Ko te Realgar he kohuke sulfide arsenic onge, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna tae karaka-whero hōhonu ki te whero hōhonu, tōna kanapa rēhina, me tōna hanganga matū motuhake. Nō te rōpū kohuke sulfide, ā, ko te nuinga he arsenic me te whanariki, ko te tātai matū e whakaaturia ana ko AsS, engari ko tōna hanganga rāpoi ngota e tika ana kia whakaahuatia ko As₄S₄. Ka tio te Realgar i roto i te pūnaha tio monoclinic, ā, ka kitea i te nuinga o te wā hei tioata tapatoru, hei kohinga kirikiri, hei pani, hei hanganga papatipu rānei i roto i ngā pūkohuke. Ahakoa ehara ia i tētahi o ngā kohuke tino nui i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua’, nā tōna kaha o te tae me tōna matū arsenic auaha kua waiho hei kohuke tauira nui mā ngā kaikohi me ngā kairangahau.
Ko te āhua karaka-whero kanapa o te realgar tētahi o ōna āhuatanga tino motuhake. Kāore i rite ki te maha o ngā kohuke pūngāwhā whakarewa e whakaatu ana i ngā tae pōuri, whakarewa rānei, he āhua mahana tō te realgar, āhua rite ki te kōhatu utuā, nā tōna hanganga hiko ahurei me te hononga pūngāwhā-arsenic. Ko ngā tauira realgar hou ka puta he mārama, he whakawhiti mārama rānei me te kanapa karaka kaha, ko ngā tauira tawhito e kitea ana i te rā ka pōuri haere, ka huri rānei ki ētahi atu kohuke pūngāwhā arsenic pēnei i te pararealgar. Ko tēnei pānga o te mārama he āhuatanga nui hei tautohu, ā, e whakamārama ana he aha ngā tauira e tiakina pai ana i te nuinga o te wā e rongoa ana i waho atu o te mārama tōtika.
Ko te Realgar e piri tata ana ki tētahi atu kohuke pūkawa arsenic e kīia ana ko te Orpiment, he kōwhai ki te kōwhai-koura tōna tae, ā, he ōrite te takenga ā-papa. Ka puta ngātahi ēnei kohuke e rua i ngā taiao waiariki iti-mahana, i ngā putunga puia, i ngā uaua kohuke e whai arsenic ana. Ahakoa ko te Realgar te mea nui i ēnei rā hei kohuke mā te kaikohi, hei kaupapa hoki mā te rangahau mātai kohuke, he tino mahi tāna i roto i te hītori o te tangata hei karakara, hei matū tāura, hei rawa mātua hoki mō ngā rangahau mātū o mua. Nā te arsenic kei roto, e kīia ana he paitini te Realgar, ā, me āta whakaha
Te Hītori o Realgar
Kua mōhiotia, kua whakamahia hoki e te tangata a realgar mō ngā mano tau, nā tōna tae whakamīharo me ōna āhuatanga matū rerekē. I mōhio ngā iwi tawhito ki tēnei kōhatu hei puna waikano whero-kōwhai, ā, i whakamahia ki ngā rauemi toi, ki ngā mahi whakapaipai, me ngā mahi matū o mua. Ko ngā pūrākau o Kariki, Rōma, Haina, me te Rāwhiti Waenganui e kōrero ana mō ngā kōhatu arsenic sulfide, ahakoa i ētahi wā kāore i tino mārama te tautuhi i a realgar me ērā atu kōhatu, nā te mea ko ngā tikanga whakarōpū kōhatu o mua i ahu mai i te āhua, kaua i te matū.
I roto i te Hainamana tawhito, he nui te hiranga o te realgar i runga i te taha ahurea me te taha mahi. I whakamahia hei kara tuku iho, ā, i whakaurua anō hoki ki ngā mahinga o mua nā runga i ōna āhuatanga whakamarumaru e kitea ana. I etahi wā ka whakamahia te paura realgar ki ngā taonga karakia, ki ngā peita, ki ngā rawa tuku iho. Heoi, e whakaatu ana ngā mātauranga pūtaiao o nāianei, ka raru pea te hauora i ngā kohuke kei roto te arsenic, ā, kua ngaro noa atu ēnei momo whakamahinga nā runga i ngā āwangawanga haumaru.I roto i te wā tawhito (medieval), ka noho te realgar hei rawa nui i roto i te mahi whakarewa (alchemy) nā runga i ōna tauhohenga rerekē inā whakawerahia, ka hanumi rānei ki ētahi atu matū. I rangahaua e ngā tohunga whakarewa ngā kohuke arsenic sulfide nā te mea ka puta ngā rerekētanga tae tino mīharo me ngā panonitanga matū, ā, i waiho ai rātou hei rawa whakamere ki ngā nganatanga ki te mārama ki te āhua o te matū. I etahi wā ka kīia te realgar he "whanariki rupi" (ruby sulfur) nā te kaha o tōna tae whero me tōna hanganga e hāngai ana ki te whanariki.
