Ko te Gerstleyite he mīhini borate hāora nāhiwi e hanga ana i ngā taiao evaporite kaha alkaline, me te nui o te boron. Kei roto ia i te rōpū mīhini borate whānui, he rōpū mīhini e tohu ana i te wāhi o ngā waeine hanganga boron-hāora e taea ai te hono ki ngā āhua uaua maha. He tino whakaongaonga te Gerstleyite nā tana piri ki te huringa matū o ngā wai ora kaha me te alkaline, ka piki haere te kukū o te sodium, te boron, me ētahi atu huānga mā te evaporate. I ētahi wā, kāore e kitea hei kristaro nui, engari he mea iti-āhua, papatahi, whenua rānei, nā reira he uaua te kite i ngā kristaro motuhake. Ka rerekē tōna tae mai i te mā, te parauri, te kākāriki māeneene rānei, i runga i ngā impurities, ngā mīhini e piri ana, te rahi o ngā waeine, me te huringa. Kāore e whakaarohia hei gemstone nā te kore o te mārama, te kaha, me te hanganga kristaro e hāngai ana ki ngā gem; engari, ko tōna uara kei tōna nāhiwanga, tōna matū uaua, tōna taiao geolojik, me tōna piri ki ētahi o ngā tāhuna borate tino nui o te ao.
Ko te Gerstleyite he mea whakamiharo rawa atu i roto i te horopaki o ngā depō borate o California, United States, kei reira i puta ai tētahi rerekētanga mīharo o ngā minere e kawe ana i te boron i raro i ngā āhuatanga evaporitic motuhake. I hanga ēnei depō i ngā pātaka kati, wāhanga-kati rānei, i roto i ahu noa ngā wai me ngā wai whenua e kawe ana i te boron, ka kaha haere mā te ngaromanga i ngā wā tawhito. Nā te huringa o te matū o te wai katoe toe, ka rerekē ngā minere e tūpato ana, ka whatiia i ngā wā rerekē, ka puta mai he kohinga complex o ngā borate hydrated me ngā anhydrous. Ko te Gerstleyite tetahi o ēnei momo minere motuhake, nō reira ka hoatu he mōhiohio whaihua mō ngā āhuatanga matū i wātea i te wā o te hanganga minere. Mā tōna noho tahi ki ētahi atu minere borate, ka āwhina i ngā mineralogists ki te whakahou i te whanaketanga o ngā wai tawhito, tae atu ki ngā huringa o te alkalinity, te kukū sodium, te wāwāhi wai, te pāmahana, me te nui o te boron. Nā konei, ko te Gerstleyite he mea whakamahia hei minere mineralogical me geological, ehara i te minere whai take commercial. Mō ngā kaihopu, he momo rare tēnei me te tikanga locality kaha, engari mō ngā rangahau, he tauira tēnei o te huarahi e whanake ai ngā borate hydrated complex i ngā taiao evaporite motuhake.
Te Taketake me te Kimihinga o Gerstleyite
Kua whakamāramatia te Gerstleyite hei mīhini motuhake mai i ngā kohinga borate rerekē o California, United States, he wāhi i tūhono nui ki te rangahau me te hanga mīhini borate. I whakaingoatia te mīhini hei whakanui i a William H. Gerstley, he tangata e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te umanga borate ā-umanga i California. Ko tōna whakamāramatanga hei momo mīhini wehe atu e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga matatini o te matū me te mīhinohia kei roto i ngā depoziti evaporite o te rohe, ko ētahi huringa iti i te matū o ngā wai kaha ka puta ai ngā wāhanga borate rerekē. Nō reira, he mea nui te kitea o te Gerstleyite ehara i te mea kei reira te mīhini i te nui, engari i te mea i tāpiri atu he momo rare ki tētahi kohinga matatino o ngā mīhini sodium-, calcium-, me ētahi atu mīhini boron-bearing. Kua whakamahia e ngā mīhinohia e rangahau ana i ēnei depoziti ētahi momo rare hei mārama ake i te raupapa o te whakaputanga me te huringa mīhini i puta i te wā i kaha haere ai ngā wai saline o mua.
