Ko Jasper he momo silica hīanga, kore mā, e mōhiotia ana ko te SiO₂, ā, e whakarōpūtia ana i te taha pūtaiao he raukaha, he whakahiatotanga kiripara o te kuware, e whakawhiti ana ki te chalcedony. Engari, kāore i rite ki te chalcedony parakore, kei roto i te jasper te rahi o ngā matū tāwai—ka nui ake i te 20% te taumaha—e whakatau ana i tōna pōuritanga me te kara hihiko. He 6.5 ki 7.0 te pakeke o Mohs, he kōraretanga kanapanapa ki te puhore, ā, he whatinga tōtika ki te kotakota. Ko ngā tae rerekē e whakaaturia ana e te jasper he hua tika nā ngā kromopora maina kua whakakapia; ko ngā waikura rino pēnei i te hematite (Fe₂O₃) e whakaputa ana i ngā whero hōhonu me ngā māwhero, ko te goethite (FeO(OH)) rānei te limonite e whakaputa ana i te kōwhai me te parauri, ā, ko ngā whakaurunga silicate pēnei te chlorite me ngā parataiao e whakaputa ana i ngā momo kākāriki me te hina. Nō reira, kāore e whakarōpūtia hei momo maina motuhake, ka whakatau ngā tohunga pūtaiao he whakahiatotanga maina hanga toka te jasper, ā, ko tōna taumaha motuhake me ngā āhuatanga whatu e whakarerekētia ana e tōna utanga parataiao o roto.
Ko te hanganga o te jasper he tukanga matū whenua matatini e puta ana i roto i ngā taiao parataiao, waiariki, puia rānei, e akiakihia ana e te whakaheke i te kirikiri iti o te silica mai i ngā wai waikawa i te wā e whakauru ana i ngā poke ā-rohe. I ngā wā o mua o te Precambrian i te moana, i hua te jasper mā te whakaheke waiariki i roto i ngā Hanganga Rino Whakapapa (BIFs), i reira ngā puhanga puia i raro i te moana e whakarangatira ana i te wai moana ki te waikawa silicic rewa (H₄SiO₄). I te whakarerekētanga o te pH o te taiao, te pāmahana rānei, i takoha te silica nei ki te whakakotahi ki te kiriweti kōrure, ā, ka tau ā-whakaritenga ki te taha o ngā wāhanga rino e tau ana, e whakapau ana i ngā miriona tau o te whakatoitanga, te whakamārutanga, me te whakakoi i ngā rōpū kirikiri quartz microcrystalline. Hei kōwhiringa, he maha ngā jasper o te Phanerozoic i ahu mai i te panoni diagenetic o ngā papa pungarehu puia. I te rere o ngā wai ā-rangi, waiariki rānei i roto i ngā tūhua punga puia, ka whakarewa i te silica karaehe tino urupare, ka heke ngā wai kukū ki ngā kapiti me ngā kōhao huri noa, ka tau i te wā e whakauru ana i ngā waikura manganese, uku, me ngā waikura rino hei hanga i ngā tauira matatini, whai tauira. Hei taapiri, ka taea te waihanga jasper mā te whakakapinga pseudomorphic o ngā momo rauropi - he tukanga e kīia ana ko te silicification - i reira te wai whenua silica e uru ana ki te rauropi tanu, ka whakakapi i ngā hanganga pūtau hei ngota-ki-ngota hei whakaputa i ngā parapara jasperized me te rākau whakakohatu.
I roto i ngā wā tawhito o te tangata, i tino whakanuia te jasper ehara i te mea mō ōna āhuatanga ātaahua motuhake anake, engari hoki mō tōna whaihua i te mahi miihini, nā te mea ko tōna whatiwhatinga kōnohio e mōhiotia ana, he rauemi nui tēnei mō ngā tūpuna tangata o mua e kōmuhu ana i ngā taputapu kōhatu. I te 4 o mano tau BCE, i whakamahia e ngā ringatoi i Mesopotamia me te Indus Valley Civilization ngā jasper kākāriki me te whero hei wero i ngā hīra rango mātanga me ngā pīpī taimana, he mahi i whānui ake ki te Minoan Civilization, e whakaaturia ana e ngā hīra whakairo i kitea i te Palace of Knossos mai i te 1800 BCE. Ko te whakapapa kupu o te kupu e hoki mai ana mā te Old French (jaspre) me te Latin (iaspidem) ki te Greek iaspis, nōna i ahu mai i ngā pūtake Semitic, i whakamahia i mua hei kupu whānui mō te tini o ngā kohatu kākāriki, mārama. I tua atu i tōna mahi whaihua me te whakapaipai, he nui te tikanga karakia me te tikanga whakamaru o te jasper i roto i ngā iwi tawhito maha; i te Ihipa parao, i tino honoa te jasper whero ki te toto tiaki o Isis, ā, he maha ngā wā i whakairohia ki te Thet amulet hei tiaki i te tūpāpaku, ā, ko ngā tuhinga tawhito hoki e tuhi ana i tōna whakaurunga ki te pūkoro whakahaerenga o te Tohunga Nui o Hūria.