I te whanaketanga o te mātai kōhuke me te mātai matū hou, ka mōhiotia te realgar hei momo kōhuke motuhake me tōna hanganga matū kua tautuhia. I ēnei rā, ko tōna mātāmua he mea pūtaiao, he mea kōhuke hoki. Ka kohia ngā tioata tino pai mō te kounga o tōna tae me tōna uaua, ā, ka ako tonu ngā kairangahau i te realgar nā te mea he motuhake tōna hanganga rāpoi ngota, tōna panonitanga i te mārama, me tōna wāhi ki te mārama ki ngā pūnaha kōhuke arsenic.
Te Hanganga me te Tūponotanga Ā-papa o te Realgar
Ka puta te realgar i ngā wāhi matawhenua e pā ana ki ngā wai momona arsenic me ngā āhuatanga whai whanariki. He mea piri tonu ki ngā pūnaha waiariki iti-mahana, he rere ngā wai momona kohuke i roto i ngā kōpata me ngā rua o ngā toka, i mua i te mātao me te whakatakoto kohuke. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka whakakotahi te arsenic me te whanariki hei hanga kohuke arsenic sulfide, tae atu ki te realgar me te kohuke piri tata, ko te orpiment.
He maha ngā putunga realgar e kitea ana i nga rohe puia, i nga waahi waiariki me nga uaua waiariki, nā te mea ko ēnei taiao e whakarato ana i ngā pūtake whanariki me te arsenik e tika ana. Ka taea e te mahi puia te tuku i ngā hautanga me ngā wai e mau ana i te arsenik, ā, ka whakaheke haere i muri mai hei kohuke sulfide ina heke te pāmahana. Ki ētahi wāhi, ka puta te realgar huri noa i ngā puna wera, i ngā fumarole rānei, i reira ngā hautanga whanariki-nui e pāhekoheko ana ki ngā toka a tawhio noa. I roto i ngā uaua kohuke, ka noho tahi te realgar me ētahi atu kohuke sulfide pērā i te orpiment, te arsenopyrite, te stibnite, te cinnabar, te pyrite, me ngā momo sulfide mata, hiriwa rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakakiia e ia ngā kapiti iti, ka pania ngā pakitara o ngā rua, ka hanga rānei i ngā kirikiri iti e mau ana ki roto i ngā toka kaihautū. Nā te mea ka puta te realgar i raro i ngā āhuatanga matū motuhake, e kiia ana he kohuke tohu mō ētahi taiao waiariki whai-arsenik.
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino rongonui o te realgar, ko tōna kore pūmau inā kitea e te mārama. Ka roa te wā, ka taea e te hihi ultraviolet te whakatahurihuri i te realgar, ka rerekē tōna hanganga me tōna āhua. Ko ngā kirikiri karaka-whero hou ka puta he kōwhai, he karaka rānei, inā koa ko te pararealgar. Nā tēnei tukanga, ka āta tiakina ngā tauira realgar i roto i ngā wāhi pōuri kia mau tonu ai tō rātou āhua taketake.
Ngā Momo me ngā Rerekētanga o te Realgar
E mōhiotia ana ko te Realgar he momo kohuke kotahi, ā, kāore ōna momo rerekē e whakaaetia ana i roto i te whakarōpūtanga kohuke. Heoi anō, ka taea e ngā tauira māori te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga me ngā tirohanga rerekē, i runga anō i ngā āhuatanga tipu karaihe, ngā taiao āhua whenua, ngā parahanga, me te nui o te panonitanga i puta mai i te rongonga ki te mārama me te huarere. Ka whakaahuatia ēnei āhuatanga rerekē e ngā kaikohi me ngā tohunga kohuke, i runga i tō rātou āhua tinana, te āhua karaihe, me te āhua putanga, kaua hei momo kohuke rerekē.