Ko te Koiora Matū o Gerstleyite
Ko te Gerstleyite he borate nāiuma wai, ā, ko te tātai matū e whakahuatia ana i te nuinga ko Na₄B₁₀O₁₆(OH)₂·4H₂O. Ko tōna hanganga ka noho ki te nāiuma, te boron, te hāora, ngā rōpū hydroxyl, me te wai e hono ana ki te hanganga. He tohu tēnei o te nui o te boron mō ngā mineral borate, ā, ko te kitea o ngā rōpū hydroxyl me ngā rāpoi ngota wai e tohu ana kei roto i te wāhanga wai o te rōpū mineral borate te Gerstleyite. Ka taea e te boron te puta mai i ngā taiao hononga rerekē i roto i ngā hanganga borate, ina koa hei rōpū tapatoru BO₃ me ngā rōpū tetrahedral BO₄. Ka hono ēnei waeine boron-hāora ki te hanganga o roto o te mineral, ā, ko ngā katote nāiuma me ngā wāhapa e pā ana ki te wai e whakarato ana i te pūmautanga o te hanganga katoa.
Ko te āhuatanga whakawhāwhai o te Gerstleyite e piri tahi ana ki ngā āhuatanga i hangaia ai. Ka rerekē rawa te nui o te wai me te hanganga o ngā mīhini borate i runga i te pāmahana, te koiora matū, te alkalinity, me te taumata o te whakamāmā o te wairewa i hangaia ai te mīhini. I roto i te kōpaki evaporite, ka kaha ake te sodium me te boron ina tangohia te wai, ā, ka taea te whakaputa i ētahi atu mīhini borate ina huri te koiora matū o te wairewa toe. Ko te Gerstleyite he wāhanga o ngā mīhini borate sodium whakawhāwhai e taea ana te whanake i raro i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana. Ka taea hoki te pahekoheko o tōna koiora matū e ngā mīhini e piri ana me ngā tukanga whakarerekētanga muri, ahakoa i ngā kōpaki kei reira ngā borate whakawhāwhai e noho tahi ana me ētahi atu borate e whai ana i te sodium me te calcium.
Te Āhua Kōhatu o Gerstleyite
Ko te Gerstleyite he hanga borate whakawetohia uaua, kei reira te boron me te okesene e hanga ana i te papatipu hanga matua. Ka taea e te boron te puta mai i roto i ngā hononga toru-ahu me ngā hononga whā-ahu ki te okesene, e hua ai ngā rōpū BO₃ me BO₄ e honoa ana i roto i te hanga kīanga. Kei ngā wāhi hanga o tēnei papatipu borate ngā ion sodium, ā, ko ngā rōpū hydroxyl me ngā waiwai wai ka whakaurua hei wāhanga tāpiri o te hanga. Ko te huinga o ēnei wae hanga rerekē ka hoatu ki te Gerstleyite he whakaritenga ngota pātahi ake i ngā mīhini borate māmā. He mea nui te wai ki tōna hanga kīanga nā te mea kei te hononga hanga ngā wāhanga wai ki te mīhini, ehara i te mea he makuku noa iho e pupuri ana i waenganui i ngā kirihou. He tohu tēnei hanga whakawetohia mō te nuinga o ngā mīhini borate i hangaia mai i ngā waiwai wai, ā, ka whai wāhi ki ō rātou mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao e huri ana.
