Ko te Pumpellyite he rōpū kohuke matatini rawa, haukawa konupūmā konumohe waikawa, e noho ana i te tūnga taketake i roto i te momo kohuke sorosilicate o ngā kohuke waikawa. I roto i te hanganga, e whakaaturia ana e ngā tetrahedra waikawa takirua wehe, ko te Pumpellyite ehara i te momo kohuke kotahi, engari he whānau kohuke kanorau e piri tata ana. Ko ēnei rerekētanga e wehewehea ana e ngā kātene matua e noho ana i ngā wāhi tioata motuhake i roto i tōna tukutuku ngota—ko te konupora, te rino lōkō (Fe²⁺), te rino pūkōrero (Fe³⁺), te konupara, me te konumohe. Ahakoa ko te Pumpellyite-(Mg) me te Pumpellyite-(Fe²⁺) ngā mema mutunga e kitea whānuitia ana i te taiao, ko ētahi atu momo tauhou he onge tonu. Nā te mea he tino pāpaku ngā rerekētanga matū i waenga i ēnei mema, ā, e tata kore e taea te wehewehe me te kore e whakamahia he tātaritanga taiwhanga (pērā i te miroprobe irahiko, te tioata X rānei), ko te nuinga o ngā tauira e kīia whānuitia ana hei “Pumpellyite” puta noa i ngā kohinga whare taonga, ngā mākete kohuke arumoni, me ngā pūrongo ā-papa whenua whānui. I te taha whakaata, e whakanuia ana te Pumpellyite mō tōna kāhui tae whenua ātaahua, e puta ana i ngā ātaahua kākāriki-ōriwa, kākāriki-puru hikaka, he kākāriki hōhonu, tata pango rānei. Engari, kaua e hanga he tioata nui, wehe, e kitea whānuitia ana, engari ka whakatio hei whakahiato kikī, honohono. Ko ēnei hanganga e whakaatu ana i ngā tikanga muka, iraruke, kōtui (koi-rite), e whakaki ana i ngā kōhao me ngā rua i roto i ngā toka puia tawhito. I tua atu i tōna ātaahua, he mea nui te Pumpellyite i roto i te mātauranga whenua mātauranga; koia te kohuke taurangi matua o te āhua metamorphic prehnite-pumpellyite, nō reira he taputapu tino whakahirahira mō ngā kaimātai whenua e rangahau ana i te metamorphism iti-iti rawa, me ngā wā tuatahi o te whanaketanga kiripaka tectonic.
Hītori me te Kitenga o Pumpellyite
Ko te whakamātautau ōkawa o Pumpellyite i tīmata i te tau 1925, i te wā i whakaahuatia tuatahitia ai e te pūtaiao mai i ngā tauira momo i kohia i roto i ngā toka pūngāwerewere e mau ana i te parāhi o te taha o Keweenaw Peninsula o Michigan i te United States. I roto i ēnei tahora waipuke tawhito, kotahi piriona tau te pakeke, i kitea te kohuke i te taha o te parāhi māori, e whakakī ana i ngā kōhao amygdaloidal o te toka kaihau. I whakaingoatia te kohuke hei whakamihi hōhonu ki te tohunga ā-whenua rongonui o Amerika a Raphael Pumpelly (1837–1923). He tangata whai mana a Pumpelly i roto i ngā pūtaiao o te whenua, nā āna rangahau tuatahi mō te hanganga whenua, ngā pūranga kōreko ōhanga, me te paragenesis o ngā kōreko parāhi i whakakaha i te huarahi o te rangahau ā-whenua o Amerika ki te Raki. Mai i tōna kitenga tuatahi i Michigan, kua whānui te tohatoha matawhenua o Pumpellyite. Kua kitea ināianei i ngā whenua kua whakamōriatia i ia whenua nui o te ao, e whakawhānui ana i tō mātau mātau pūtaiao mō ngā tukanga whakamōriatanga e ākina e te wai, i te pāmahana iti. I te haurua whakamutunga o te rautau rua tekau, ko ngā pekenga hangarau tere i roto i te matū karaihe me te tātari taputapu i whakarerekē i tō mātau māramatanga ki te kohuke. I whakaatu ēnei mahi hou ko Pumpellyite he raupapa whakauru-mārō, he rōpū kohuke whānui hoki, e ārahi ana ki te whakarōpūtanga o ngā momo motuhake maha i runga i ō rātou matū matua. I ēnei rā, kei mua tonu a Pumpellyite i te petrology whakamōriatanga hou, e whai wāhi nui ana ki ngā whakahoutanga hanganga uaua, te mahere o ngā rohe tāpokopoko tawhito, me te ako i te pūmau o ngā kohuke i roto i te kirinuku nekehanga o te whenua.