- Kirikiri Realgar – Ko te realgar tioata te āhua tino hiahiatia i waenga i ngā kaikohi kōhuke nā te mea he pai āna āhua karaihe me tana karakōwhai hōhonu. Ko ngā karaihe takitahi he roroa, he pūhungahunga rānei, ā, nō te pūnaha karaihe monoclinic. He rite tonu te karakōwhai ārani kanapa o ngā karaihe hou, me te kanapa rēhina ki te karaihe, ā, ko ētahi tauira ka kitea ngā wāhi mārama ki te kurutao e tuku mārama ai i roto i te karaihe. Ahakoa kāore i tino onge ngā karaihe realgar, he onge ngā tauira nui e tino tika ana te hanga, nā te mea he ngāwari te kōhuke, ā, he waipuke noa te huri i ngā āhuatanga o te taiao.
- Realgar Nui – Ka puta te realgar papatipu hei huihuinga kōkiri me te kore e tino mārama ngā mata tioata. Ko tēnei āhua ka kitea nuitia i roto i ngā putunga kohuke, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta hei puranga karaka-whero, whero-karaka, whero hōhonu rānei i roto i ngā toka kāinga. Ka puta ngā tauira papatipu i te nuinga o te wā ina tere te whakaheke o te realgar mai i ngā wai wera, kāore e rawaka te wāhi me te wā hei whakatipu i ngā tioata nunui. Ahakoa kāore pea i te rite te ātaahua o ngā tioata takitahi, he mea nui tonu ngā tauira realgar papatipu mō te rangahau pūtaiao, nā te mea e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua i
- Pūngao Realgar – He pūngātoru te realgar mā te whakahiato o ngā ngota ngota iti maha hei huihuinga kakano pai. Ka tipu tēnei kakano i roto i ngā uaua kōhuke, i ngā putunga whakakapi rānei, i reira te tini o ngā wāhi tipu karaihe iti e tipu ngātahi ana. He paku taratara te mata o ngā tauira pūngātoru, ā, he iti ake te kanapa i tō ngā karaihe nui ake, engari ka kitea tonu te tae karaka-whero motuhake e mōhiotia ai te realgar.
- Uaua me te Paninga Realgar – I roto i ngā putunga waiariki, ka kitea te realgar hei papa angiangi, hei kiri, hei pani rānei i te taha o ngā kapinga, ngā kōhao, me ngā mata toka. Ka puta ēnei hanganga ina neke ngā wai huhua i te arsenic me te pungatara i roto i ngā kapinga o ngā toka, ka whakatakoto haere i ngā matū kohuke i te taha o ngā pakitara o ngā wāhi tuwhera. Ko ngā tauira realgar momo pani ka kitea tahi me ētahi atu kohuke pērā i te orpiment, te calcite, te quartz, me ngā kohuke sulfide rānei, ā, ka waihanga i ngā huinga pūmatawhānui ātaahua mā ngā kaikohi.
- Ngā Realgar Kua Whakarerekētia me ngā Momo e Pā Ana ki te Pararealgar – Ko te realgar he kohuke e ngāwari ana ki te mārama, ā, ka huri haere i te wā e kitea ana e te rā, e te mārama kaha rānei. I roto i tēnei huringa, ka mimiti te tae whero-karakā taketake, ka kōwhai-karakā ake rānei i te mea ka huri te hanganga karaihe, ka puta mai te pararealgar. He mea noa ēnei mata kua huri ki ngā tauira tawhito kāore i tiakina pai. Ahakoa kāore te matū k
Ko ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te realgar e whakaatu ana i ngā tukanga matawhenua matatini e pā ana ki tōna hanganga. Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te mahana, te hanganga matū o ngā wai kohuke, te wāhi tipu, me te rongonga ki te taiao, ka pā katoa ki te āhua whakamutunga o ngā tauira. Mō ngā kaikohi, ko ngā tauira realgar tino momona ko ērā e mārō ana te tae māori, he pai te hanganga karaihe, me te iti o te panonitanga.