Momo, Tae, me ngā Tūāhua Ahupūngao-matū
Ko Jasper e whakarōpūtia whānuitia ana i runga i tōna takenga whenua me ōna tauira hanganga, e puta mai ai ētahi momo rongonui pērā i te jasper porotaka (e whakaatu ana i ngā hanganga tipu porowhita, porotaka), te jasper pikitia (e tohuhia ana e ngā tauira peka e rite ana ki ngā whenua), me te jaspillite (ngā momo wera wai kōpikopiko e tini ana te rino). Ko te kāhua tae motuhake o te jasper he whakaaturanga nui tonu o tōna hīnga kohuke kanorau. Ahakoa ko te silicon dioxide (SiO₂) te matū matua, ka whakauru te jasper pono i te taimaha o roto i te matua – i waenga i te 5% ki te 20% te taimaha – o ngā poke hanganga me ngā tae kohuke kē. Ko te hematite kirikiriata (Fe₂O₃) e whakatau ana i te kaha o ngā whero hōhonu, ngā kara mārona, me ngā māwhero mā te whakauru i te rama poto-roroa e kitea ana, ko ngā waikura rino whaiwai pērā i te goethite (FeO(OH)) e whakauru ana i ngā momo kōwhai, kōwhai huarākau, me te parauri. Ko ngā jasper kākāriki e whai tae ana i ngā katote rino tuarua e whakaurua ana ki roto i ngā pūngao waenganui o te chlorite me te actinolite, ko ngā papa mā mā tonu, hina rānei e tohu ana i te ngaro ā-rohe o ngā chromophores whakarewa.
Ko te āhuatanga matua o te jasper i runga i te tirohanga whatu ko tōna tino pōuritanga, he hua nō te tino maringanui o te rama i ngā rohenga kirikiri iti-iti-mikrona i waenga i ngā tioata kiripaka me ngā whakaurunga kōhuke-kore-silika e kapi pū ana. Kāore i rite ki tōna tuahine kiripaka kriptokiristalina, te kākesedoni, e whakaatu ana i ngā taumata rerekē o te wherikotanga, ka ārai rawa te jasper i te whakawhiti rama, ahakoa ka tapatapahia kia angiangi rawa mō te wetewete pētrograpika. Ina orohia, ka whakaatu tōna mata i te kanapa e neke ana mai i te karaihe ki te wakiu, kua puhakore hoki, i runga i te kaha o ngā matūriki uku i roto i te punga. I runga i te āhuatanga tinana, he tino pakari te jasper, e tohua ana e te mārō o Mohs 6.5 ki 7.0 me te taumaha motuhake e 2.58 ki 2.91 te toharite, e rerekē ana i runga anō i te kiko o ōna waikura konganuku kua tāmi. Ka whati te kōwhatu i te ara whati kōpīpī ki te anga anga, e whakaputa ana i ngā tapa kōpiko koi, kāore nei he papa wehenga kiristalina—he āhuatanga nā te whakaritenga mokowākite, honohono o ngā kirikiri hanganga o roto. I runga i te āhuatanga matū, e whakaatu ana i te tino pūmau, e kaha ana te ātete ki te whakangaromanga ā-tinana me te whakakotanga waikawa i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmāmā noa, ahakoa e whakaraerae tonu ana ki ngā taiao tino kawakawa me te waikawa hauwaiwaro.
