I roto i te horopaki o te mātai kohatu, ko te karaihe he totoka amorphous—he rauemi kāore i te raupapa, te hāngai o te hanganga ngota o roto e tohu ana i ngā kohatu tūturu. Ahakoa ko ngā kohatu kohuke pēnei i te taimana, te rupi rānei e hanga ana mā ngā tukanga ā-papa āta haere e puta ai he whakatakotoranga tioata kua tautuhia, ka hangaia te karaihe ina whakamātaohia he ranunga rewa o te kirikiri (he onepu), te houra, me te kōwhai kia tere rawa te whakamātao kia "whakatio" ai ngā ngota i roto i te āhua kore raupapa, rite-wai. Nā te kore o te hanganga tioata, he isotropic whatu te karaihe, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te whatu ōrite i ngā ahunga katoa. Ina whakapaipaihia, ka taea e te karaihe te whakatauira i te kanapa me te marara o ngā kohatu utu nui, engari ko tōna hanganga ā-tinana—e tohua ana e te whati conchoidal (rite-anga) motuhake me ngā waitohu o roto pēnei i ngā mirumiru hau, ngā rārangi rere rānei—e tino wehewehe ana i a ia i ōna hoa tūturu.
He aha te Karaehe?
He karaehe he totoka kore-whakataata, kore-tioata e puta mai i te whakamatao tere o te whakaranu whai-kirika, he tukanga e aukati ana i nga ngota ki te whakarite ki roto i te whakatakotoranga tioata hanga, ka waiho i a ratou ki te ahua kore-whakarite tonu.
Ko te turanga o tenei rawa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te silica (SiO2) hei kaihanga-karaihe matua, ko te taapiri o te houra (Na2O) e whakamahia ana hei whakaheke i te pāmahana whakarewa e tika ana, ā, ko te kotakota (CaO) e whakauruhia ana hei whakapakari i te pūmau matū me te roa. I tua atu i ēnei wāhanga taketake, ka whakakiia te hanganga ki ngā waikura maha—pērā i te mata (PbO), te barium (BaO), te titanium (TiO2) rānei—e āta whakauruhia ana hei whakarerekē i te taupū whakaata me te marara o te rawa, e taea ai e ngā tohunga te whakarite i te mahi whatu o te karaihe hei whakatauira i te kanapa me te mura o ngā kōhatu utuāhua.
Kohatu Karaehe: He Aratohu ki ngā Momo me ngā Ingoa
Alexandrium™
Ko Alexandrium™ he whakaata karaihe mātanga i hangaia hei whakatauira i te “pānga alexandrite” rongonui, he āhuatanga whatu whakahirahira e huri ke ai te tae o tētahi rawa i runga i te tohatoha tūāwhiorangi o te pūmārama taiao. Kāore i rite ki ngā kōhatu utu nui māori e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā huānga whai tohu i roto i te whata tioata, ka whakamahia e tēnei rawa kore-tioata he huinga tika o ngā tāpiri konganuku me ngā huānga whenua onge, pērā i te neodymium, hei hanga i ngā rōpū whakauru mārama motuhake. I roto i te mārama o te rā, te rama whakamārama matao rānei—e nui ana ngā ngaru kākāriki me te kikorangi—ka whakaatu te karaihe i te tae kākāriki oraora, kākāriki-kikorangi rānei. Heoi, ina nekehia ki raro i te rama whakamārama wera, te rama kānara mahana rānei—e kaha ana ngā ngaru whero—ka huri tōna tae ki te whero-papura, te pua rōpere-māwhero rānei. Ahakoa te āhua whakapono o tana mahi, ka taea te tautuhi pono i roto i te whakamātautau kohatu mā te whakaata kotahi i raro i te polariscope, te taupū whakaata e noho ana i waenga i te 1.50 me te 1.58, me te kitea o ngā mirumiru hau moroiti, ngā tohu āwhiowhio rānei e tohu ana i tana takenga hanga-tangata.
Karāwhatu Karu Ngeru
Ko te Karaihe Karu Ngeru he rauemi waihanga motuhake kua hangaia hei whakatauira i te chatoyancy—te āhuatanga "karu ngeru"—he āhuatanga whatu whakamīharo e kitea ana i roto i ngā kōhatu taiao onge pēnei i te chrysoberyl me te tourmaline. Ka tutuki tēnei āhuatanga mā te tukanga whakangao matatini e whakauru ana i ngā mano o ngā muka karaihe whakarara, i ngā whakaurunga whakaata moroiti rānei i roto i te matua karaihe. Ina hangaia te rauemi ki te tapahi cabochon, ka pāhekoheko ēnei hanganga rōraki, roa ki te mārama hei whakaata i tētahi rārangi mārama kotahi e hora ana i te mata o te kōhatu. Ko tēnei rārangi mārama, e kīia ana ko te "karu," ka puta me te wherikōrero i runga i te kikorangi ina whakatitaha te kōhatu, ina neke rānei te pūmārama, e whai ana i te karu mokowhiti o te ngeru. I roto i te rangahau kōhatu, ka wehewehea te Karaihe Karu Ngeru i ōna hoa taiao mā te whakaritenga muka tino ōrite me te kaha o te tae, he maha ngā wā e kaha ana. Ahakoa ko ngā kōhatu chatoyant taiao e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaurunga kōrekoreko, i ngā rerekētanga ngāwari rānei o te "karu," ko te putanga hanga-tangata e tohua ana e tētahi rārangi tino tika, koi rawa. Ahakoa tōna āhua whakamīharo, ka taea te tautuhi mā tōna taumaha motuhake me te taupū whakaata, e ōrite ana ki ngā āhuatanga karaihe, kaua ki ngā hanganga tioata. I tua atu, ina tirohia i raro i te whakanui mai i te taha, ka whakaatu te Karaihe Karu Ngeru i tētahi hanganga "honikoma" motuhake, hanganga pūtau rānei i hangaia e ngā muka karaihe whakakotahi, he tohu matua e wehewehe ana i tēnei whakatauira huatau i ngā kōhatu maina o te whenua.
