Ko te Danburite he kohuke konupūmā pākōnaho wēraka me te tātai matū CaB₂Si₂O₈ (ka tuhia hoki ko CaB₂(SiO₄)₂). Hei kohuke kāore i tino noa, e mōhiotia ana te danburite mō ōna tioata mārama ki te mārama, te māramatanga tino pai, te kanapa karaihe, me te tae paku. I roto i ngā anō whakarōpūtanga kohuke hou, kua whakarōpūtia ki roto i te rōpū wēraka hei tectosilicate. Ahakoa kāore e whai i te mōhiotanga whānui o te quartz, topaz, beryl rānei, ko tōna pūmau ā-tinana, te kanapa tiketike, me ngā tioata poupou e hanga pai ana, kua waiho hei kaupapa nui i te mātai kohuke, te kohi tauira, me te mātai kohatu utu nui. Ko te kohuke te tikanga ka hanga tioata poupou roroa e rite ana ki te topaz, ki ngā momo quartz pai rānei; heoi, kei te pupuri tonu te danburite i ngā āhuatanga tioata motuhake me tētahi tātai matū motuhake e wehe mārama ana i aua momo. Ko ngā tauira e puta ana māori, he tae kore te nuinga, ahakoa ko ngā putanga e whakaatu ana i te tae kōwhai mārō, kōwhai koura, māwhero, parauri māmā, hina, tata ki te mā rānei e tuhia ana i ia wā. Ko ngā tioata mārama tino pai ka tapahia i ētahi wā hei kohatu utu nui, kei reira tōna pakeke Mohs me tōna ātete ki te whakawhāiti e taea ai e rātou te mahi pono i ngā whakatakotoru whakapaipai.
Te Hītori me te Kitea o Danburite
I kitea tuatahitia a Danburite i te tau 1839 e tata ana ki Danbury, Connecticut, USA, e te tohunga minera Amerika a Charles Upham Shepard. I whakaingoatia te kohuke nei i runga i tona waahi taketake, e whai ana i te tikanga o te mineroa tuku iho o te whakahua i te waahi i kitea tuatahitia ai he momo hou. Ahakoa i whakaratohia e te putunga taketake i Danbury nga rawa matua mo nga rangahau whakaahua tuatahi, i kore e taea te waahi i roto i te wā i te whanaketanga o te taone. Ko nga kitenga o muri mai o etahi atu putunga puta noa i nga taiao whenua kanorau o te ao i taea ai e nga tohunga minera te whakatau i ona ahuatanga hanga me tona tohatoha matawhenua. Puta noa i te rautau rua tekau, i whai whakaro nui ake te kohuke i waenga i nga kaikohi me nga tohunga kohatu. Ko nga putunga hua nui i Mexico—ko te mea tino rongonui ko Charcas, San Luis Potosí—i whakaputa i nga tauira tino tioata me te kounga kohatu, i whakapumau ai te rohe hei puna hokohoko tuatahi mo te danburite.
Te Hanganga me te Putanga Ā-papa o Danburite
Ko te Danburite e whakatupu ana mā ngā tukanga matū whenua motuhake e pā ana ki te mahi waiariki, te whakarerekē whakapā, me te hekenga o ngā wai whai kōhuke. Ka tipu te kōhuke ina pā ngā otinga whai pākawa wāhi boron ki ngā toka kāpene e mau ana i te konupūmā i raro i ngā āhuatanga wera me te pēhanga tiketike. Ko te horopaki matua mō tēnei tukanga kei roto i ngā rohe whakarerekē whakapā me ngā skarns, i reira ngā pōhā kōhatu e kuhu ana ki te kowhatu pākeho, te dolomite, te calc-silicate rānei. Ko te pūngao wera me ngā wai magmatic e whakauru ana i te boron whai kiko ki ngā paparanga waro e karapoti ana, e waihanga ana i ngā āhuatanga whakamahana e tika ana mō te whakatupunga calcium borosilicate, me ngā kōhuke e pā ana pēnei i te datolite, te axinite, te grossular garnet, te diopside, me te vesuvianite.