Ka kitea te Gerstleyite i roto i ngā rauemi he iti-āhuahanga, papatipu rānei, kīkē rānei, nō reira, ehara ngā karaihe takitahi e whanake pai ana i te āhua noa e kitea ai te mīhini. Nō reira, ka rangahaua ōna āhuatanga hanganga mā ngā tikanga mīhini-mati, kaua ki te whakawhirinaki anake ki te ahua karaihe e kitea ana. Ko te whakaritenga o ngā rōpū borate, ngā tainana sodium, ngā rōpū hydroxyl, me ngā mokowā wai e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga kristalohia o te mīhini, ā, e pāngia ana hoki ōna āhuatanga tinana. I ngā taonga borate ā-natura, ka pāngia te pūmau o ngā wāhanga borate whakawetewete me te kore-whakawetewete e ngā rerekētanga i te pāmahana, te whakamāmē, te wātea o te wai, me te matū o te wairewa. Nā konei, ka puta mai te Gerstleyite i roto i ngā kohinga mīhini e whai ana i ētahi atu borate e hāngai ana ki te matū, ā, ko ngā rerekētanga i te whakawetewete me te matū e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa i ngā āhuatanga i te wā i hangaia ai te mīhini me muri iho.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ōkiko o te Gerstleyite
Ko te Gerstleyite ka kitea noa hei mīhana mā, kāriki, kōwhai mārama rānei, he kākāriki mārama hoki, ahakoa ka rerekē te tae tūturu i runga i ngā poka, ngā mīhana e hono ana, me ngā āhuatanga i hangaia ai te matū. He nui ake te āhua o te gerstleyite he iti-ānau, papatahi, compact, he whenua rānei, kaua ki ngā kristali nui, he tino whakaritea. Ko te luster he dull ki te vitreous i runga i ngā mata hou, engari ka taea te mea he whenua, he chalky rānei te matū kua wera, he granular rānei. Ko te gerstleyite he translucent ki te opaque, ko te transparency ka whakawhirinaki ki te rahi o te ānau me te whai poka. Ko tana streak he tae mārama, e hāngai ana ki tana āhua mārama. Nā te mea ka noho te mīhana ki roto i ngā kohinga, kaua ki ngā kristali motuhake, he uaua te kite i ngā mata kristali me ngā āhuatanga cleavage i ngā tauira ringaringa noa.
Ko te āhua pēhanga iti o Gerstleyite e hāngai ana ki tōna koiora borate whakawetohia. Ka taea hoki te pānga o ōna āhuatanga tinana e te nui o te wai, te rahi o ngā kirihou, te porosity, me te hononga ki ētahi atu mīhini i roto i te taiao taketake. Ka taea te rerekē te āhua o te mata o ngā rauemi hou i ngā tauira kua paheke, kua huri rānei. Nō reira, ina tirohia he tauira, kāore anō te tae me te hanga hei tohu māmā mō te tautuhi tika, nā te mea ka taea e ētahi atu mīhini borate te whai i ngā tae mārama ōrite me ngā hanga katoa. Ko ngā āhuatanga tinana o te mīhini he whai hua rawa ina whakaarohia kotahi ki tōna koiora kemikale, tōna tūnga geolohia, ngā mīhini e hāngai ana, me ngā āhuatanga kristalografi.
Te Hanga me te Wāhi Āhuahanga o Gerstleyite
Ka hanga te Gerstleyite i ngā taiao evaporite e whai ana i te borate nui, ina kaha te kukū o ngā wai alkaline mā te maroke roa. Ka tipu ēnei taiao i ngā pōroiti kati, ā, he wāhanga rānei o ngā pōroiti, kei reira ka kohikohia te wai e kawea ana te borone, te sodium, me ētahi atu huānga matū ki ngā sediments, ki ngā roto saline hōhonu rānei. Ina tangohia te wai mā te maroke, ka piki haere te kukū o ngā mea kua rewa, kia tae noa ki te wā ka timata ngā mīhini takitahi ki te whakaputa. Ko te hanganga o te Gerstleyite e hono ana ki ngā wā motuhake o tēnei tukanga, ina kei roto i te wairewa ngā kukū e hiahiatia ana o te sodium me te boron i raro i ngā āhuatanga alkaline kaha. Nā te mea ka rerekē ngā awhe pūmau o ngā mīhini borate, ka taea e ngā huringa o te matū o te brine te whakarite kia hangaia tētahi mīhini i mua, i muri rānei i tētahi atu. Nō reira, ka taea te kite i te Gerstleyite hei wāhanga o tētahi raupapa o ngā mīhini borate hydrated me ngā mīhini anhydrous, kaua ko tētahi wāhi wehewehe.
Ko ngā wāhi e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō te Gerstleyite kei roto i ngā taonga boreti o te tonga o California, ā, ko ngā taonga evaporite kaha-mineral o te rohe o te Mojave Desert tērā. I hangaia ēnei taonga mā te huinga o te tāpiritanga whenua, te mahi wai matūriki, te tohatoha ahuonekura, me te whakamāmē. I whakapiki te boron i tukuna ki te pae ki roto i te pūnaha wai, ā, i whakapiki haere te sodium me ētahi atu huānga kua rewa ina tangohia te wai. Ka puta mai te Gerstleyite iti-grain i roto i ngā whenua boreti, i te hononga rānei ki ētahi atu mineral evaporite. Ka taea hoki te whakarerekē i te kohinga mineral taketake mā ngā huringa o muri i te ara wai matūriki, te pāmahana, te hydration, te rongoā rānei. Nō reira, ka kitea he hononga i waenganui i ngā momo mineral boreti rerekē i roto i ngā rawa Gerstleyite, ā, ko ētahi momo e tohu ana i te whakaputanga tuatahi, ko ētahi atu e hanga ana mā te whakarerekētanga, te whakakapi rānei i muri mai.
