngā hanganga tohuwhenua motuhake. I huri nui te mana whenua me te mana ōhanga o te kōhatu taimana i ngā rautau 18 me 19 whai muri i te kitenga o ngā putunga tuatahi nui, kounga-teitei i roto i ngā Maunga Ural o Rūhia me ngā mara pegmatite o Minas Gerais, Parīhi. Inā koa, i rongonui te rohe o Ouro Preto o Parīhi mō te whakaputa i tētahi momo noa, whai konumohe-tūtohu, kōura-ki-whero-kāriki, i tapaina ai hei “Imperial Topaz,” he kōhatu taimana e noho tonu ana hei tohu kōhatu hītori me te ahorangi tohuwhenua mō te momo nā tōna takenga matū motuhake me ōna āhuatanga whakaata motuhake.
Te Hanganga me te Putanga Whenua o te Topaz
Ko te whakapapa me te putanga whenua o te topaza e whakahaeretia rawatia e te wehewehenga o te maaka waihā whakarewa-nui, whakarewa-whakarewa, e puta tuatahi ana i roto i ngā taiao e kitea ana he taumata tiketike o te pūkoro fluorine. I te wā o te wehewehenga o te mutunga o te maaka kirikiri, ko ngā huānga tāpiripiri, pērā i te fluorine, te konumohe, me te kongohua, ka tino whakatorongia ki roto i te wāhanga waiwai supercritical e toe ana. I te mea e heke ana ēnei wai whakaminenga ki roto i ngā whatiwhati lithostatic, ngā kōhao tuwhera, me ngā taha waho o te toka kaihautū, ko te hekenga raupapa o te pāmahana me te pēhanga e āwhina ana i te whakatōpū ā-puare o te topaza i runga i ngā wā whenua roa. Nā reira, ko ngā tūāpapa whenua matua mō te topaza ko ngā pegmatites kirikiri, i reira ka noho tahi me te quartz, te K-feldspar, te muscovite, te beryl, me te tourmaline; ngā lithophysae me ngā kōhao haurehu i roto i ngā huinga puia rhyolitic whakaputa i hanga mai i te whakatōpū kōhauhau-ā-whakapuakanga i muri i te whakatakotoranga; me ngā ua quartz pneāmatolitic ki hydrothermal pāmahana-teitei. Ko te tipu o te topaza makrokaraiata, kounga-kohatu tāua, e herea rawatia ana ki ngā tawhā geochemical tika, i reira ko te fluorine he kaiwhakakaha matatini e whakarei ake ana i te whakarewatanga me te kawe o te konumohe me te kongohua i roto i ngā rongoā hydrothermal i te wā e whakapūmau ana i te whare karaiata nesosilicate e hua ana. Waihoki, ko ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe o ngā āhuatanga whenua huri noa, ko te iraruke whakaahu i muri i te whakatōpū mai i ngā ōhārikirakira iraruke huri noa, me te whakakapinga o ngā huānga tohu iti i roto i te whare karaiata, ka whakatau katoa i te tae polymorphic me ngā āhuatanga moroporo whakamutunga o ngā tauira takitahi.
Ngā Momo me Ngā Rerekētanga o te Topaz
- Topapa Emepaea E whakaarohia nuitia ana ko te momo tino nui me te hiranga o mua, ko te topa emepaea e tohuhia ana e ona tae koura-karaka, karaka-māwhero, he whero-karaka rānei. Ko te whakaputanga o te tae ko te noho o te chromium iti (Cr³⁺) i roto i te whakatakotoranga tioata, me ngā pokapū tae motuhake.
- Hēri Topa I tapaina i runga i tōna āhua rite ki te waina sherry, e whakaatu ana tēnei momo i te āhua kōwhai-parauri ki te parauri-karaka. Ko tōna tae i ahu mai i ngā pokapū tae kore-pūmau e taea ana te mimiti i runga i te rongonga roa ki te hihi ultraviolet.
- Topahi Kikorangi: Ahakoa e kitea ana te topaz kahurangī mā roto i te irāiti taiao, he tino uaua, ā, he pūtea te kaha o tōna tae. Nō reira, ko te nuinga o te topaz kahurangī hoko ka puta mā te tuku i ngā kiripaka kore tae ki te irāiti īrahiko kaha-tiketike, ki te irāiti kama rānei, ka whai i te whakapūmau wera. Ko tēnei tukanga e whakaputa ana i ngā taumata tautohe rerekē, pēnei i:
- kikorangi He kikorangi māeneene, ngāwari, e whakamahara ana ki te akamārina.