Karaihe Dichroic
Ko te karaehe dichroic he rauemi hangarau matatau e whakatinana ana i tōna āhua whakamīharo mā te tukanga matatini e mōhiotia ana ko te ahupūngao kiriata angiangi. Kāore i rite ki te karaehe tae tawhito e whakamahi ana i te pua, ka hangaia tēnei momo hou mā te whakaheke korehau o ngā paparanga tino angiangi maha o ngā waikura konganuku rerekē—pērā i te titanium, te chromium, te konupora rānei—ki runga i te mata o te tūāpapa karaehe. Ko ēnei paparanga moroiti, i ētahi wā neke atu i te toru tekau, ka mahi hei huinga tātari whakawhiti e whiriwhiri ana i ētahi roangaru o te mārama kia puta, i te wā e whakaata ana i ētahi atu. Ka puta mai he pānga huringa-tae kaha, maha-ahu, he kanapa rānei e huri whakarerekē ana i runga i te koki o te mātakitaki me ngā āhuatanga rama. I roto i te mātai kōhatu, ka whakamahia hei whai i te tākaro-tae matatini e kitea ana i te opal tāonga māori, te labradorescence rānei e kitea ana i te labradorite kounga teitei. Ahakoa te hōhonu ā-whatu o te karaehe dichroic e tino whakamīharo ana, ka taea te tautuhi mā tōna kanapa "konganuku" i runga i te mata paparanga me te kore o te hanganga tioata māori. I raro i te whakanui, ka kitea ētahi wā te paninga kiriata angiangi hei paparanga motuhake, angiangi pēnei i te pepa i te tapa o te karaehe, he āhuatanga tautuhi e wehewehe ana i tēnei whaiāipo hangarau matua mai i ngā hanganga pararopi, kōhuke rānei o ngā kōhatu tāonga kanapa māori.
Saphiret
Ko te Saphiret he momo karaihe o mua i hangaia i Gablonz, Bohemia, i te rautau 19 me te timatanga o te rautau 20. E tino whakanuia ana e nga kaikohi tawhito na runga i ona ahuatanga whatu ahurei, ka tutuki ma te whakauru i te koura whakarewa ki roto i te ranunga karaihe whakarewa i te wa o te mahi. Ina tirohia i roto i te rama noa, i te rama taiao ranei, ka whakaatu a Saphiret i te turanga ahua-awatea, parauri, koko ranei. Heoi, ina pahekoheko te rama ki te hanganga o roto—ka horahia ma nga paanga marara—ka puta he uira opalescent kanapa, puru-kahurangi ranei. Ko tenei huringa tae oraora te take o te ingoa rongonui, ahakoa ehara i te mea putaiao, a te kaikohi, ara “te manawa o te tarakona.” Mai i te tirohanga ahuwhenua, he whaihanga karaihe amorphous a Saphiret, ehara i te kohuke; ko ona ahuatanga tohu ko te taupū whakaata e rite ana ki te karaihe, te whati conchoidal, me te whakanui, he mirumiru hau, he raina rere ranei e whakaatu ana i tona takenga mai i te tangata. Ahakoa he kaupapa nui tonu mo te ako i roto i te mara o nga whakapaipai tawhito me te matū karaihe, he mea nui kia wehewehea mai i nga whaihanga karaihe hou e ngana ana ki te whakahoki i te paanga ma te whakamahi i nga paninga kiriata angiangi, kaua ki te ranunga karaihe koura taketake.
Whakapiri
He whai wāhi nui te karaihe whakapiri i roto i te hītori o te hoahoa whakapaipai me te mātai kohatu. I ahu mai i te rautau 1800, ko te "whakapiri" e tohu ana ki te karaihe whai mata nui, e mōhiotia ana i ētahi wā ko te karaihe kirikiri, i ata tapatapahia hei whakatauira i te kanapa, te mura, me ngā āhuatanga ataata o te taimana me ngā kohatu tāwharautia utu nui. Mā te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga waikura mata—i ētahi wā tae atu ki te 50%—i eke te karaihe ki te taupū whakaata teitei ake me te marara nui ake i te karaihe houra-whenua noa, e taea ai e ia te whakaputa i te "mura" mārama nui e tino rite ana ki te ātaahua o ngā kohatu utu nui. I ngā rautau 1800 me 1900, ka noho hei āhuatanga rangatira me te whakaaetia whānui i roto i ngā whakapaipai Pākehā, e rapuhia ana e te hunga rangatira me te hunga waenga hoki mō tōna kaha ki te whakarato i te āhua o ngā kohatu utu nui, onge, i te utu iti ake. Kāore i rite ki ngā mea whaihanga hou e mahia nuitia ana, i tapatapahia ā-ringa ngā kohatu whakapiri tawhito, ā, i whakakikoruatia takitahi, i whakatakotoria rānei ki roto i ngā tuara kati hei whakanui ake i tō rātou whakaata mārama. Mai i te tirohanga mātai kohatu hou, ka tautuhia te whakapiri e ōna tapa tapatapahi ngāwari, porotaka hoki i ahu mai i tōna pakeke iti (te nuinga ki te 5 ki te 6 i te tauine Mohs), he kanapa mahana, "hinuhinu" rānei, ā, i raro i te tirotiro moroiti, ko te kitea pinepine o ngā mirumiru hau iti, ngā "āwhiowhio" ā-roto rānei e whakaū ana i tōna takenga whakarewa, kore-tioata.
Strass
Ko te Strass he mea whakahirahira i roto i te mahi karaihe o te rautau 1800, i timatahia e te kaihanga whakapaipai a Georges Frédéric Strass i te takiwa o te tau 1730. Na te whakanui ake i te nui o te waikura mata i roto i te ranunga karaihe—e kiia nei ko te karaihe mata, ko te karaihe kirikiri ranei—i taea ai e nga kaihanga te whakatutuki i te taupū whakaata tino tiketike me te taumata tohatoha tino pai. He mea nui tenei tohatoha tiketike, na te mea ka wehewehea e te karaihe te marama ma ki ona tae o te awhiowhio, e whakaputa ana i te "ahi" me te korakora e kitea ana i nga taimana tino pai. Na enei ahuatanga whatu matatau, ka noho a Strass hei paerewa ahumahi mo nga whakapaipai whaihanga tino pai puta noa i nga rautau 1800 me 1900, e whakaatu ana i te kanapa i tino nui ake i te karaihe kotakota noa o taua wa. Mai i te tirohanga o te ao kohatu hou, ahakoa he karaihe kore-tioata te Strass, ko tona kiato tiketike—he hua tika na te nui o te mata—ka noho tonu hei tohu tautuhi matua. Ahakoa kua kitea inaianei te rereketanga mai i te taimana na te iti o te pakeke (e 5 ki te 6 i te tauine Mohs), ko tona hiranga o mua kei roto i tana mahi hei tetahi o nga rauemi matatini tuatahi i hangaia hei whakahaere i te whakaata o te marama hei whakatauira i te maakete kohatu utu nui.