I tua atu i ngā horopaki skarn metamorphic, ka puta anō te danburite i roto i ngā putunga evaporite moana me roto i ngā awa, mā ngā tukanga diagenetic, metasomatic rānei i te pāmahana iti ki te pāmahana whakaōrite. Ko ngā rangahau e tiro ana ki ngā putanga pērā i te Paradox Basin o Utah e whakaatu ana ka taea e te kohuke te whakamākūkū ina huri haere ngā wai tote nui te boron, te tote nui i roto i ngā raupapa evaporite e mau ana i te gypsum, te anhydrite, me ētahi atu kohuke whai calcium rānei. I te taha tinana, ka whakatai te danburite hei āhua porotaka roa e tino mārama ana, ka mutu ki ngā mata perā i te poro, ka puta hei tioata kotahi, hei kāhui tupu whakarara, hei kāhui pīhono rānei e kapi ana i ngā pakitara o roto o te rua. Ko ngā tauira tino whakatai, mārama hoki e whakaatu ana i te whanaketanga mata koi me te māramatanga o te tirohanga, he mea tino whai hua i roto i ngā kohinga kohuke hei whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga crystallographic hanganga me te māramatanga whatu.
Ngā
Ahakoa he momo kohuke motuhake te danburite, kāore e whakaaetia ana e te mana he momo-iti kohuke, ko te nuinga o ngā tauira e whakarōpūtia ana i runga i te rerekētanga o te tae, te āhua o te tipu, me ngā āhuatanga whatu e kitea ana i ngā wāhi motuhake:
- Kākāriki (Mārama) Danburite: Koinei te momo danburite tino noa me e mōhiotia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā tauira tino mārama, kore koha e kitea, he maha ngā wā ka whakairohia hei whakakapi mō ngā kohatu taonga pērā i te topaz kākāriki, te quartz rānei, nā te hīkoi kaha o te kanapa kanohi me te māramatanga teitei.
- Danburite Kōwhai ki te Kōura: He rerekē te tae mai i te kōwhai-waina kōmau ki te k
- Pink Danburite: E rapuhia nuitia ana e ngā kaikohi kowhatu me ngā kohuke, ko te danburite māwhero kōmuri ki te māwhero pītiti he momo tuwhena, ongea. Ko ngā tauira māwhero māori tino pai ka ahu mai i te nuinga o Charcas, San Luis Potosí, Mekiko.
- Ko te Danburite Parauri me te Hina: Ko nga tauira e whakaatu ana i nga tae parauri marama, kirikiri, hina ranei, ka iti ake te whakamahi i roto i nga mahi tapahi kohatu. Ko enei tae ka puta mai i nga whakaurunga, i nga kohao wai moroiti, i nga rereketanga ranei o te kohuke iti i te wa e hanga ana.
- Ngā kohinga Druzy me te Matakite: I tua atu i ngā tioata takitahi e noho takitahi ana, ka puta te danburite i ngā whakatōpū tioata whakawhitiwhiti, i ngā tauira matakite rānei e whakakikoruatia ai ngā tioata porowhita ki te kiripaka moroiti kanapa, kanapa (ngā panihi druzy).
Te Hanganga Tioata o Danburite
Ka tioata a Danburite i roto i te pūnaha tioata orthorhombic, no te karaehe tioata orthorhombic dipyramidal. Ko ngā tawhā o tana pūtau waeine e toru ngā tuaka tioata e tika ana, he rerekē te roa (a, b, me c he rerekē katoa, me te alpha = beta = gamma = 90 ngā nekehanga).