Te whakapūtanga o Pumpellyite
Ko te putanga o Pumpellyite e hono tata ana ki te whakarerekētanga ā-rohe o te taumata iti rawa, me te whakarerekētanga waiariki whānui o ngā toka mafic ahi. He hua tino nui o ngā taiao ā-whakapapa o te pāmahana iti, e whanake ana i raro i te matapihi wera motuhake e noho ana i te 200°C ki te 350°C, i te taha o te pēhanga lithostatic ngāwari. Ko ōna protoliths (toka matua) he basalt puia, he gabbro, he diabase, me ngā toka mafic ōrite e pāngia ana ki te whakarerekētanga o te kohuke i te wā o te tanumanga o te kirinuku, i te tāpae tectonic rānei. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga tinana motuhake, ka noho kore pūngao ngā kohuke tāora o te pāmahana teitei—pēnei i te pyroxene, te olivine, me te plagioclase feldspar momona ki te konupūmā. I te aroaro o te waiariki wera e rere ana, e whai hua silica ana, ka pakaru ēnei kohuke tuatahi, ka tuku i ngā huānga pēnei i te konupūmā, te rino, me te konupora. Ko tēnei tukunga matū e whakaohooho ana i te whakakitenga o tētahi huinga hou o ngā kohuke hāura pūmau pūmau, e kitea nuitia ana ko te chlorite, te epidote, te prehnite, te albite, me te Pumpellyite.
He tino takea te kōhatu nei hei ine whenua me te ine wera. Koia te tohu o te huinga prehnite-pumpellyite, he rohe whakawhiti tino tika e hono ana i waenganui i te huinga zeolite iti-pāmahana, iti-pēhanga (e tata ana ki te whakatai whenua) me te huinga greenschist teitei ake. Nā te mea he whāiti rawa, he motuhake hoki te rohe pūmau wera-pēhanga o Pumpellyite i roto i te kōhatu, he kaiwhakaatu tino kaha. Ka whakawhiwhia e ia ki ngā kairangahau he tohu pono mō te whakahokinga o ngā hītori whakarerekē, te tātai i te hōhonu tika o te tanumanga o ngā parataiao tawhito, me te whakamārama i ngā taiao tectonic kaha e pā ana ki ngā rohenga papa whakaeke tawhito, te panonitanga o te papa moana, me ngā mahi taketake o te kiri o te Ao’s.
Ngā momo Pumpellyite: He raupapa otinga totoka
Ko te Pumpellyite e whakarōpūtia ana ki ētahi momo motuhake i runga i ngā katini rangatira e noho ana i ngā wāhi hanganga motuhake—te nuinga o ngā wāhi e ruruku ana i te waru—i roto i tōna matatini hanganga tioata. Nā te mea ka puta ēnei whakakapinga pūmotu kaore e whakarerekē i te anga ngota o raro, he rite tonu te āhua o ēnei momo me ō rātou āhuatanga tinana me ā rātou mahi, nā reira e hiahiatia ana he tātari taiwhanga matatau hei tautuhi tika.