Kohatu & Ngutu
Kohatu kanapa me ngā chaton he wāhanga matua o te ahumahi whakapaipai whakapaipai papatipu, i hangaia motuhake hei whakaputa i te kanapa me te korakora o te taimana mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi karaihe utu iti. Ko te kohatu kanapa he kupu whānui mō te kohatu karaihe matawhenua i hangaia hei whakatauira i te āhua o te taimana; he maha ēnei e hangaia ana me te take papatahi, tohu rānei, ā, ka whakamahia he pepa whakarewa, he tuarā hiriwa-whakaata rānei hei whakanui ake i te whakaata o te mārama o roto me te kanapa, he tikanga e taea ai e te kohatu te whakaputa kanapa ahakoa i ngā wāhi iti te mārama. Ko ngā Chaton he momo motuhake o ēnei kohatu, e mōhiotia ana mō te iti, te nui o ngā matawhenua me te āhua koeko, te take tohu-whakamuri. Nā te āhua kiato o te hangahanga, he mea hanga motuhake ngā chaton kia ngāwari te whakanoho ki roto i ngā kāwai kāpeka-ā-īpu, ngā whakatakotoranga hongere, te pēhi rānei ki ngā turanga whakapaipai, e waiho ana hei paerewa ahumahi mō te whakaputa whakapaipai papatipu nui. Mai i te tirohanga kohatu, ahakoa he mea hanga ēnei e rua mai i te karaihe whakamarara iti inā whakaritea ki ngā whakaongaonga waihanga hou pērā i te cubic zirconia, ko tō rātou pānga whatu e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga me te mauroa o te tuarā whakaata. I raro i te tirotiro whāiti, ka mārama te wehewehe i ngā kohatu kanapa hou me ngā chaton mai i ngā kohatu tūturu mā te āhua tōtika o te hanga matawhenua, te kore o ngā whakaurunga kōhuke māori, ā—i ngā wā e pakaru ana te tuarā pepa—te āhua mārama, kore-āhua o te matua karaihe.
Jet Wīwī
Ko French Jet he momo karaihe pango, kore mārama i hangaia nuitia i te wā o Wikitoria hei whakakapi i te jet māori, he mea whakapakeke i ahu mai i ngā rākau tawhito, i tino rongonui hei whakapaipai tangihanga i muri i te matenga o Piriniha Apereta i te tau 1861. He rereke ki te jet māori, he māmā, he pākākā, me te tiaki tōtika nā te mea he mea koiora, ko French Jet he karaihe mātotoru, hangaia e te tangata, e whakaatu ana i te āhua pango, kanapa tonu, engari he kaha ake ki te ātete i te waru me te pānga o te taiao. He maha ngā wā i hangaia, i whakairohia rānei tēnei rauemi ki ngā āhua uaua, pēnei i ngā cameo, ngā pirepire, me ngā tauira puāwai, ka whakakānapanapahia kia pango, kanapa tonu. Mai i te tirohanga gemological, ka taea te wehewehe i te French Jet i te jet māori mā ētahi tohu matua: i te mea he mahana te jet māori ki te pā, he iti tōna taumaha (ka mānu i roto i ngā wai tote kaha), he makariri te French Jet ki te pā, he tino mātotoru ake. I raro i te whakanui microscopic, ka kitea i te French Jet ngā whati conchoidal, he rite ki te anga, me ngā pūhā hau o roto e tohu ana i te karaihe amorphous, engari ko te jet māori e whakaatu ana i te kākano muka, rākau e whakaata ana i tōna takenga mai he rākau whakapakeke.
Kohatu Opalite me te Kohatu Slocum
Ko te Opalite me te Slocum Stone e tohu ana i ngā huarahi rerekē e rua ki te whakatauira i te opal utu nui, e noho ana ia ki tētahi taumata rereke o te uauatanga hangarau i roto i te ao o te karaehe e pā ana ki te mātai kohatu. Ko te Opalite he karaehe mā, pūataata, me te mārama, i hangaia motuhake hei whakatauira i te tīaho āhua o te marama, i te āhua ngāwari o te opal mā rānei. I te nuinga o te wā, ka hangaia hei karaehe soda-lime paerewa me te nui o te marara marama, e hanga ana i tōna āhua kōwhai-puru me te tīaho i roto i te rama āwhiwhi. Heoi, ko te Slocum Stone he mea tino uaua ake, i hangaia i ngā tau 1970 hei whakatauira tino pai o te opal māori. Kāore i rite ki te hanganga kotahi o te Opalite, ka hangaia te Slocum Stone mā te tukanga paparanga, maha-wāhanga, e whakairihia ai ngā kongakonga konganuku, kirihou rānei i roto i te anga karaehe. Ka whakatakotoria ēnei kongakonga kia whakatairite i te marama i roto i te āhua e whakatauira ana i ngā uira tae kaha, arā, te tākaro-tae, e kitea ana i te opal utu nui māori. Mai i te tirohanga whakatau, he māmā te kite i te Opalite nā te kore o te uauatanga hanganga me te iti o te taupū whakaata, engari ko te Slocum Stone ka taea te wehewehe i te opal māori i raro i te whakanui mā te mātaki i te āhua āhuahanga, he maha ngā paparanga o ngā kongakonga whakaata, e kitea ai he rerekē i ngā tauira tae āhua wai, māori rānei, e kīia nei ko te “harlequin”, o te opal utu nui pono, i keria mai i te whenua.