I te taumata ngota, ko te anga hanganga o te danburite he whatunga ahu-toru o te silica (SiO₄) me te borate (BO₄) tetrahedra e tūhono ana i ngā kokonga. I roto i tēnei anga, ka hono ngā rōpū pyrosilicate-rite o te B₂O₇ me te Si₂O₇ kua takirua, me ngā katote calcium (Ca²⁺) e noho ana i ngā wāhi whakawhiti i roto i ngā ara tuwhera o te whāriki tetrahedral hei whakataurite i te utu hiko. Ko tēnei topology calcium borosilicate motuhake ka hoatu i te danburite te pūmau matū tiketike me te pakeke Mohs o 7.0 ki 7.5.
Mo te ahua o te kirikiri, ka whakaatu te danburite i te tipu roa o te prism e rite ana ki te c-axis, e herea ana e nga mata prism poutu koi, ka mutu e nga mata dipyramidal porowhita motuhake. Ka puta nga kirikiri hei takitahi, hei whakahiato ranei, me nga tauira pai, tino marama, e neke atu ana i te tekau henimita te roa i roto i nga putunga hydrothermal nui me nga putunga skarn.
Ngā Āhuatanga ā-Tinana me ā-Matū o Danburite
Ko te Danburite he kohuke konupūmā pākōnukura wēraka, me te tātai matū e tika ana ko CaB₂Si₂O∯ (e tuhia ana hei CaB₂(SiO₄)₂). I runga i te matū, e 22.8% te taumaha o te CaO, 28.3% o te B₂O₃, me te 48.9% o te SiO₂, e hanga ana i te whatunga wēraka taurite me te pūmau wera me te matū teitei. I runga i te tauine mārō o Mohs, kei waenganui te Danburite i te 7.0 ki te 7.5, e whakawhiwhi ana ki a ia he ātete nui ki te rakuraku me te kakahu mata. E whakaatu ana i te tāwehenga motuhake e 2.93 ki te 3.03, he tauira whati kōaro ki te āhua o te anga, me te mārōrau pakarukaru. Kāore i rite ki ngā kohuke pēnei i te topaza, kāore te Danburite i te wehenga mārama, tino kitea rānei; he iti noa iho te wehenga taketake i runga i te {001}; tēnei āhuatanga hanganga ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te wehenga mīhini i te wā e whakahaere ana, e tapahi ana, e pāngia ana rānei e te taumaha tinana.
Whakaaro nui, he kōkiko, he rua-awhi te danburite, me te tauranga whakaata mai i te nα = 1.627 ki te nγ = 1.39 me te rerekētanga whakaata iti e 0.006. He kanapa mata karaihe ki te hinu ngawari, ko tōna māramatanga mai i te tino mārama i roto i ngā tioata kounga kohatu ki te māramarama i roto i ngā whakaurunga mātotoru. Ko te tohatoha o te danburite e ine ana i te 0.017, e whakarato ana i te kanapa āhua i te wā e whakapaipaihia ana, kāore e whakaatu i te ahi tuāwhiorangi tino nui. I raro i te hihi tūāwhiorangi, he maha ngā tauira danburite e whakaatu ana i te whitinga tātaritanga, he maha ngā wā e whakaatu ana i te kikorangi mārama ki te kikorangi-mātotoru i raro i te rama UV ngaru poto me te ngaru roa, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakaatu i te whitinga wera whero ngoikore, kikorangi-mā rānei inā whakamahana.
Ngā Wāhi Nui o Danburite
Kua tuhia a Danburite ki runga i ngā momo horopaki whenua huri noa i te ao, me ngā kitenga rongonui i Amerika ki te Raki, Ahia, Āwherika, me Ūropi. I ngā wā o mua, i kitea tuatahitia te kohuke ki Danbury, Connecticut, USA, koia te wāhi momo me te takenga mai o tōna ingoa, ahakoa kua kore te wāhi e taea te kohi i nāianei nā te whanaketanga o te tāone. Kua tuhia ētahi atu putunga i roto i te Hononga o Amerika ki Russell, New York, tae atu ki ngā horopaki evaporite i Utah. I roto i te tauhokohoko kohuke me te gemology o nāianei, ko Mexico te puna tino rongonui o ngā tauira kounga teitei; ko te rohe maina huri noa i Charcas i San Luis Potosí e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō te whakaputa i ngā tioata prismatic nui rawa atu, tino whanake, me ngā rawa gem-grade mārama e whakarato ana i te nuinga o te mākete kohikohi o te ao.