Kambaba Jasper ranei Kambaba Kohatu
Ko te Kambaba Jasper, e hokona ana i te nuinga o te wā hei Kambaba Stone, Crocodile Jasper rānei, he toka puia hōu mākū-kōwhaiwhai i takea mai i Madagascar, e kitea ana ngā tauira porowhita, pango me te ānau. Ahakoa e pōhēhētia ana i roto i te mākete hokohoko hei kōhatu whakapapa o te stromatolite tūturu, kua whakapūmaua e ngā whakamātautau whenua me te petrographic he toka puia rerehua, e mōhiotia ana ko te orbicular rhyolite. Ko tōna kākano kōwhaiwhai ko te aegirine (he pōro sodium iron pyroxene), ā, ko ngā whatu pango rongonui ko te spherulites—ngā huinga āwhiwhi o ngā kohuke o te rōpū amphibole i puta i te whakamātao ohorere o te puia. I te pakeke o Mohs 6.0 ki te 6.5, me te hanga pūrua, pōkākā, he kohuke puia motuhake te Kambaba Stone, ehara i te kōhatu whakapapa, e whakanuia ana mō tōna hītori puia uaua me tōna ātaahua kōwhaiwhai.
Kohatu toto
Ko te Bloodstone, e mohiotia ana i roto i te hītori ko te heliotrope, he momo chalcedony kākāriki-hōhonu, pūrangiaho-kore, e whakaatuhia ana e ngā kiko whero mārakerake o te waikura rino. I runga i te āhua o te whenua, he putunga parataiao, he putunga waiariki rānei, i hangaia tuatahitia e te kiripaka moroiti, ka whakarōpūtia hei whakahiato kohuke silikara kriptokiripapa. Ko te kākāriki o te tinana matua e whakakarakarahia ana e te kloraiti, te amphibole, te whakapokenga kohuke silikara rānei, ko ngā kiko whero rongonui nei e hua mai ana i ngā whakaurunga o te hematite (Fe₂O₃), i ngā taima rānei he jasper whero, e puta ana hei pūkaru, hei pīpī rānei ki runga i te pūrehurehu pōuri. I te hītori, i whai wāhi nui te kohatu i roto i te ahurea, i kīia ko te kohatu rā i ngā wā o mua nā te whakapono ka whero te rā ina rukuhia ki te wai, ā, i whakamahia nuitia ki ngā taonga whakapono me ngā punga whakamarumaru. I runga i te āhua tinana, he ōrite ngā āhuatanga o te bloodstone ki te chalcedony, he pakeke Mohs 6.5 ki te 7.0, he whati konkoioda, engari he rerekē ki ētahi atu jasper nā te kākāriki pūrangiaho-ki-pūrangiaho-kore o te pūtake me tōna tauira motuhake o ngā whakaurunga hematite.
Jaspira Pōrera
Ko te Porcelain Jasper, e kīia ana ko “Moran Jasper” i roto i ētahi horopaki toki, he momo puehu kōhatu tino mātotoru, whāiti-hua, e kōrerotia ana mō tōna kākano maeneene, whakakikoruatia, e rite ana ki te uku whakamahana. I runga i te matawhenua, he kohinga kiripuaki tiotio huna i hanga mā te whakatotoka kaha o te pungarehu puia mata-kūare, te tūhua rhyolitic rānei. Ko tōna āhua matua ko tōna taumata tiketike o te ōritenga me te mārama i ngā tapa, e wehewehe ai i te jasper noa ake, mātotoru-hua. He kiri kirīmi, mā, māmā rānei te papatipu o te rawa, e mahia ana e ngā whakairo āta rere o te waikura rino, te manganihi, te parakete rānei, e hanga ana i te āhua rite ki te uku taitamariki i pania e te ringa. Nā te nui o te silica parakore (SiO₂), ka whiwhi ia i te oro tino tiketike, rite-karaehe, e kitea ana i runga i te nuinga o ngā momo jasper. I roto i te tinana, ka mau tonu te pakeke Mohs o 6.5 ki 7.0 me te pakarutanga kōnohi, engari i tōna tiketike o te pūtake pūmau me te kore o ngā pūaha me ngā parakore, ka waiho ia hei rawa tino rapurapu mō ngā whakairo uaua me ngā kāhoana tiketike.