Scorolite
Ko te Scorolite he momo karaehe whakapaipai motuhake i hangaia hei whakatauira i te ataahua o nga kohatu tino nui penei i te amethyst, te hapira violet ranei. Kaore i rite ki nga kohuke maori, e whiwhi ana i te tae hohonu mai i te parakimete rino me te iraruke i roto i te whata tioata, he mea hanga amorphous te Scorolite hei whakaputa i te nui o te utu i roto i te maakete whakapaipai utu iti. Ka taea e ia te tae violet motuhake ma te whakauru tika o te konupora, te pūhui konukōreko ranei ki roto i te puranga karaehe whakarewa, e puta ai he taurite, he kaha tonu te tae e kore e kitea i roto i nga kohatu maori o te rahi rite. Mai i te tirohanga tohunga kohatu, ka whakarōpūtia te Scorolite hei tauira, ehara i te mea hanga, na te mea karekau he hanganga matū me te hanganga tioata o te kohatu e whakatauirahia ana. He ngawari te tautuhi mo te tohunga whai whakangungu: ahakoa ko te amethyst e whakaatu ana i te pleochroism motuhake—e whakaatu ana i nga momo atarangi violet i runga i te huarahi tirohanga—he isotropic te Scorolite, karekau he rereketanga. I tua atu, i raro i te tirotiro moroiti paerewa, karekau te Scorolite i nga "whiu zebra" me nga rohe tipu wai e kitea ana i te amethyst, engari ka kitea nga mirumiru hau, nga tohu awhiowhio, me nga tapa kanapa i hangaia, e tohu ana i tona ahua karaehe, hanga-a-ringa.
Aurora Borealis (AB)
Ko Aurora Borealis (AB) e whakaatu ana i te ahunga whakamua hurihuri i roto i te ataahua o ngā whakapaipai utu, i whakaurua tuatahitia i waenganui o te tekau tau 1950 mā te mahi tahi a Swarovski rāua ko Christian Dior. He kōhatu karaihe kounga teitei ēnei kōhatu kua rongoā ki tētahi kiriwhakarewa angiangi rawa, i whakamahia mā te korehāhā, he mea hanga mai i te titanium, i ētahi atu waikura whakarewa rānei. Ka mahi tēnei paninga moroiti hei tātari pokanoa mārire e āki ana i te marama kia marara ki tētahi hihinga āniwaniwa, maha-tae, me te āniwaniwa rite ki te āniwaniwa, e rite ana ki ngā rama raki māori i tapaina ai te pānga. Kāore i rite ki te chatoyancy māori, ki te tākaro-tae o roto o te opal rānei, ko te pānga AB he āhuatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mata. Ina tirohia i raro i ngā momo puna marama, ka huri te paninga i te kaha o te tae me te āhua o te kōhatu, e whakaata ana i ngā uira o te kikorangi, te kōwhai, te māwhero, me te waireti. Ki ngā kupu kohatu, ahakoa he koretake, he kore āhua te tūāpapa karaihe, he tino pāwera te paninga whakarewa ki te kakahu, te waku, me te pākino matū i roto i te wā. I raro i te whakanui, ka kitea te paparanga kiriwhakarewa angiangi ki ngā mata o te kōhatu, ā, ko te tītī, te waruwaru rānei o te kōhatu ka whakaatu i te karaihe mārama, kore tae i raro i te mata kanapa, wheriko, he tohu tautuhi e wehewehe ana i ēnei wāhanga rongonui o waenganui o te rautau 20 mai i ngā kōhatu māori, tae tonu.
Kohatu (Karaihe Aventurine)
Kohatu koura, e kīia ana he karaihe aventurine, he mea hanga-a-ringa e mīharo ana, e kitea ana e tōna āhua mātotoru, kanapanapa. Ahakoa te hē o te whakaaro he kohuke māori, he momo karaihe motuhake tēnei e mau ana i ngā mano o ngā kirikiri whakarewa moroiti e tārewatia ana. I te wā o te mahi hanga, ka whakamātaohia te karaihe rewa ki roto i te āhua whakaiti i te hāora, e taea ai e ngā pūkohu parahi i roto i te ranunga te whakakikorua hei papa whakaata moroiti. Ina pā te mārama ki ēnei kirikiri e tārewatia ana i te wā kotahi, ka mahi rātou hei whakaata moroiti maha, e hanga ana i tētahi āhua whakarewa motuhake, kaha, kanapanapa e kīia ana ko te “aventurescence.” Ahakoa he ōrite te āhua nei ki te kiripaka aventurine māori, ki te kōhatu rā, ka mōhiotia rawatia te Kohatu koura e tōna hanganga kirikiri tino ōrite, koki, me te kaha o te tae. I raro i te tirotiro moroiti, ka kitea ngā kirikiri o te Kohatu koura he papa koi, he hexagonal, he tapatoru rānei e mau ana i roto i te anga karaihe mārama, āhua mārama rānei, kāore rawa ngā whakaurunga muka māori e tītaha ana, me te “hiraka” kanapanapa motuhake e kitea ana i ngā kōhatu tūturu o te whenua. Ko tōna kaha o te kiato me te tae ōrite—mai i te parahi-whero tawhito ki te kikorangi, ki te kākāriki rānei—ka tohu anō he mea hanga karaihe tino pai tēnei kua whakamahia i roto i ngā whakapaipai whakapaipai mō ngā rautau.