| Momo Kohuke | Katikati Matua | Te Hiranga Tāwhai & ngā Āhuatanga |
|---|---|---|
| Pumpellyite-(Mg) | konupora | Ko te mema tino whānui o te rōpū, e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā momo toka pūtake hurihanga iti-whakataunga me ngā pōhaku pākōwhatu kua whakahurihia puta noa i te ao. |
| Pumpellyite-(Fe²⁺) | rino ferrous | Tino whānui i roto i ngā whenua whakarerekē e mau ana i te rino me ngā metabasalt; e tohu ana i te nuinga o te wā he taiao hangahanga whakaheke kaha ake. |
| Pumpellyite-(Fe³⁺) | Rāwaite Rōreka Pū | He momo whakamārakaraka e whakatai ana i raro i te tino nui o te whakapūngao hāora; he iti ake i ngā mema mana nui o Mg me Fe²⁺. |
| Pumpellyite-(Al) | konumohe | He momo onge i te whakataurite, e noho rangatira ana te konumohe i ngā wāhi octahedral taurangi motuhake e nohoia ana i te nuinga o te wā e ngā konganuku taumaha ake. |
| Pumpellyite-(Mn²⁺) | Konupūmā | He tino onge, he momo hiraka manganihi, e herea ana ki ngā rohe whakarerekē matawhenua motuhake, ngā rohe whakaaroaro, ngā skarn rānei. |
Te Putanga me te Tohatoha
He tino whānui te tohatoha o Pumpellyite ki te ao, ā, ka puta i roto i ngā rōpū metamorphic maha e hono ana ki te kirinuku o te moana tawhito, ngā ārai moutere, me ngā tapa papa whakakotahi. Kua tuhia ngā kitenga nui ki te United States, Japan, New Zealand, Italy, Switzerland, Norway, Russia, China, Canada, Australia, me ētahi atu whenua maha e kitea ai ngā toka metamorphic iti-teitei. He nui rawa atu i roto i ngā rerenga lava basaltic kua whakarerekētia, ngā kōwhatu kākāriki, ngā basalts urunga, ngā metabasalts, me ngā raupapa puia kua whakarerekētia e te waiariki. Ka whakakiia e Pumpellyite ngā kōhao, ngā whatinga, me ngā amygdales i roto i ngā toka puia, he maha ngā wā ka puta tahi me te prehnite, te epidote, te chlorite, te quartz, te calcite, te albite, me ngā kohuke zeolite. Ko ēnei huinga kohuke he taunakitanga whai hua hei whakamārama i ngā pūnaha waiariki tawhito, ngā taunekeneke wai-toka, me te whanaketanga metamorphic ā-rohe. Ahakoa he mea noa a Pumpellyite i te tirohanga ā-āhuwhenua, ko ngā tauira kounga-kaiwhakaemi ataahua e whakaatu ana i ngā whakahuihui muka kākāriki kanapa, i ngā rehu tioata irirangi rānei, he iti noa iho i te mea papatipu noa.
Te Hanganga Tioata o Pumpellyite
Ka whakaputa te Pumpellyite i te pūnaha kirikiri kotahi-taha (monoclinic) me te anga sorosilicate tino whakaraerae e whakaatuhia ana e ngā tetrahedra pūhaumāota motuhake (SiO₄) me ngā rōpū tetrahedral takirua (Si₂O₇). Ko te tātai matū whānui mō te rōpū pumpellyite e whakaputaina ana ko Ca₂XY₂(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)(OH)₂·H₂O i reira ngā taurangi matatini e tuku ana i te whakakapinga huinga nui. Ko tēnei hoahoanga kirikiri matatini e tautuhia ana e ngā mekameka o ngā octahedra tino-konumohe e whakapiri taha ana e rere whakarara ana ki te tuaka-b kirikiri. Ka honoa ēnei mekameka e ngā rōpū pūhaumāota, me ngā kohao nui ake e whakauru ana i ngā katote konupūmā, i te wā e noho ana te konupora, te rino, me te manganihi ki ngā wāhi whakarite tino motuhake. He mea nui, ka whakaurua ngā rōpū hauwai (hydroxyl) me ngā rāpoi wai e herea ana ki te hanganga ki roto i te matiti, e whakapūmau ana i te pūmau whakamaoritanga o te kōhuke’s i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakapōraotanga mātao iti, wai-kī. Ko te ngohengohe o te anga nei e tuku ana i te diadochy huinga whānui me te kore e whakapōrearea i te matiti, e āhei ana te Pumpellyite ki te whakautu ki ngā rerekētanga iti o te pēhanga lithostatic, te mahana geothermā, te matū waipē, me ngā wā whakapūngao ā-rohe.