Kei hea ka kitea te Gerstleyite?
Ko te Gerstleyite e hāngai pātata ana ki ngā taonga borate o California, United States, ā, ko ērā i te Mojave Desert me ngā rohe tata o te tonga o California. Kei tēnei wāhi ngā taonga evaporite whānui kua puta i tētahi maha nui o ngā mineral borate sodium, calcium, me magnesium. He hononga motuhake tō te mineral ki te Kramer Borate Deposit i te Kern County, he wāhi nui mō te rangahau o te mineralogy borate. Ko te ahunga geological o ēnei taonga ka whakamārama i ngā raupapa matotoru o ngā sediment lacustrine me evaporitic i kohikohia i roto i ngā taiao closed-basin. I tohua te boron ki te basin mā te wai whenua me ngā tukanga geological kē atu, ā, i whakapiki ake i muri mai i te mea i rongo te wai. I raro i ngā āhuataka alkaline kaha, i whakapiki ake ngā brines toe ki te boron me te sodium, ā, i whakaaetia kia tangohia he raupapa o ngā mineral borate. Ka kitea te Gerstleyite i roto i tēnei huinga mineral complex, ehara i te mea e tohatoha noa ana i roto i te taonga.
Ko te tohatoha o te Gerstleyite i roto i ngā whakaputanga borate ka tino ā-iti. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanga o ngā taupoki takitahi, te wātea o te wai, te kukūnga o ngā huānga kua rewa, me ngā tukanga huringa anō i muri mai te whakatau i te wāhi ka tiakina ngā wāhanga borate motuhake. Ka taea e te Gerstleyite te noho tahi me ētahi atu borate kua whakawetohia me ngā borate kāore he wai, ā, ka hangaia he kohinga iti-wēwē, ka noho rānei ki roto i ngā rawa piri-kaha e nui ana te borate. Ko California tonu te rohe matua e hono ana ki te minere, ahakoa he māmā ake ngā take kei waho i te takiwā. Nā te mea e hiahia ana tōna hanganga ki tētahi kotahitanga o te kukūnga teitei o te boron, ngā wai alkaline e nui ana te sodium, me ngā āhuatanga evaporitic e tika ana, kāore te Gerstleyite e kitea noa i ngā rakau igneous, metamorphic, me ngā rakau sedimentary noa. Ko tōna putanga ka hono tūturu ki ngā pūnaha evaporite whenua motuhake, kei reira i puta mai ngā wai e whai ana i te borate mā te evaporization whānui.
Ngā momo me ngā rerekētanga o te Gerstleyite
Ko te Gerstleyite he momo mīhini motuhake e whakaaetia ana i te nuinga, ā, kāore he maha ngā momo kua whakaritea mā te rerekētanga o te hanga matū. Heoi, ka taea e ngā rauemi taiao e whai ana i te Gerstleyite te whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga kitea o te tae, te āhua, te rahi o ngā wāhanga, me te āhua whānui, i runga i te taiao horopaki me ngā mīhini e noho tahi ana ki a ia. Ko ēnei rerekētanga e hāngai ana ki ngā pōkaikaha, ngā hononga mīhini, te rahi o ngā kristara, me te huringa, ehara i te mea hei tohu i ngā momo mīhini motuhake. Nā te mea ka tipu noa te Gerstleyite hei rauemi iti-wāhanga, ka taea e ngā tauira mai i ngā wāhanga rerekē o tētahi kohinga te ahua rerekē rawa atu, ahakoa he ōrite tonu te hanga mīhini. Nō reira, ko ngā whakaahuatanga o ngā tauira Gerstleyite e aro nui ana ki tō rātou āhua tinana me ngā mīhini e noho tahi ana, kaua ki ngā momo kua whakaritea mā te ture.