Uranium me te Karaihe Vaseline
Ko te karaehe uranium me tōna wāhanga rongonui, te karaehe Vaseline, e noho motuhake ana, e whai hītori hoki ana i roto i te ao o te hangarau karaehe me ngā kohinga. Ko te karaehe uranium he whakaranu motuhake e whakauru ana i ngā wāhanga iti—te tikanga 0.1% ki te 2%—o te waikura uranium ki roto i te puranga karaehe rewa. Ko tēnei tāpiringa he mahi rua: ka whakawhiwhia te karaehe ki tōna tae kōwhai-mātārere, e whiti ana, ā, ko te mea nui ake, ka mahi hei whakahohe kaha, e puta ai te kanapa o te rauemi ki te kanapa kākāriki-neon e tino kitea ana ina whakapā atu ki te rama ultraviolet (UV) poto, roa rānei. Ko te karaehe Vaseline e tohu ana i tētahi wāhanga motuhake, e tino hiahiatia ana o tēnei kāwai, i whakaingoatia i te mutunga o te rau tau 1800 mō tōna tae kōwhai-mātārere, mārama, e rite ana te āhua ki te hinu petroleum, ki te Vaseline rānei, e mōhiotia ana i taua wā. Mai i te tirohanga o te kohatu me te whakawā, ko te noho o te uranium i roto i te anga karaehe e mārama ana, e tino kitea ana; ko te kanapa tonu, te kaha i raro i te rama UV he āhuatanga tautohu e kore e taea e tētahi kohatu māori, e te whaihanga kore-uranium rānei te whakaputa. Ahakoa tōna hītori iraruke, ko ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga hou e whakaatu ana ko te taumata o te iraruke e puta ana i ēnei wāhanga karaehe he iti noa, he iti te tūpono ki ngā kaikohi, ahakoa he tohu tonu o ngā tikanga whakaputa tawhito e whakaatu ana i te wairua whakamātau o te matū karaehe o te rau tau 1800 me te tīmatanga o te rau tau 1900.
Faience
Ko te Faience he rauemi uku kua whakakikoruatia, he mea nui i roto i te hītori, e tohu ana i tētahi o ngā kaihāpai tuatahi me te tino whai take ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau karaihe matatini. I ahu mai i Ihipa tawhito me Mesopotamia, ehara te faience i te karaihe pono, engari he uku kirikiri kua whakapakoko, he mea hanga mai i te pūtake o te kirikiri parai rānei e whakaranua ana ki te iti o te kōhatu kawakawa me te natron, te pungarehu tipu rānei. I te wā e tunua ana ki te mahana tiketike, ka heke ngā tote kawakawa ki te mata hei hanga i tētahi paparanga karaihe, kanapa, ā, he kikorangi, he kākāriki rānei te tae nā te whakaurunga o ngā kohuke parahi. E pā ana tēnei tukanga ki te hangarau karaihe nā te mea ko ngā mātāpono matū e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i te whakakikorua o te faience—arā, te whakakotahitanga o te kirikiri me te kawakawa i te mahana tiketike—ko ērā anō ngā tukanga taketake i taea ai e ngā tohunga o mua te neke atu i ngā uku ki te hanga karaihe pono, he mea whakarewa, he mea hanga rānei ki te pūtake. Mai i te tirohanga whaipara tangata me te pūtaiao rauemi, ko te faience te hono i waenga i te uku tawhito me te karaihe pono; ahakoa he poka, he kirikiri tonu tōna pūtake, ko te whanaketanga o tōna mata kanapa, whakakikorua i a ia anō, i hiahiatia ai he māramatanga hōhonu ki te matū wera me ngā kaiwhakarewa. Nā tēnei mātauranga o te whakakotahitanga kirikiri i neke atu i te 5,000 tau ki muri, i whakatakoto ai te pūtake mō te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga hanga karaihe katoa i muri mai, tae atu ki ngā momo whakapaipai me te whatu i kōrerohia i tēnei raupapa.
Karaihe Slag
Ko te karaehe parakaingaki, he kupu i ahu mai i te hua o te mahi ahumahi—te "parakaingaki" ranei—e kitea ana i roto i te whakarewa whakarewa, he mea motuhake, he karaehe kore marama e mohiotia ana e tona ahua uaua, whakaranu. I roto i te umanga karaehe, ka hangaia tenei awe ma te whakaranu i nga momo karaehe whakarewa, tae ki te hanga i nga tauira awhiowhio, maripi, raina ranei, e whai ana i te ahua o te kowhatu whenua penei i te malachite, te jasper, te agate ranei. Na te mea ka hangaia enei raina e te whakakopa me te whakaranu o te karaehe whakarewa, he mea motuhake ia wahi o te karaehe parakaingaki, he ahua pararopi, kore-rite e tino rapuhia ana mo nga whakapaipai toi me nga whakapaipai whakahua. Mai i te tirohanga o te kohatu, ahakoa ko tona ataata he whai i te ahua o nga kohuke, he ngawari te wehewehe i te karaehe parakaingaki na tona kanapa karaihe, nga tauira whati whati, me te iti o te pakeke ki te whakataurite ki nga silicates maori penei i te agate, te chalcedony ranei. I raro i te whakanui, ka kitea nga raina rere i waenga i nga papa karaehe tae rereke, me nga mirumiru iti kua mau, e whakaatu ana i tona takenga mai i te mahi a te tangata, e wehewehe ana i nga waahi tipu kohuke e kitea ana i roto i nga kohatu pono.
Kohatu o Wikitoria
Kohatu Wikitoria, e mohiotia ana anō ko Kohatu Imori, e tohu ana i te taumata teitei o te pūtaiao rauemi o te waenganui o te rautau 20, i whakawhanakehia e te kaipūtaiao Hapanihi a Tākuta S. Imori i ngā tau 1960. Kāore i rite ki te karaihe noa, he kohinga karaihe-whakarewa tino mātanga a Kohatu Wikitoria i hangaia hei whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga maha, paparanga uaua o ngā kohatu tuuturu onge pēnei i te opara, te pounamu, me te whetū hapira. Ko te tukanga whakangao he raupapa whakataunga whakarewa uaua, e whakarewahia ai ngā pūhui matū motuhake, kātahi ka tukuna ki ngā huringa waiariki kua āta whakaritea. Ko tēnei tukanga e whakaawe ana i te tipu o ngā hanganga karaihe moroiti, ngira-rite, papa-rite rānei i roto i te kōpura karaihe, e whakatauira ana i ngā "āhuatanga" o roto me ngā kākano-rite kōhatu o ngā kohatu taiao tino pai. Ko te hua o tēnei rauemi he huinga ahurei o te hōhonutanga, te mārama, me te maha o te wā, he tīaho ā-roto, he kōwhaiwhai, he kōwhaiwhai rānei e tino mīharo ana te pono. Mai i te tirohanga a te tohunga kohatu, ka wehewehea a Kohatu Wikitoria i ngā kōhatu taiao mā te tohatoha ōrite, ahakoa uaua, o roto me ōna āhuatanga tinana, e taka ana i waenganui i te karaihe tawhito me ngā kōhatu karaihe pono. I raro i te tirotiro moroiti, kāore i a ia ngā rohe tipu kōhuru, ngā whakaurunga taiao, ngā tauira "tākaro-tae" pono rānei e kitea ana i te opara utu nui, engari ka whakaatu i te hanganga karaihe pai, ā-paetukutuku, ā-pūtau rānei, he tohu tino mārama o tōna takenga waihanga, whakatipu taiwhanga.