- Kikorangi Huairi: He kikorangi kanapa, kī, waenga-ki-kōriki.
- Rānana Kikorangi He tae hohonu, pōuri, pūhina-kikorangi, kākāriki-kikorangi rānei.
- Topake kore tae / Topake mā: He tūnga mākūkū o te kohuke, kāore he kohakore o ngā huānga tohu, he kohakore rānei o ngā hē o te whāriki. Nā te nui o te whānuitanga me te kore o te tae ake, ka whakamahia nuitia hei rauemi taketake mō ngā maimoatanga iraruke, mō ngā paninga whakaheke kōrere (PVD), hei whakakapi taimana utu iti rānei.
- Māwhero me Whero Topapa: He tino onge i te taiao, nā te pokenga chromium ēnei momo e whai tae ai. Ko te nuinga o te topaz māwhero e wātea ana i te mākete arumoni, ka puta mai i te maimoatanga wera whakahaere (whakamāwhero) o te topaz parauri-kōwhai, te topaz sherry rānei, e whai nei i te tohu iti o te chromium.
- Tāpoi / Azotiki Topa He momo horihori i hangaia mā te whakapiki ake i te pūtaiao kohatu utu, kaua i ngā tukanga matawhenua. Ka mahia mā te whakapiri i tētahi paparanga konganuku whiti-īrangi tino angiangi ki ngā mata o te topara tae-kore mā te whakaheke kora tinana (PVD), ka puta ai tētahi āhua whatu kōwhaiwhai, āniwaniwa.
Te Hanganga Kirikiri o Topasi
Ko te hanganga kiriataru o te topa e tautuhia ana e te pūnaha kiriataru orthorhombic, e noho motuhake ana ki te akomanga dipyramidal (2/m 2/m 2/m) i roto i te rōpū mokowā Pbnm. Ko tōna hanganga ā-roto he anga ngota e honoa ai ngā tetahedra kirikiri motuhake (SiO₄) e ngā kation konumohe e ruruku ana ki te hāora, te pūkōwhai, me ngā katote hauwai i roto i te āhua ōtaheta, e puta ai he matūriki nesosilicate ahu-toru pūrua, tino whakatōpū. Nā tēnei hononga ngota pūmau, hononga katote-katote te take o te kiato tiketike o te kohuke me tōna pakeke Mohs e 8. Hei tikanga, ka puta te topa hei tioata tapatoru, he roa, he euhedral, ka mutu ki ngā bipyramid, pinacoid, dome rānei, e whakaatu ana i ngā whiu poutū e whakarara ana ki te tuaka-c—he āhuatanga āhua e tino whakamihia ana i roto i te kohinga koiora. I runga anō i ngā tikanga pārōnaki o te wāhi, ngā whakaurunga o te wāhi, me ngā koha raina hanganga i te wā whakatōpū, ka taea e ngā tauira takitahi te whānui mai i te mārama rawa ki te mārama-iti, te pūatata rānei. He mea nui, ko tētahi herenga hanganga matua o tēnei kohuke ko tōna wehenga pūrua tino pai e whakarara ana ki te paparanga {001}, nā ngā hononga ngota ngoikore i waenga i ngā paparanga paparanga o te kāhui tioata. Ko tēnei āhuatanga e hiahiatia ai te ūnga tino tika i te wā mahi kōhatu, whakakanohi, me te whakauru whakapaipai i muri, nā te mea ko te wiri miihini, te taumaha ahunga rānei ka pēwhi noa i te whati i ēnei paparanga kiriataru.
Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-matū o te topaze
I te taha matū, ko te topaz he kōhuke pūmau tonu, he kōhuke parakore e kore e whakarewa, he pākawa konumohe kirikate fluorohydroxide me te tātai Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. E noho pūmau ana ki te kore e whakarewa i roto i te nuinga o ngā waikawa taiwhanga noa, e whakaatu ana i te pānga anake ki te waikawa pūngāwhā tōngia, e whakamōmō ana i tōna anga tioata i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ko te ōwehenga o te fluorine ki ngā rōpū hydroxyl i roto i tōna hanganga matū e rerekē haere tonu ana i runga i ngā āhuatanga thermodynamic motuhake o tōna hanganga matawhenua, e whakaawe tika ana i ngā taurangi tinana taketake o te kōhuke. Ko te pikinga o te ihirangi hydroxyl (OH⁻) ki te fluorine e whakaputa tōtika ana i te nekehanga whakarunga i te taupū whakaata—e neke ana mai i te 1.606–1.629 ki te tata ki te 1.616–1.638—me te taimaha motuhake, e 3.49 i roto i ngā tauira fluorine-nui ki te 3.57 i ngā momo hydroxyl-nui. I tua atu, ina pā ki ngā taiao whakamahana tino nui, ka whai te topaz i te dehydroxylation me te defluorination, ka pakaru hei mullite me te silica i ngā pāmahana e 800°C ki te 1000°C.