- He nui te Gerstleyite – He matū kōpiko kei reira he uaua te wehewehe i ngā kirihou takitahi, e hanga ana i tētahi āhua mineral ōrite.
- Koiora Gerstleyite – He matū e hangai ana ki ngā kōpae iti rawa, he maha te whakamahia hei āhua māeneene, whenua rānei, compact rānei.
- Ko Gerstleyite mā – He matū ngāwari, he āhua mā tōna kanohi, e hono ana ki te nuinga o ngā wā ki ngā kukūnga iti o ngā mea kaha whakamāmā.
- Ko Gerstleyite he tae parauri, kōura rānei – Ngā tauira e whakaatu ana i ngā tae mā, kōura, kākāriki iti iho nā te mea kei roto i te kohinga ētahi atu minere.
- Ko Gerstleyite i roto i ngā kohinga borate – He matū e puta mai ana te Gerstleyite tahi me ētahi atu mīhini borate, ka hanga i ngā āhua whakakotahitanga me ngā rerekētanga o te tae me te rahi o ngā wāhanga.
- He matūriki Gerstleyite kua huri – Ngā tauira kua pāngia e ngā huringa i muri mai nā te wai whenua, te whakawhenua, te tango wai rānei, te huringa matū rānei, ā, ka puta mai ētahi wā he huringa ki te āhua o te mata me ngā hononga minere.
Ko ēnei hoahoa e whakaahua ana i te āhua me te huarahi o te noho mai o ngā rauemi taiao, kaua ki ngā momo mīhini e whakaaetia ana māori.
Ngā Taonga Pūtaiao o Gerstleyite
Ka tino noho mai te Gerstleyite i roto i ngā kohinga minere borate uaua, ehara i te mea he minere motuhake. Ka taea e ngā minere hono ki a ia te whai i ētahi atu borate e whai nāiuma me te kākāriki hoki, i hangaia mai i ngā wai ora evaporitic ōrite engari i raro i ngā āhuatanga matū rerekē. Ko ngā minere pērā i te borax, kernite, ulexite, me te colemanite kei waenganui i ngā borate ka taea te kitea i ngā taiao horihori ōrite, ahakoa ko te kohinga tūturu ka rerekē i waenganui i ngā tāpae me ngā papatipu takitahi. Ko te whai wāhi o ēnei minere e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa o te komiti o ngā wai e hanga ana i ngā minere i te wā o te evaporization. I te wā e tangohia ana te wai haere tonu mai i tētahi puna alkaline, ka huri ngā kukū o te nāiuma, te boron, te kākāriki, me ētahi atu wāhanga dissolved, e whakaae ai kia noho pūmau ngā wāhanga borate rerekē i ngā wā rerekē. Nō reira, ka taea te kite i te Gerstleyite iti-grain i roto, i te taha rānei o ētahi atu rawa borate, ka uaua pea te wehe i ngā kirikiri takitahi mēnā kāore e whakamahia he tirohanga mineralogical.
Ka taea hoki e ngā tukanga ā-Āhuarangi hou te pānga ki ngā hononga i waenganui i te Gerstleyite me ōna mīhini e piri ana. Ka taea e ngā huringa o te rere wai whenua, te pāmahana, te haumākū, me te matū o te wai te whakaputa kia rewa, kia whakakotahitia anō, kia huri rānei ētahi mīhini borate kua whakawetohia ki ētahi atu wāhanga. Nā konei, ka taea e tētahi tauira kotahi te whai i ngā whakatipuranga maha o ngā mīhini i hangaia i ngā wā rerekē o te hītori o te taunga. Mā te tirotiro i ēnei hononga ka āwhina ki te wehe i te Gerstleyite i ngā mīhini borate e rite ana ki a ia i te kanohi, nā te mea he mōhiohio whakamārama nui te wāhi me te kohinga mīhini. I te mea he tae māeneene, he kaha iti, he āhua nui, he āhua iti rānei ngā mīhini borate maha, he nui ake te uara o te whai i ngā mīhini e piri ana hei tohu i te Gerstleyite i te kanohi anake ina whakaarohia he tauira Gerstleyite.