Karāhua Moana
He rerekē rawa te karaehe moana i ērā atu momo kua kōrerohia e mātou, nā te mea ehara i te mea i hangaia hei whakaputa i te kōhatu whakapaipai, engari he hua nō te āhua o te taiao. E kīia ana ko te “karaehe kua tāwhia e te moana,” ko tēnei rawa i ahu mai i ngā pounamu kua maka, i ngā taputapu kai, i ngā kongakonga karaehe ahumahi rānei ka taka ki te taiao moana. I roto i ngā tekau tau—neke atu rānei—ka tāwhia tonutia ēnei kongakonga e te onepu, te tote, me ngā au o te tai, ka whakakore haere i ō rātou tapa koi, i hangaia e te tangata, ā, ka puta he mata pūhuruhuru, he “hukapapa” te āhua.
Ko te āhuatanga ātaahua o te karaihe moana e takoto ana i runga i tōna āhua porowhita māeneene me tōna āhua mārama, pūataata, e taea ai te whakatauira i ngā tae pūkōrua o ētahi kōhatu tāwariwari. Mai i te tirohanga a te tohunga kōhatu me te tirohanga whakawā, ko ngā tohu matua e tautohu ana i te karaihe moana pono ko ōna tapa porowhita, kore-ōrite, me te āhua kōpīpī motuhake o te mata i puta mai i te roa o te rongo ki te wai tote me te horo ā-mīhini; he tata kore e taea te tārua tino tika ēnei āhuatanga mā ngā pōro hurihuri kōhatu hou, mā ngā tikanga waikawa-whakairo rānei. Ahakoa ko te hanganga matū he karaihe houra-rima tonu, ko te āhua tinana o te karaihe moana e whakaatu ana i tētahi rekoata whakamīharo o te hītori tangata kua tātaria e ngā kaha o te taiao, nā reira ka noho hei kāwai motuhake kei waenganui i te para-whakamahinga-ā-kaihoko me te rauemi whakapaipai kua whakarerekētia e te taiao.
Cristinite™
Ko Cristinite™ he momo rawa motuhake i hangaia hei whakatauira i ngā kakano matatini, ngā whakaurunga, me ngā āhuatanga tinana o ngā kohatu taiao. Kāore i rite ki te karaihe i hangaia i te nuinga, ki ngā whakatauira kāpia noa rānei, kua waihangahia tēnei rawa hei whakaputa i te hōhonutanga whatu me te matatini hanganga e pā ana ki ngā kohuke kounga teitei, mā te tukanga whakanao maha-wāhanga e whai wāhi ai te whakaheke tōtika o ngā wāhanga rite-karaihe i roto i te matua amorphous. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whakatauira tika i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rārangi, te whakaurunga matūriki, te kapua o roto rānei, he tohu nui ēnei o ngā kohatu waro, kohuke tipu rānei. Mai i te tirohanga a te tohunga kohatu, ahakoa i hangaia a Cristinite™ kia tino pono, he rerekē tonu i ngā rawa taiao nā te mea he hanga waihanga e taea ana te whakahaere me te whakahoki. I raro i te tirotiro whāiti, kaua e whakaatu i ngā tauira tipu koretake, pōroiroi rānei, i ngā kōhao whakakī-wai rānei e tohu ana i ngā kohatu i keria i te whenua, ka whakaatu tēnei rawa i te tohatoha tōtika o ngā whakaurunga horihori, i te kakano matua waihanga waitohu rānei e whakaū ana i tōna hanganga i hangaia i te whare taiwhanga. Ko tōna taupū whakaata me tōna mararatanga ka whakatikaina kia rite ki ngā kohatu whāinga motuhake, he momo whakatauira mātauranga, ahakoa kāore i te taiao, mō te hoahoa whakapaipai hou.
Laserblue
Ko Laserblue he momo hou, tino kaha o te karaehe kua rongonui i roto i nga whakapaipai o naianei mo tona ahua whakamiharo, oraora, me te kikorangi hiko tino kaha. Kaore i rite ki nga whakapaipai karaehe o mua e whakawhirinaki ana ki nga kohuke iti hei whakaputa tae, ko te Laserblue he mea hanga ma te whakamahi i nga matū rongoa hou—pērā i te whakakotahitanga o te konukawata me te parahi—i hangaia hei whakaputa i te kikorangi kanapa tino rite e whakataurite ana ki te ahua o nga kohatu kikorangi tino nui, pērā i te apatite neon, i etahi hapira e rongoatia ana. Mai i te tirohanga o te tohu kohatu, ko te ahuatanga matua o te Laserblue ko te kore o te "ngawari" o roto, o nga tauira whakauru marama; e whakaatu ana i te tino marama me te iti o te rerenga marama, e whakaputa ana i te kanapa koi i raro i nga puna marama arotahi. Na te mea he mea hanga papatipu, he mea hanga kore-ahua, he tino isotropic, e kore e whakaatu i te pleochroism—he ahuatanga e wehewehe tonu ana i nga kohatu taiao e whakataurite ana. I raro i te whakanui, he tino ma te Laserblue, karekau nga whakauru taiao, te hiraka, nga papa tipu e kitea ana i roto i nga kohuke, a tera pea e whakaatu i nga tohu hanga iti, rite, pērā i nga mirumiru hau porowhita tino iti. Ko tana whakamahinga matua ko te utu iti me tona kaha ki te whakaputa i te tae kaha, rite tonu e noho pumau ana puta noa i nga mahi whakaputa nui o nga whakapaipai whakaari.