Ko te topaza, i runga i te tirohanga whatu me te hanga, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga tino whakatau e waiho ai hei kaupapa nui i roto i te matauranga kōhatu me te matauranga kohatu whakapaipai. He kohuke whatu purua-pūkaurua-pai e whakaatu ana i te nuinga o te wā i te taurangi tae ngoikore ki te kaha; ko tēnei āhuatanga ka puta i te kohatu whakapaipai ngā rerekētanga tae motuhake, ngā huringa whakakī taha rānei ina tirohia i runga i ngā tuaka whakatakotoranga rereke, he āhuatanga whatu me āta tātai e ngā tohunga tārai kohatu i mua i te whakapai. Ahakoa ko tōna whakatau pakeke Mohs e 8 e whakapūmau ana i a ia hei kohuke tohutoro mō te pakeke me te whakawhiwhi i ōna mata ki te ātete i ngā kakati me ngā whakamatao o ia rā, ko tōna mārōtanga whānui he pakarukaru tonu. Ko tēnei pakarukarutanga, me tōna wehenga putake tino motuhake me te tino pai e whakarara ana ki te papa pinacoid {001}, e whakaputa ana i te iti o te aukati whati i raro i ngā koki taumahatanga motuhake. Nō reira, ahakoa tōna pakeke i te mata, he tino whakaraerae te kohuke ki te hinganga hanganga, te ngawhatanga, te wehenga whati rānei i roto i te whatinga o roto ina pāngia e ngā pākanga ohorere, te wiri wera ohorere, te pēhanga kore taurite rānei i te wa e whakamau ana.
Te rerekētanga i waenganui i te topa me te kōata
Ko te Topaz me te quartz e whakawhiwhia ana ki te hē o te tirohanga o te whakapaipai i runga i te whakakītanga o ō rāua tae me te rite o ngā kiripara nui. Heoi, he momo kohuke rerekē rāua e whakahaeretia ana e ngā hanganga matū e tino rerekē ana, ngā tikanga whakaputa kiripara, me ngā āhuatanga tinana.
| Taonga | Topaz | Koata |
|---|---|---|
| Tātai Matū | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Rōpū Kōhuke | Nesosilika | Tectosilicate (Rōpū Silica) |
| Te pakeke o Mohs | 8 (Kakati Pākihi) | 7 |
| Te Taumaha Motuhake | 3.49 – 3.57 (He taumaha ake e kitea ana) | 2.66 |
| pōrewa | He ngahoretanga tino pai o te pūtake e whakarara ana ki te {001} | Kāore he mea (Whatu pōhaku) |
| Tāpae Whakaata | 1.606 – 1.638 (Pūtahi rua +) | 1.544 – 1.553 (Kotahi-tuaka +) |
Whakaingoa Hē o Mua & Mātai Kōhatu Hou
I ngā wā o mua, i mua i te taenga mai o te whakamātautau matatika o ngā kōhatu, i arahina te whakarōpūtanga i runga i te tae ki te rangirua whānui o te tauhokohoko. Ko te Kirītini me ngā momo kirīte kōwhai i whakawera i hokona tonutia i raro i te maru tinihanga o “Topā Pāniora” rānei “Topā Koura.”
I roto i te tikanga o te mahi kohatu whakapaipai hou, ko ngā tikanga tātaritanga paerewa e whakamahia ana e ngā whare taiwhanga pēnei i te GIA, he māmā te wehe i ngā mea e rua. Nā tōna taumaha motuhake teitei ake, ka kitea he taumaha rawa atu te topa mōwaho i te kiripaka he ōrite te rahi. I tua atu, ko ngā taputapu matatau pēnei i te refractometers, polariscopes, me te Raman spectroscopy, e whakarato ana i te whakahiatotanga pūmau, kore-pakaru i waenganui i te topa nesosilicate pono me ngā pehanga kiripaka tectosilicate.