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ko te Pumpellyite e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō ōna āhuatanga o te kākāriki oriwa, te kākāriki kahurangi, te kākāriki pōuri, te kākāriki hina, he tata pango rānei i ētahi wā. Ka whakaatu i te kanapa kanohi ki te kanapa hiraka i runga i te āhua o te tioata, ā, ka whakaatu hoki i ngā kiri ma. He māhiti te kohuke ki te tata pūataata, ā, he pakeke Mohs mai i te 5.5 ki te 6, e tohu ana he ātete ki te rakuraku. He 3.2 te taumaha whānui, e whakaata ana i te noho o te konupūmā, te konumohe, te rino, me te konupora i roto i tōna hanganga. He pai te wehenga i ngā ahunga e rua, ahakoa ko ngā tauira muka, whānui rānei ka whakaatu i ngā mata whati kōpīpī kaua e te wehenga mārama. I runga i te matū, ko te Pumpellyite he sorosilicate konupūmā konumohe wai e whai ana i ngā ōwehenga rerekē o te konupora, te rino ferrous, te rino ferric, te konupara, me te konumohe. Ko tēnei whanonga totoka-whānui te take o te kanorau o ngā momo e mōhiotia ana, ahakoa e rite ana te āhua o waho. Mai i te tirohanga petrological, e tino uaratia ana te Pumpellyite nā te mea ko tōna noho e tuhi ana i ngā āhuatanga pēhanga-pāmahana tino motuhake, e taea ai e ngā kaimātai whenua te whakatau i ngā taumata metamorphic me te hanga anō i ngā hītori tectonic me te tino māia.
Ngā whakamahinga o Pumpellyite
He iti noa iho ngā whakamahinga arumoni, ahumahi rānei o Pumpellyite nā te mea kāore e puta nuitia i roto i ngā putunga nui, parakore teitei e tika ana mō te tangohanga, ā, kāore anō e tōnui te pūmau, te mārama rānei e hiahiatia ana mō te whakamahi whānui hei kohatu whakapaipai. Heoi, he tino nui rawa atu tōna hiranga pūtaiao. I roto i te mātauranga whenua me te mātauranga kōhatu o te ao mātauranga, ko Pumpellyite tētahi o ngā kōhatu tohu tino nui hei tautuhi i ngā taiao whakarerekē kōhatu tino iti, hei wehewehe hoki i te momo whakarerekē kōhatu prehnite-pumpellyite mai i ngā taumata whakarerekē kōhatu e pātata ana. Ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau tōna matū kōhatu hei tirotiro i te whanaketanga o te pēhanga-pāmahana, te whakarerekē waiariki, te hurihanga wai, me te whakarerekē kōhatu e pā ana ki te tōmuri ki roto i ngā whenua tawhito. I roto i ngā whare taiwhanga petrographic, ka tirohia tonutia a Pumpellyite mā te whakamahi i te miihini whakaahua kōhatu angiangi, te whakakorikori hihi-X, te pūtaiao Raman, me te pūtaiao tātari irahiko hei whakaahua i ngā tauhohenga whakarerekē kōhatu, hei whakatau hoki i ngā huinga kōhatu. Ko ngā tauira kua tino tioatahia, he ātaahua rānei, e rapua ana hoki e ngā kaikohikohi kōhatu, inarā ko ngā mea e whakaatu ana i ngā whakakotahitanga muka kākāriki oraora mai i ngā wāhi rongonui, hei tauira pai o ngā kōhatu i hanga i roto i ngā tukanga whakarerekē kōhatu iti, kaua ko te whakatioata wera teitei.