Karaihe Miraka
Ko te karaehe miraka he mea tino pūrangiaho, he ahua mārama rānei, i rongonui nuitia mō tōna kaha ki te whakatauira i te āhua māeneene, te āhua o te rangi o ngā kōhatu māori pērā i te pounamu mā, te kōhatu marama, te porcelain pai rānei. Ko tōna tae miraka-mā e whiwhia ana mā te tāpiri i ngā pūhui whakapūrangiaho motuhake—ko ngā pūhui tawhito pērā i te konu tīnika, te arsenic, te pungarehu wheua rānei—ki te whakarewa karaehe, e waihanga ana i ngā matūriki moroiti e marara ai te marama ki roto, kaua e puta mārama. I runga i te kaha o ēnei tāpiritanga me te tere o te whakamatao i te wā whakaputa, ka taea e te rauemi te whānui mai i te pūrangiaho mātotoru, rite ki te porcelain, ki te āhua mārama, "opalescent" rānei. I roto i ngā whakapaipai me ngā toi whakapaipai, i tino whakanuia te karaehe miraka mō tōna kākano maeneene, ōrite, me tōna kaha ki te hanga ki ngā āhua uaua, e whakarato ana i te āhua pūmau, utu-iti e whakataetae ana ki ngā kōhatu utu nui ake, uaua ake ki te whakairo. Mai i te tirohanga o te kōhatu, he māmā te tautuhi mā te kore o tōna hanganga karaihe māori; i raro i te tirotiro moroiti, ka kitea ngā pūpuhi hau iti, ngā rārangi rere rānei mai i te tukanga whakarewa, e kore e kitea i roto i ngā tauira māori, i hangaia e te whenua. Nā tōna whaihua o mua me tōna āhua māeneene, marara, ka noho tonu te karaehe miraka hei tohu nui o ngā whakapaipai o te wā Wikitoria me te waenganui o te rautau 20, hei tauira tino pai o te āhua o te karaehe i hangaia e te tangata kua whakamahia roa hei whakarei ake i te āheitanga o ngā hoahoa ahua nui.
Obsidian/Te Karupeka i hangaia e te tangata
Ko te obsidian i hangaia e te tangata, e hokona ana i raro i nga ingoa tauhokohoko penei i te "Vulcan Glass," he karaihe pango mātotoru, monokromatika i hangaia hei whakakapi iti-utu, pūmau mō te taiao onyx mō te obsidian. He rerekē ki te karaihe puia māori (obsidian), e puta mai ana i te whakamātao tere o te rangitoto e whai kiko ana i te kirika, ā, he maha ngā wā e mau ana i ngā tauira rere mākūkū iti, i ngā whakaurunga "hukarere" rānei, ko te obsidian i hangaia e te tangata ka puta i raro i ngā tikanga ahumahi e tino whakahaeretia ana. Ko te hua o tēnei he hua e tino ōrite ana, kāore he paruparu māori o roto, ā, he tino māmā ki te tapahi me te whakakoi kia ōrite ai ngā pirepire, ngā kāpōhono, me ngā mata. Mai i te tirohanga a te tohunga kohatu, ahakoa ko te obsidian māori he kohuke-rite me te whati anga, ko ngā momo i hangaia e te tangata ka whakarōpūtia hei karaihe kore-ahua. Ka taea te wehewehe mā te kore o ngā whakaurunga māori me te āhua ōrite, "tino pai"; i raro i te tirotiro whakaahua, ka kitea pea i ēnei hua karaihe ngā pōrehu hau porowhita iti, ngā rārangi rere "āwhiowhio" rānei i te tukanga whakarewa, e tino rerekē ana i ngā hanganga tipu māori, paparanga, koretake rānei e kitea ana i te onika whenua, i te obsidian puia rānei.
Verre de Soie (Karaihe Hiraka)
Ko te Verre de Soie, arā, te “karaihe hiraka,” he momo karaihe ātaahua, whai tikanga hītori, e mōhiotia nuitia ana mō tōna mata āhua kiriweti, āhua muka. I whakawhanakehia i te mutunga o te rau tau 1800 me te tīmatanga o te rau tau 1900 e ngā kaihanga karaihe rongonui pērā i a Tiffany Studios me Steuben, e wehewehea ana tēnei rauemi mō tōna āhua pīataata māeneene, pēnei i te hiraka, e whai hua ana i te tīaho o te hiraka. Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga mā te whakamahi i ngā tote konganuku—te tikanga ko te stannous chloride—ki te mata karaihe wera i roto i te taiao kore-hau, ka waihanga i tētahi paparanga moroiti tino angiangi e pāhekoheko ana ki te mārama, ka puta he tīaho māeneene, pīataata. Mai i te tirohanga a te tohunga kohatu me te tirohanga whakawā, he rerekē te Verre de Soie i ngā paninga “AB” (Aurora Borealis) o muri mai, nā te mea ko tōna tīaho he mea whakauru ki te mata o te karaihe, kaua he kiriata matotoru kua pania. I raro i te tirotiro mā te microscope, ka kitea ngā rārangi whakarara pai, ngā tohu whakamatao whai aronga rānei e whai wāhi ana ki tōna āhua muka, e wehewehe mārama ana i te mata maeneene, tīaho o te karaihe waihanga noa, i te tākaro-tae hōhonu o roto rānei e kitea ana i te opal tākaro. Nā te mea he tino pākurakura, he pāngia hoki e te kakahu o te mata, ko ngā tauira tawhito pono e whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi mō ō rātou āhuatanga whakamarama mārama, hei tauira mō te toi hangarau o te matū karaihe o te wā hou.