Hanganga Karaihe o Realgar
Ka tioata te Realgar i roto i te pūnaha karaihe monoclinic, ā, nō te akomanga karaihe prismatic. Kāore i rite ki te maha o ngā kohuke sulfide noa e whai hanganga katote tōpū māmā, he hanganga rāpoi ngota motuhake tō te realgar, e tohuhia ana e te tātai As₄S₄, e whā ngā ngota arsenic me e whā ngā ngota whanariki e hui ana ki ngā wae rāpoi ngota motuhake. Ka honoa ngā ngota arsenic me ngā ngota whanariki mā ngā hononga kovalent kaha, ka waihanga i ngā rōpū rāpoi ngota rite whare herehere e pupuritia ana e ngā pāhekoheko āhua ngoikore. Nā tēnei whakaritenga ngota motuhake, he iti te pātōtō o te realgar, he pakarukaru tōna hanga, ā, ka aro atu ki ngā āhuatanga o te taiao inā whakaritea ki ngā kohuke sulfide pūmau ake.
Ka whai wāhi te hanganga monoclinic kia whanake ai te realgar hei ngātata roa, hei ngātata kiripiri rānei me ngā mata ngātata kua pūmau, inā wātea ngā tikanga tipu e pai ana. Heoi, ko te nuinga o ngā tauira māori e kitea ana he puranga nunui, he kirikiri, he āhua pani rānei, nā te mea he uaua te kitea o ngā taiao tipu ngātata e tino pai ana. Ko te hanganga o ngā ngātata realgar e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te hanganga matū o ngā wai wera, me te wāhi e wātea ana i roto i ngā kapiti, i ngā rua rānei. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui o tōna hanganga ngātata, ko tōna kore i ū ki te rongo roa ki te mārama. Ka taea e te rānui pūkākā te whakarerekē i te whakaritenga rāpoi ngota o te realgar, ka huri ai ki ētahi atu momo pūkawa konumaru pēnei i te pararealgar. Nā tēnei kaha pāpōuri o te hanganga, ka noho te realgar hei kōhuke nui hei ako i te matū konumaru-whāranui me ngā tukanga panoni kōhuke, me te hiahia anō kia āta tiakina kia mau ai tōna tae taketake me te āhua o tōna ngātata.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Tinana me Ā-Matū o Realgar
Ko te realgar he kohuke arsenic sulfide motuhake e mōhiotia ana mō tōna tae kanapa parakaraka-whero ki te whero hōhonu, te whiti kēpa, me te hanganga matū auaha. He ngohengohe te kohuke nei, me te pakeke o Mohs tata ki te 1.5–2, he māmā noa te rakuraku me te pāpōuri ki te kino tinana. He mārama ki te whakamārama tōna āhua i roto i ngā tioata pai te hanga me ngā āhua papatipu, ā, ko tōna kiri karaka-whero motuhake ka āwhina ki te wehewehe i ētahi atu kohuke sulfide. Ko te taimaha motuhake o te realgar tata ki te 3.5–3.6, he teitei nā te noho o te arsenic i roto i tōna hanganga. Ka puta pea i tōna mata he āhua kēpa, he hinuhinu, he karaihe paku rānei, ina koa i runga i ngā mata tioata hou.
Matū anu, nō te rōpū kohuke pūkawa te realgar, ā, ko te nuinga o ōna pūmotu ko te arsenic me te whanariki, ko te tātai matū e tuhia ana i te nuinga o te wā ko AsS, ā, i roto i te hanganga ko te As₄S₄. Ko tōna hanganga rāpoi ngota ahurei e whakawhiwhi ana ki a ia ētahi āhuatanga ātaahua, tae atu ki te pākari iti, te pakarukaru, me te aro ki ngā panonitanga o te taiao. Ka pāngia nuitia te realgar e te rongoa roa ki te mārama, inā koa te hihi kōrape, e taea ai te whakaputa i te panonitanga hanganga o te kohuke, ā, ka huri haere ki ētahi atu momo arsenic sulfide pērā i te pararealgar. Nā te mea kei roto he arsenic, e kiia ana he pāitini te realgar, ā, me āta hapai, me karo i ngā mahi ka puta mai he puehu, ka rongoa rānei te matū ki te pā tika mō te wā roa.
Ko te huinga o tōna tae kānapanapa, tōna āhua ngāwari, me tōna hanganga matū hohe, ka waiho te realgar hei kohuke motuhake i waenga i ngā kohuke sulfide. Ēnei āhuatanga kāore e pā noa ki te āhua o te hanganga me te panonitanga o te realgar i roto i te taiao, engari ka whakatau hoki i te āhua o te kohikohinga, te rongoatanga, me te tiakitanga o ngā tauira. Ko ngā kaikohi kohuke me ngā whare taonga te tikanga ka puritia ngā tauira realgar kia matara atu i te mārama kaha me te mākū kia mau tonu ai tō rātou tae taketake me te āhua o ngā tioata.