I tua atu i Amerika ki te Raki, he putunga nui kei runga i ngā whenua maha. I Āwherika, ka whakaputa a Madagascar i ngā tioata mākohakoha, kōwhai mā, tae-kawhe rānei e kīia ana he mārama, he maha ngā wā e kōwhiria ana hei whakairo kōhatu rangatira nā te mārama. I Āhia, ko ngā kitenga i te Moutere o Kyushu, Japan, tae atu ki ngā putunga waiariki i Myanmar me Rūhia (ko Dalnegorsk te mea rongonui), ka whakaputa i ngā tauira tioata pai e uaina ana i roto i te rangahau kohuke me ngā kohinga whare taonga tūmatanui. Ko ētahi atu wāhi kua tuhia ko ngā taiao skarn me te whakarerekē i Tanzania, Switzerland, me Bolivia, e whai wāhi ana ia ki ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe motuhake i roto i te āhuatanga tipu, te hononga matrix, me ngā āhuatanga whakauru wai.
Danburite ki Quartz me Topaz
Ko te Danburite e whakatauritea ana ki te quartz me te topaz nā te rite o ngā āhuatanga tinana, pē
| Taonga | Danburite | Koata | Topaz |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tātai Matū | CaB₂Si₂O₈ | SiO₂ | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ |
| Rōpū Matū | Konupūmā Pūkōwhai Silicate | Haua Tōiri | Fluorine Konumohe Silikate |
| Pūnaha Kirikiri | Orthorhombic | Trigonal | Orthorhombic |
| Te pakeke o Mohs | 7.0 – 7.5 | 7.0 | 8.0 |
| Tāpae Whakaata | 1.627 – 1.636 | 1.544 – 1.553 | 1.606 – 1.638 |
| Te Taumaha Motuhake | 2.97 – 3.03 | 2.65 | 3.49 – 3.57 |
| pōrewa | Kino / Pōrearea | Kāore he mea | Tino pai rawa atu pūtake {001} |
| Whakataunga | 0.006 (Tino iti) | 0.009 (Iti) | 0.008 – 0.010 (Iti) |
Ngā tono me ngā whakamahinga o Danburite
Danburite he mahi nui i roto i te rangahau kohatu, te kohikohi kohuke, me te rangahau pūtaiao. I roto i te ahumahi kohatu me te whakapaipai, ko nga tioata maramara pai rawa atu—ina koa nga momo kore tae, kowhai koma, me te mawhero—ka tapahia ki te tini o nga tapahi kohatu hei whakaatu me te whakamahi arumoni. I te pakeke o Mohs 7.0 ki 7.5 me te kore wehenga motuhake, he kaha te atete a Danburite ki te karawarawa mata me te wehenga hanganga, e taea ai te mahi pono ina whakauruhia ki roto i nga mowhiti, nga whakakai, me etahi atu taputapu whakapaipai pai.
I tua atu i ngā whakamahinga lapidary, he nui te uara o te danburite ki te kohinga tauira kohuke me ngā rangahau pūtaiao. Ko ngā tioata prismatic e tino hanga ana, kāore i pakaru—inā rawa ngā tauira nui e whakaatu ana i ngā mutunga koi e rite ana ki te wā, e tiakina ana rānei i runga i te matrix—e rapua ana e ngā kaikohi takitahi me ngā whare taonga tūmatanui hei whakaaturanga tauira matarohia. I tua atu, nā tōna hanga whatu calcium borosilicate motuhake, ka noho te danburite hei kaupapa nui i roto i ngā rangahau mineralogical hei tirotiro i te pūmau o te anga tetrahedral, ngā whakawhitinga wāhanga i raro i te pēhanga tiketike me te pāmahana, me te whanonga geochemical o te boron i te wā o te hanganga metamorphic skarn.