Ko te sanidine he momo pākeho pāhare o te wera nui, me te tātai matū K(AlSi₃O₈). I te nuinga o te wā ka puta hei kirikiri kāre he kara, mā rānei, piata, i roto i ngā toka puia wera pēnei i te rhyolite, trachyte, me te phonolite. Hei mema o te raupapa whakarewa pākeho waikawa, e tohu ana te sanidine i te tino huringa o te pākeho pāhare. Ka puta i ngā mahana e 700°C neke atu, ā, nā te mea e pā ana ki te whakamātao puia tere, ka whakatio te whakaritenga huringa o ngā ngota konumohe me te tīwata i roto i tōna anga kiripiri kotahi. Āraia ai te kōhura i te whakawhiti ki ōna momo huringa mātao ake, te orthoclase me te microcline rānei.
Ko te kohuke e mōhiotia ana e tōna kanapa karaihe me tōna pakeke Mohs e 6. I roto i ngā tauira ringaringa, he maha ngā wā ka puta hei phenocrysts mārama ki te mārama, he kiriata nui, e kitea ana e mau ana ki roto i te matua puia kirikiri pai. Ko tētahi o ngā momo kohatu tino rongonui o te sanidine ko te kowhatu marama; e whakaatu ana tēnei momo i te schiller motuhake, te pānga adularescence rānei, i puta mai i te tipu whakawhiti moroiti o te sanidine me te albite. Nā te mea he pūmau te sanidine anake i ngā pāmahana teitei, ko tōna noho i roto i te toka he inewera tino nui, e whakarato ana i ngā tohunga whenua i ngā tohu matua mō te hītori wera me ngā tere whakamātao o ngā pahū puia tawhito.
Papakōrero Hītori me te Takenga Kupu
Ko te whakamoatanga o te sanidine hei momo kohuke motuhake e hono tata ana ki te ahunga whakamua o te matawhenua i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 1800. I whakaahuatia tuatahitia, i whakaingoatia hoki i te tau 1808 e te tohunga matawhenua Tiamana a Karl Wilhelm Nose, nāna i tīpako te ingoa mai i ngā kupu Kariki “sanis,” te tikanga he “papa” he “poari” rānei, me “idos,” te tikanga he “āhua,” hei whakaatu i te āhua papatahi o ōna tioata. I te nuinga o te wā, ka kitea te sanidine e ngā kaimātai whenua o mua ki ngā rohe puia o ngā maunga Eifel i Tiamana, inarā ki te trachyte o Drachenfels. Mō ngā tekau tau maha, i pohehe tonutia ki te orthoclase nā te rite o tō rāua ōrau matū; heoi, nā te whanaketanga o te whakamārama tioata X i te rau tau 1900 i taea ai e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakatūturu ko te hanganga ngota motuhake, matikuku o te sanidine te take i tika ai tana whakarōpūtanga hei pūkohu-kūkā teitei motuhake. Mai i taua wā, kua whai wāhi nui ia ki te ao geochronology, inarā ki te whakatau tau argon-argon (Ar-Ar), i reira, nā tana nui o te pāhare pāhare o wai, me tana takenga mai i te puia, e waiho ai ia hei “karaka” tino pono mō te whakatau i te tau o ngā pahūtanga o mua atu o te ao tangata.
Ngā taupānga me ngā whakamahinga
Ka whakarato a Sanidine i ētahi mahi nui puta noa i te rangahau pūtaiao me ngā ahumahi motuhake. I roto i te marau o te pūtaiao whenua, ko tōna uara matua kei roto i te rangahau wā whenua (geochronology); nā te mea kei roto i te sanidine te nui o te pāhare pāporo me te hanga i ngā wā o ngā pahūtanga puia tere, e kiia ana ko ia te paerewa kōura mō te whakatau wā ārani-ārani (Ar-Ar). Mā te ine i te pirau irirangi o te pāhare pāporo ki te ārani i roto i te anga karaihe, ka taea e ngā kaimātai whenua te whakatau i te tau tika o ngā paparepuke pungarehu puia, ā, ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakatau i ngā wā o ngā moenga whai kōiwi me ngā wāhi whaipara tawhito. Hei āpiti, ko tōna noho mai hei ine pāmahana whenua (geothermometer), e taea ai e ngā kairangahau te tātai i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana me te pēhanga motuhake i reira i te wā o te pahūtanga puia.
Sanidine i roto i ngā whakapaipai
Ahakoa he mema te sanidine o te pūtoi feldspar e mōhiotia whānuitia ana, he mea onge tonu i te mākete whakapaipai auraki, e rapuhia ana e ngā kaikohi me ngā kaingākau ki ngā kōhatu tāwara. He 6 ki te 6.5 tōna pakeke Mohs, e tika ana mō ngā whakapaipai, ahakoa he ngāwari ake i te quartz, me āta whakamau ki ngā mowhiti hei ārai i te karawaka. Ko te nuinga o ngā tioata sanidine e kitea ana i ngā toka puia he iti, he kapua, he ngawari rānei nā te tere o te whakamātao me te kaha o te mahi ā-papa i te wā o te hanganga. Heoi, ko ētahi tauira āta kitea—e kīia ana ko te “Sanidine Tāwara”—ka taea te whakamahine hei kōhatu ātaahua e whakaatu ana i te kanapa karaihe, te mārama tiketike.
Ko te momo sanidine rongonui rawa atu mō ngā whakapaipai, ko te kōhatu marama. Ka whakanuia tēnei kōhatu whakapaipai mō tōna āhurutanga, he āhuatanga whatu e whakaputa ana i te kanapa mārama e rite ana ki te marama. Ka puta te pānga inā whakatipu tahi te sanidine me te albite i ngā papa moroiti; ko te tōtorahanga o te marama i waenganui i ēnei papa ka puta te kanapa kahurangi, te kanapa mā rānei. I tua atu i te kōhatu marama, ka tapahia i ētahi wā te sanidine pūataata onge kōwhai, te pēnei i te kaute rānei, mai i ngā wāhi pēnei i Madagascar, i te rohe o Eifel o Tiamana rānei, hei kōhatu whai mata. Ka mīharotia ēnei kōhatu mō te ātaahua me te āhua “mārama-ki-te-wai”, ahakoa ka waiho mō ngā taonga whakaritenga-nui, mō ngā kohinga kōhatu e rite ana ki te whare taonga rānei.
I tua atu i tōna whaihua pūtaiao, he whai wāhi motuhake te sanidine ki ngā ahumahi kohatu me te uku. Ahakoa i te nuinga o te wā he nui rawa te pakaru o te sanidine noa mō te whakapaipai, ko ngā tauira mārama e kitea ana—inā rā ko ērā mai i ngā rohe pērā i te takiwā o Eifel i Tiamana, i Madagascar rānei—ka tapahia i ētahi wā hei whakapaipai mā ngā kaikohi. Ko te momo tino nui mō te arumoni ko te marama, e whakanuia ana i te tauhokohoko whakapaipai mō tōna āhua māhorahora. I ngā horopaki ahumahi, ka whakamahia ngā toka sanidine i ētahi wā ki te hanga karaehe me te uku, i reira ka mahi te kohuke hei whakaheke, e whakaheke ana i te mahana whakarewa o te tioata me te whakapakari i te roanga o te hua whakamutunga.