Jasper Whakapakaru
Brecciated Jasper he momo jasper motuhake e tohuhia ana e tōna āhua maruwhati, “pakaru,” te take i puta mai i te mahi whatiwhati ā-taiao me ngā tukanga whakaora i muri mai. I runga i te tikanga ā-whaiaro, ka ahu mai i te wā e pāngia ana tētahi papatipu jasper e ngā kaha tectonic, e te mahi rū whenua rānei, e whatiwhati ai te rawa ki ētahi kongakonga koi, he tapatoru ngā tapa. I muri i tēnei korenga o te hanganga, ka kuhu ngā wai wera hāora-kiatā o te hydrothermal, ngā wai whenua rānei e kuhu ana i roto i te toka pakaru, ki te whakaputu i ngā kōhuke tuarua, pērā i te kirihi moroiti (SiO₂) te hematite (Fe₂O₃) rānei, ki ngā mokowā ā-whakatōngā. Mā ēnei putunga tuarua e noho hei matū whakapiri, hei matrix rānei, e hono ai ngā kongakonga taketake, pakaru ki te papatipu pakeke, tūturu. Kaua e wareware, ko te hua o tēnei tukanga he tauira mōhiotanga ātaahua, e kitea ai ngā kongakonga koki, rerekē te tae e whakaurua ana i roto i tētahi anga whāiti, rite tonu ki ngā uaua. Nā te mea ka tino rerekē te tito o ngā kongakonga me te matrix whakapiri, ka whakaatu te Brecciated Jasper i te whānuitanga o ngā tae—ko te nuinga he whero, he parauri, he kōwhai, he pango hoki—e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ihirangi waikura rino o ngā kongakonga me te rawa whakapiri. I runga i te āhua tinana, ka mau tonu te kōhatu i ngā āhuatanga noa o te whānau jasper, me te pakeke o Mohs mai i te 6.5 ki te 7.0 me te whati pakeke, konikoido, e tino pai ana mō te hanga kohatu, ā, he mea whakamīharo ki te taha o te whaiaro me te roa o te ora.
Jasper Porotaka
Ko te Orbicular Jasper he momo jasper e tino kitea ana e ona tauira porowhita, porowhita hoki e mohiotia ana ko ngā orbs. I te taha whenua, ko ēnei orbs te hua o te tukanga e kīia nei ko te spherulitic crystallization, ka puta i roto i ngā taiao puia me te parataiao e whai kiko ana i te silica. I te wa e hanga ana te matū, ko ngā kohuke—te nuinga o te quartz (SiO₂) me ngā whakaurunga maha pēnei i te waikura rino (Fe₂O₃) me te uku—ka karihi ki te pūtake, ka toro atu ki waho hei hanga i ngā rārangi porowhita, paparanga e rerekē ana te tae me te rahi. Ko tēnei kakano ahurei he rite ki te āhua o ngā karu, o ngā mirumiru rānei e mau ana i roto i te kohatu. Nā te rerekē o ngā kohuke i te wā e hanga ana ēnei orbs, ka taea e te Orbicular Jasper te whakaatu i te whānuitanga o ngā tae, mai i te kirīmi ngāwari me te kōwhai ki te whero hōhonu, te kākāriki, me te parauri. I te taha tinana, he rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te whānau jasper, he pakeke Mohs 6.5 ki te 7.0, he pūataata ki te pūataata-āhuru, me te whati kōnohi, pakari hoki. Ko tētahi o ngā tauira rongonui o tēnei momo ko te Ocean Jasper, e hanga ana i roto i ngā tauira porowhita, manawataki mā te panoni o te rhyolite puia. Ko tōna āhua matatini, paparanga-maha me tōna matatini whenua e tino pai ai ki ngā kaikohi me ngā tohunga kohatu.
Moana Hāpia
Ko te Ocean Jasper he momo Jasper orbicular tino rerekē me te rapu nuitia, e rongonui ana nō te mea he iti noa iho ngā wāhi putunga ā-taiwhanga i te rohe o Marovato i te raki-mā-uru o Madagascar. I runga i te āhuatanga o te whenua, he rhyolite orbicular i puta mai i te panoni uaua o ngā papa pungarehu puia whai silica. Ko ōna āhuatanga matua ko ngā porohita tāwhaitia, hāmerika, me te tini o ngā tae—tērā e whakauru ana i te mā, te hina, te kākāriki, te kōwhai, te mākurakura, te whero rānei—e puta mai ana te āhua o te pua i roto i te kōhatu. Ko ēnei tauira porohita he hua nō te whakatōpūtanga spherulitic, i reira ngā kohuke pēnei i te quartz (SiO₂), te feldspar, me ngā waikawa rino kanorau (Fe₂O₃) i whakatōkia ki ngā wāhi pū take i te wā o te mātaitanga o te rawa puia. Ka whakarangatirahia anō te kōhatu e ngā mahi wera ā-wai o te wā mutunga, e whakakī ana i ngā wāhi takawaenga ki te silica kirikiri-taiao, i ētahi wā ka puta mai he putunga druzy quartz i roto, he uaua chalcedony mārama rānei. Ā-tinana, ko te pakeke o Ocean Jasper he 6.5 ki te 7.0 i runga i te tauine Mohs, ā, he kanapa maeneene, kāpō ki te mārama-taiwhanga ina mōenewatia. Nā te tere o te pau o ngā wāhi keri matua, ka kiia ko te Ocean Jasper pono he mea onge ā-whenua, e tino whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi mō ōna tauira whakamīharo, pēnei i te moana, me tōna hītori puia maha-tūāpapa.