Me pēhea te Tautohu i te Gerstleyite
Ko te whakamārama i te Gerstleyite e hiahia ana ki te whakaaro ki ētahi āhuatanga maha, nā te mea kāore tōna āhua he iti-ānau, he kaha rānei e hoatu ana i tētahi tohu kanohi motuhake. Ka taea te kite i te mineral i roto i ngā rauemi mā, parauri, kākāriki mā, kikorangi mā rānei, ā, ka kitea ngā tae ōrite i ētahi atu mineral borate. Ko tōna āhua he ngoikore me te wai e tuku ana i ngā mōhiohio tuatahi whai hua, ā, ko tōna hononga ki ngā taiao evaporite me ētahi atu borate he tohu horopaki nui. Ina tirohia tētahi tauira, me whakaaro ngā āhuatanga katoa pērā i te hanga, te tae, te kanapa, te mārama, te kaha, me te momo noho tahi, kaua ki te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi āhuatanga tinana kotahi. Ka taea te kite i ngā mata hou he vitreous, he dull rānei, engari ka taea te kite i ngā mata kua pakaru he whenua, he puehu rānei. Nā te mea he nui te Gerstleyite kei roto i ngā kohinga iti-ānau, ka taea te kore o ngā mata kristali takitahi, he uaua rānei te kite.
Ko te tautohetohe pono ka hiahia ki te whakamātautau mōhiotanga, ahakoa ko te mea kāore he wāhi i te rohe kua rēhitatia. Ka taea te whakamahi i te x-ray diffraction hei whakatau i te hanga kristara motuhake me te wehewehe i te Gerstleyite i ngā borate e hāngai ana ki te hanga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te tātaritanga matū hei whakaū i te noho mai me te ōritenga o te sodium, te boron, te oxygen, ngā rōpū hydroxyl, me te wai e tohu ana i tana hanga. He pai hoki te horopaki pūtaiao: he nui ake te whai take o te rauemi mai i te puna evaporite borate e mōhiotia ana, e whai ana i te kohikohi o ngā borate sodium me te calcium, i te Gerstleyite i te rauemi e rite ana ki te kanohi mai i te momo kōhatu kore e hāngai ana. Nā konei, ko te mōhiohio wāhi, ngā minere e hono ana, te hanga matū, me ngā raraunga kristalografi ka whakaarohia tonutia i te wā e tautohetia ana te tautohetohe whakamutunga.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Gerstleyite
Kāore he whakamahinga hangarau nui a Gerstleyite, ā, kāore e whakamahia nuitia hei rawa pakihi. Nā tōna noho iti, tōna hanganga mātāpuna motuhake, me tōna uaua ki te kitea, ka kore e tika kia tangohia, kia whakaputa rānei i te rahinga nui. He rerekē ki ngā minere borate e hiahiatia ana pakihi pērā i te borax me te kernite, ko Gerstleyite ka kitea anake hei tauira mātāpuna. Kei roto i tōna hangahanga he nui o te boron, engari nā tōna raranga me tōna noho ki roto i ngā wāhanga evaporite uaua, kāore ia hei puna boron matua mō te hanga hangarau. Nō reira, ko Gerstleyite ka kitea anake i ngā kohinga mātāpuna, i ngā papa raraunga mātāpuna, me ngā tauira mai i ngā wāhi borate e mōhiotia whānuitia ana.
Ko ngā whakamahinga matua o te Gerstleyite e hāngai ana ki te tautuhi mīhini, rangahau ā-Āhua whenua, me te kohikohi tauira. Ka taea te tirotiro i tōna hanganga matū me tōna nohoanga i runga anō i ētahi atu mīhini borate hei whakaatu i ngā kōpaki mīhini kei roto i ngā wāhi puehu. Ka taea hoki te pupuri i ngā tauira takitahi hei tauira o ngā mīhini borate sodium waiwai rare, ina he mōhiohio tūnga kua rēhitatia pai. I roto i ngā kohinga mīhini, ka nui ake te uara o te Gerstleyite nā tōna raranga me tōna nohoanga ā-Āhua whenua, ehara i te mea mō ngā mahi whakapaipai, mō ngā gem rānei. Ehara i te mea ka tapaina, ka whakapaipairia rānei hei tāhei, ā, kāore ōna mahi whakarite hei abrasives, pigments, rauemi hanga, hei mīhini ā-pakihi noa rānei.