Ngā wāhi matua o te realgar
Realgar ka puta i roto i ngā momo horopaki matawhenua nui te arsenic puta noa i te ao, ina koa i ngā wāhi e pā ana ki ngā mahi waiariki iti-mahana, ngā pūnaha puia, me ngā putunga kohuke sulfide. Ahakoa ka horahia puta noa i te ao, kāore i te tino noa ngā tauira tino kounga he tioata tino whanake me te karakara karaka-whero kaha. Ka kitea te kohuke i roto i ngā uaua, ngā rua, me ngā whatiwhatinga o ngā toka kaihautū, i reira i whakatakotoria ai e ngā wai e mau ana i te arsenic me te pūngāwhā ngā rawa kohuke i ngā wā whakamatao o ngā mahi waiariki. Ka noho tahi a Realgar me ngā kohuke pērā i te orpiment, te arsenopyrite, te stibnite, te cinnabar, te pyrite, te quartz, me te calcite, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga matū uaua e hiahiatia ana mō tōna hanganga.
Ko Haina tētahi o ngā puna tino nui o ngā tauira realgar papai, ā, he maha ngā tauira rongonui i puta mai i reira e whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi kohuke. Kei roto i ētahi putunga whenua o Haina te nui o ngā kohuke arsenic sulfide, kei reira te realgar ka puta hei
I roto i te Hononga o Amerika, kua kitea te realgar ki ētahi rohe maina maha, ina koa ki ngā wāhi whai pūwhāwhā arsenic. Kua pūrongotia ngā tūnga mai i ngā kāwanatanga pērā i Nevada, Utah, me Idaho, i reira ka puta te kōhatu nei i te taha o ētahi atu kōhatu sulfide i roto i ngā putunga koura, hiriwa, me ngā konganuku matua. E mōhiotia ana anō ētahi atu wāhi mai i ngā whenua pērā i Itāria, Peru, Hapani, me Tākei, i reira ngā tukanga puia me ngā tukanga ā-papa i hanga ai ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō te hanganga o te realgar. Ko ēnei tūnga puta noa i te ao e whakaatu ana i te hononga tata i waenga i te realgar me ngā pūnaha kōhatu whai arsenic, me te whakaatu anō hoki i te whakawhirinaki o te kōhatu nei ki ngā taiao ā-papa motuhake mō te whakatautau.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Tono o Realgar
I mua, ko te uara nui o te realgar ko tōna tae kāriki-kōwhai mōhinuhinu me ōna āhuatanga matū motuhake. Ko tētahi o ōna whakamahinga tuatahi ko te peita māori mō ngā peita, ngā tuhinga, ngā mea whakapaipai, me ngā rauemi toi, i reira tōna tae ora e whakarato ana i tētahi tae whero-kāriki motuhake. I whakamahia anō hoki e ngā iwi tawhito te realgar i roto i ngā rangahau matū me te tūhura matū tawhito nā te mea ko ōna tauhohenga i te wā e whakawerahia ana, e whakakotahitia ana rānei ki ētahi atu matū. I ētahi mahinga tuku iho, i whakamahia ai ngā kohuke pūkawa konutai pēnei i te realgar mō ētahi whakaritenga motuhake, ahakoa kua ngaro te nuinga o ēnei whakamahinga nā te mātauranga hou mō te paitini o te pūkawa konutai me ngā āwangawanga haumaru.
Ināianei, ko te realgar te nuinga o te wā e whakanuia ana hei tauira kōhuke me te kaupapa rangahau pūtaiao, kaua hei rauemi ahumahi. Ko ngā tioata tino kounga e rapua ana e ngā kaikohi kōhuke nā te tae kanapa, te onge, me te hanganga tioata motuhake. Ka rangahaua e ngā kairangahau te realgar kia mārama ake ki te matū arsenic sulfide, ngā tukanga whakarerekē kōhuke, me ngā pānga o te whakapā mārama ki te pūmau o te kōhuke. Nā te mea kei roto i te realgar te arsenic, ā, ka taea te tuku matū kino ki te kore e tika te whakahaere, he iti noa ngā whakamahinga whaihua, ā, ka tiakina i roto i ngā tikanga whakahaere mō ngā take mātauranga, pūtaiao, me te kohikohi. Ko tōna hiranga o mua me ōna āhuatanga rerekee e noho tonu ai hei kōhuke tino whakamere i roto i te rōpū sulfide.