Ngā Pūkenga Topaz Nui me ngā Wāhi
Ko te tohatoha o te ao o ngā putunga topaza ōhanga he whānui, e noho ana i roto i ngā cratons pūmotu me ngā whitiki orogenic e kitea ana e ngā pegmatites granitic kua wehewehea, ngā pūnaha pneumatolytic, me ngā huinga puia rhyolitic. Ko te mea nui i roto i ēnei whenua ko Parīhi, inarā ko te rohe o Ouro Preto i te kāwanatanga o Minas Gerais, e noho ana hei puna matua mō te topaza emepaea e tino hiahiatia ana, e whakaputa ana i ngā tauira e kitea ana ngā tae koura, karaka, mawhero, me ngā tae whero hihiko. I ngā wā o mua, ko ngā maunga Ural o Rūhia he whenua whakahirahira anō, e rongonui ana i te rautau 19 mō te whakaputa i ngā tioata mawhero pai me te tae emepaea i roto i ngā matiti pegmatitic. I Ahia ki te Tonga, ko ngā pegmatites teitei o Pakitāne, i te rohe o Gilgit-Baltistan, e whakanuia ana mō te whakaputa i ngā tioata koi, e tino mutu ana, o te topaza kore tae me te topaza kikorangi mā, i te mea ko ngā kirikiri alluvial o Sri Lanka e whakaputa ana i ngā kirikiri maeneene tino mārama e whakamahia nuitia ana hei matū tapahi. I Amerika ki te Raki, ko te Hononga o Amerika e whakahaere ana i ngā putunga rongonui tae atu ki te pae o Thomas i Utaha — e tioata ana te topaza i roto i ngā āputa rhyolitic i te taha o te perira whero — me ngā rohe pegmatite o Texas me Colorado. Waihoki, ko ngā māra puia o San Luis Potosí, Mexico, e mōhiotia ana e te ao mō te whakaputa i ngā tioata kōwhai, karaka, me te parae amiwhare e puta māori ana, i te mea ko ngā putunga alluvial tuarua me ngā putunga tuatahi puta noa i Ahitereiria me Nigeria e tuku tonu ana ki te mākete o te ao i te nui o te topaza matū kore tae ki te kikorangi mā.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Whakamahinga o Topaz
Ko ngā whakamahinga ahumahi me te arorangi o te topaza e wehewehe ana ki ngā whakaurunga tohu kōhatu tiketike me te whakamahi hangarau motuhake, e whakataua ana e ngā āhuatanga tinana me te whatu o te kōhatu. I roto i ngā umanga whakapaipai me te kōhatu, ko te topaza he kōhatu tino pakari me te whaihua; tōna pakeke (8 i runga i te tauine Mohs) me tōna taupū whakaata teitei e pai ana hei tapahi ki ngā tapahi uaua e whakanui ana i te kanapa me te marara. Ka whakamahia nuitia te topaza korekore hei pūtake mō ngā maimoatanga hangarau kōhatu matatau—pērā i te whakairinga irahiko kaha, te pana hāora, me te whakapuru kōwhatu (PVD) o ngā waikura whakarewa—ki te mahi papatipu i ngā kōhatu kikorangi, māwhero, me ngā tae maha e pūmau ana mō ngā mākete arorangi o te ao. Heoi, ko ngā tauira māori, kāore anō kia whakamaimoatia, e whai hōhonutanga ana, pērā i te topaza emepera nō Brazilia, ngā kirikiri kromi māwhero onge rānei, e tino rapuhia ana hei taonga whakangao kounga teitei me ngā tauira kōhatu whakahirahira mō ngā kaikohi whakahaere me te takitahi.
I tua atu i tōna tūnga rongonui i te rāngai whakapaipai, ko te kaha o te tinana me te pūmau o te wera o te topata e whai wāhi ai hei whakamahi i ngā marau pūtaiao me ngā hangarau motuhake. Nā tōna tino pūmau matū me tōna ātete ki te pirau wera i ngā pāmahana i raro i te 800°C, ko te topata parakore nui he whakamahinga o mua me te mahi hei rauemi whakapakeke i ngā tukanga ahumahi. I roto i ngā whare taiwhanga, ko tōna ātete ki te waru e whakaae ana kia mahi hei kōhatu tohutoro paerewa i ngā taputapu whakamātautau pakeke waru me ētahi mahi whakawara motuhake. Hei aha atu, i roto i te rangahau ā-papa whenua me te thermodynamic, nā te mea ko te whakaurunga o te fluorine me te hydroxyl i roto i te whāriki tioata o te topata e tino aro nui ana ki ngā pēhanga me ngā pāmahana o te taiao i te wā o te hanganga, ka whakamahia nuitia te kōhatu hei ine-pāmahana-whenua me te ine-pēhanga-whenua tika hei hanga anō i te whanaketanga o te whakarewanga me ngā hītori whakamātao o ngā rūma magma kirinita me te pegmatite uaua.