Karaihe Beryllium
Ko te karaehe Beryllium he karaehe hangarau tino motuhake, he mea whakauru i te waikura beryllium ki roto i tōna anga hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga whatu me te tinana tino motuhake, inarā ko te taupū whakaata tino tiketike me te iti o te kiato. Nā tēnei hanganga ahurei, he kōwhiringa tino pai mō ngā wāhanga whatu tino tika pēnei i ngā arotahi, ngā prisma, me ngā matapihi, ā, nā tōna pūmau pāmahana me tōna ātete matū pai ake, ka taea e ia te tu atu ki ngā taiao kino me te iraruke kaha e whakaheke ana i te karaehe paerewa soda-lime, borosilicate rānei. Mai i te tirohanga pūtaiao rauemi me te tohu kohatu, ahakoa he karaehe amorphous te karaehe Beryllium, he mea hanga kia kaha ake, kia pakeke ake hoki i te nuinga o ngā whakatairite karaehe whakapaipai. Nā tōna taupū whakaata tiketike, ka taea e ia te whakaatu i te mura me te kanapa ina tapahia tika, e whakamahia ai i ētahi wā hei whakatairite tino pai, tiketike mō ngā kohatu tino kore tae pēnei i te hapira, te taimana rānei. Heoi, he mea kore māori tonu; i raro i te tirotiro moroiti, kāore ōna "tapumati" whakauru-wai, ngā papa tipu tioata rānei e kitea ana i ngā kohuke whenua. Engari, e whakaatu ana i te āhua mā, tino mārama o roto, i ētahi wā ka tohua noa e ngā pōhā hau porowhita tino iti i mau i te wā o te whakarewa korehau—he tino rerekē ki ngā hanganga tipu tīrehekeheke i ngā kohatu māori.
Ngā Paearu Tātaritanga mō te Tautuhi i ngā Kohatu Karaehe
Ahakoa he tino whaihua te karaihe, ā, ka taea te hanga hei whakatauira i te āhua o te nuinga o ngā kōhatu utu nui māori, he rerekē rawa ōna āhuatanga tinana me ōna āhuatanga whatu i ērā o ngā kōhatu māori e rite ana ki a ia. Mā te whakamahi i te karu whakanui, ka taea e ngā tohunga kōhatu te tautohu i ngā tohu maha o te takenga mai i te hanga, pērā i ngā kōpura o roto pēnei i ngā tohu āwhiowhio me ngā pūhā porowhita tino tika—ko ēnei āhuatanga kāore e kitea i roto i ngā kōhatu māori. Ko ngā wāhanga kua whakarewahia kia puta he āhua tapahi, ka kitea pea ngā tohu whakarewa, ngā tapa tapahi porotaka, me ngā tapahi whāwhā, ka puta i te wa e heke haere ana te rahi o te rawa i te whakamātao. Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhio, ko ētahi momo karaihe ka tapahia e te tohunga, kaua e whakarewahia; nō reira, kāore ēnei tauira e whakaatu i ngā tapa porotaka me ngā tapahi whāwhā.
I tua atu i ngā āhuatanga o roto, me whai whakaaro hoki ngā tohunga gemologist ki te kiko o te mata me te whanonga ā-tinana. Ko te karaihe i hangaia i ētahi wā ka whakaatu i te mata koretake e kīia nei ko te "kiri ārani," ahakoa he mea nui kia mōhio ko tēnei pānga ka kitea i ētahi wā ki ētahi kohatu tūturu. I tua atu, nā te mea he tere ake te whakawhiti wera o ngā karaihe amorphous i ngā rauemi tioata, ka mahana te pā ki te ringa—he mahana ake i te nuinga o ngā kohatu tūturu e rite ana ki a rātou. Ahakoa he kotahi te whakataunga o ngā karaihe, he maha ngā wā ka whakaatu rātou i te whakataunga rua kōaro (ADR), e hiahia ana kia āta whakamāramatia i te wā e whakamātauria ana. Ko te hītori o ēnei rauemi kua tino tuhia, pērā i ngā "Novagems"—ngā kohatu karaihe whakairo i whakapaipai i te pourewa 435-putu te teitei o te Tower of Jewels i te 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition i San Francisco. Ko ēnei taonga whakamahara whaimana mai i te whakaaturanga he taonga hītori nui tonu, e whakaatuhia ana i tēnei wā ki te California State Capitol Museum.
He aha te take ka tāpiritia te Mata ki ngā Kohatu Karaehe?
Ko te waikura mata e whakapirihia ana ki te karaihe e whakamahia ana i roto i nga whakapaipai—he rawa e kiia nei ko te karaihe mata, he tioata ranei—hei whakarei ake i ona ahuatanga whatu me te tinana. Ko te whakaurunga o te mata e whai ana i nga mahi matua e wha: tuatahi, ka whakanuia e ia te taupū whakaata o te karaihe, e whakanui ana i tona kanapa me te korakora, e taea ai e ia te whakataurite pai ake i nga kohatu whakamarara nui penei i te taimana. Tuarua, ka whakarei ake te mata i te mararatanga o te rawa, e taea ai e ia te wehe i te marama ma ki nga tae whānui, e whakanui ana i te "ahi" e kitea ana i roto i nga kohatu whai mata. Tuatoru, ko te taumaha taapiri e whakaratohia ana e te kiato o te mata e kaha ake ai te pānga o te karaihe, e rite ana ki nga kohatu tūturu. Whakamutunga, ka whakapai ake te mata i te mahinga o te rawa mā te whakaheke i te ira whakarewa, e tino ngawari ake ai mo nga kaimahi ki te tapahi, ki te whakakoi, ki te whakahanga i te karaihe. Nā enei painga motuhake, ko te karaihe mata te rawa i pai ake ai i nga wa o mua hei hanga i nga whakataurite kohatu tino kounga.
Ngā Tikanga Whakarei i ngā Kohatu Karaehe
Hei whakapai ake i te ātaahua o te kanohi, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakapaipai maha ki ngā kohatu karaihe hei whakarerekē i te āhua whakamutunga. Ko tētahi tikanga noa ko te whakamahi i te tuara kōwhai, ka whakanohoia he paparanga whakarewa whakaata ki muri o te kohatu hei whakanui ake i te kanapa katoa. Ka whakamahi hoki ngā kaihanga i ngā paninga mata, e whakamahi ana i ngā paparanga whakarewa angiangi hei whakaputa i ngā āhua kanapa hurihuri, tae rānei e huri ana. I te wā o te mahi tuatahi, ka tae te karaihe ki te waikano, ki te tae rānei ki ngā waikura whakarewa maha hei whakatutuki i ngā tae motuhake. Waihoki, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakauru i ngā whakaurunga o roto, pēnei i ngā muka, ngā tioata rānei, ki te ranunga rewa hei whakatauira i ngā āhua māori pēnei i te chatoyancy, te asterism rānei.