Pōpi, Jasper Puāwai rānei
jasper e rongonui ana mō ōna tauira whīwhiwhi, pēnei i te puāwai, e rite ana ki ngā puāwai pōpi iti. I runga i te āhuatanga o te whenua, he whakahiatotanga kiripaka moroiti totoka i hanga mā te whakawhenuatanga o ngā tūhua tohorangi. Ko ngā tohu “poppy” i runga i te pōhatu, he mātai porohita iti, uaua—he kāhui kohuke porohita i whakaputa i te wā e mātoke ana te pōhatu whakahaere—i te nuinga o te wā e kani ana ki ngā atarangi whero, karaka, kōwhai rānei nā ngā whakaurunga hematite (Fe₂O₃) me te goethite (FeO(OH)) e marara ana. Ko ēnei puāwai ka noho i runga i te whenua kirīmi, parauri, hina rānei, e whakaputa ana i te āta tino rerekē e hiahiatia ana te kōhatu mō ngā mahi toki. E mōhiotia ana ki ngā putunga i California, he tino pūmau te kōhatu, e pupuri ana i te mārō o Mohs 6.5 ki te 7.0 me te whati pūpū, e taea ai e ia te whakamōhio i te kanapa karaihe e whakaatu ana i te uaua o roto o tōna takenga tohorangi.
Rēparo Jasper, Hiako Rēparo Jasper rānei
Ko te Leopard Skin Jasper, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko Leopard Jasper, he momo kōwhatu jasper āhua motuhake e whakaatu ana i öna kōpura pūrotea, kōwhatu kara maha e rite ana ki te kiri o te reparo. Ki te āhua matawhenua, he toka puia i ahu mai i te takenga ahi, he toka puia kua silicified—he rhyolite, he tuff rānei te tikanga—kua whakawhitia e te whakarerekē waiariki nui. Ko ngā "kōpura" motuhake o te kōwhatu, nā te whakatōpūtanga o ngā waikura rino (Fe₂O₃) me ētahi atu parapara kōhuke, pērā i te manganese, te uku rānei, e whakatipu nei i te wā e mātao ana, e whakasilicified ana hoki te tukanga. Ko ēnei whakaurunga ka waihanga i tētahi matūka rerekē o te kirīmi, te parauri, te kōwhai, ā, i ētahi wā, te whero, te pango rānei, i te nuinga o te wā ka whakaritea ki ngā tauira porowhita, kōpura, uaua rānei. Ki te āhua tinana, pērā i ētahi atu whetū o te whānau jasper, he pakeke Mohs 6.5 ki te 7.0, he whati whatuia, he uaua hoki, e tino pai ana mō ngā whakamahinga lapidary whakapaipai. Ko ōna tauira whīwhiwhi, whakaraerae, he rekoata tōtika o te tohatoha kōaro o ngā wairewa kōhuke i te wā o tōna hanganga, i puta ai tētahi kōwhatu e tino whakanuia ana mō tōna rerekētanga ātaahua me tōna pūkaha mauroa.
Pounamu Ngahere
Rainforest Jasper, e mōhiotia ana anō ko Rainforest Rhyolite, he momo toka puia e tino kitea ana i Queensland, Ahitereiria. Ahakoa te ingoa hokohoko “jasper,” kei te whakarōpūtia ia hei toka rhyolitic kua whai i te whakarerekētanga nui o te whakamākūtanga me te whakarerekētanga waiariki. Ko tōna āhua motuhake he matua kākāriki pūkohu, he mea whakauru ki ngā tauira kirīmi, parauri-koura rānei, e whai ana i ngā kōhao e kī ana i te kiripaka, i ngā whakaurunga porowhita rānei. Ka puta ēnei tohu ahurei nā te whakawhitiwhiti o ngā wai e kī ana i te kiripaka ki te matua toka puia e whakamātao ana, ka puta he āhua motuhake, rite ki te whenua tirohanga e whakaahua ana i te rauheka. I te taha tinana, ko te mārō o te kōhatu e tata ana ki te 6.0 ki te 7.0 i runga i te Tauwā Mahs, ā, nā te nui o te silica (SiO₂) ka taea te whakakoi kia waihi, kia kanapa, hei kōwhiringa rongonui mō te whakairo me te hanga cabochon.
Jaspis mātātoka
Ko te jasper mātātoka e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mākete lapidary me kohinga hei rawa mātātoka. Ka puta tēnei panonitanga mā te hātepe āhuatanga matawhenua taumaha e urutomo haere, e whakakapi haere ai ngā hanganga rauropi taketake—pērā i te kōiwi, te rupi, te rārā, te anga, te rākau rānei—i te taumata rāpoi ngota e ngā wai wera waiwaro e whai hua siliceous. I te wā e rō kī ai ēnei wairewa kī tonu i te kōhuke ki roto i ngā kiko porohita, ka whakatakotoria e rātou te kiripiri parua (SiO₂) me ngā waikura whakarewa maha, i te nuinga o te wa ko te hematite (Fe₂O₃), ki roto i ngā kōhao pūtau. He tino tika tēnei hātepe e tiakina ai te hoahoanga koiora matatini o te tauira taketake, pērā i ngā whiti rākau, i ngā ruma anga rānei, i te wā e huri ana i ngā rawa rauropi ki te huihuinga silicate kiripiri taikaha, mātotoru. Me te mārō o te Mohs e 6.5 ki te 7.0, ko te kōhatu ka puta he rekoata āhuatanga matawhenua motuhake e hono ana i te hītori rauropi ki ngā tae kanapuripuri, rerekē e kitea ana i te jasper, e tino whai hua ai ēnei tauira mō tōna whai pānga pūtaiao me tōna ātaahua hoki i roto i te toi lapidary.
Ngā Taupānga o Jasper
Ko ngā whakamahinga hangarau me te toi o te, e whānui ana puta noa i ngā mahi toi kōhatu, te hoahoa whakapaipai, me ngā ahumahi whakapaipai, e whakahaerea nuitia ana e te tino kaha o te hanganga o te kōhatu, te hanganga kiwikiwi, me te tini o ngā tauira māori. He pakeke 6.5 ki te 7.0 i te tauine Mohs, kāore hoki e kitea he wehenga motuhake, tēnei momo quartz (SiO₂) cryptocrystalline ka taea te tapahi, te whakairo, te whakakoi kia whiti, he kanapa kanapa ki te ware, me te kore e pakaru, e whatiwhati rānei. Nā te āhua pūruru me te kiko kōhatu mātotoru, kāore e whakamahia te heihei hei taonga mārakerake; engari, he rauemi tuatahi mō ngā kāpowhn tokonga, ngā pirepire kua whakatakoto, me ngā whakakai uaua. Ko tōna pakari tinana me te taurite o te kiko e taea ai e ngā tohunga te whakairo i ngā whakairo tino kiko, ngā whakapakoko, me ngā hiri whakapaipai, me te kore e tūpono ka tapahia i raro i ngā taputapu whakairo taimana hou. I tua atu i te whakapaipai whaiaro, ko ngā papa nui, whakamīharo o te—pērā i te Brecciated Jasper, te tauira pua o Poppy Jasper rānei—e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i te hoahoa ā-roto o te taumata teitei hei hanga i ngā taera mōwhiti, ngā papa tēpū whakauru, ngā pukapuka, me ngā whakapaipai whakapaipai ritenga. I te mutunga, nā te tohatoha pōro o te waikura rino (Fe₂O₃) me ngā whakauru manganese e kore ai e kitea ngā tauira e rua e ōrite ana, ka noho tonu te heihei hei rauemi tino kohikohia, e tapahia ana ki ngā papa whakakoi hei whakaaturanga, hei pokapū, e whakaatu ana i ngā whenua māori motuhake me te āhuahanga porowhita.