Ko te Danburite he kohuke konupūmā pākōnaho wēraka me te tātai matū CaB₂Si₂O₈ (ka tuhia hoki ko CaB₂(SiO₄)₂). Hei kohuke kāore i tino noa, e mōhiotia ana te danburite mō ōna tioata mārama ki te mārama, te māramatanga tino pai, te kanapa karaihe, me te tae paku. I roto i ngā anō whakarōpūtanga kohuke hou, kua whakarōpūtia ki roto i te rōpū wēraka hei tectosilicate. Ahakoa kāore e whai i te mōhiotanga whānui o te quartz, topaz, beryl rānei, ko tōna pūmau ā-tinana, te kanapa tiketike, me ngā tioata poupou e hanga pai ana, kua waiho hei kaupapa nui i te mātai kohuke, te kohi tauira, me te mātai kohatu utu nui. Ko te kohuke te tikanga ka hanga tioata poupou roroa e rite ana ki te topaz, ki ngā momo quartz pai rānei; heoi, kei te pupuri tonu te danburite i ngā āhuatanga tioata motuhake me tētahi tātai matū motuhake e wehe mārama ana i aua momo. Ko ngā tauira e puta ana māori, he tae kore te nuinga, ahakoa ko ngā putanga e whakaatu ana i te tae kōwhai mārō, kōwhai koura, māwhero, parauri māmā, hina, tata ki te mā rānei e tuhia ana i ia wā. Ko ngā tioata mārama tino pai ka tapahia i ētahi wā hei kohatu utu nui, kei reira tōna pakeke Mohs me tōna ātete ki te whakawhāiti e taea ai e rātou te mahi pono i ngā whakatakotoru whakapaipai.
Te Hītori me te Kitea o Danburite
I kitea tuatahitia a Danburite i te tau 1839 e tata ana ki Danbury, Connecticut, USA, e te tohunga minera Amerika a Charles Upham Shepard. I whakaingoatia te kohuke nei i runga i tona waahi taketake, e whai ana i te tikanga o te mineroa tuku iho o te whakahua i te waahi i kitea tuatahitia ai he momo hou. Ahakoa i whakaratohia e te putunga taketake i Danbury nga rawa matua mo nga rangahau whakaahua tuatahi, i kore e taea te waahi i roto i te wā i te whanaketanga o te taone. Ko nga kitenga o muri mai o etahi atu putunga puta noa i nga taiao whenua kanorau o te ao i taea ai e nga tohunga minera te whakatau i ona ahuatanga hanga me tona tohatoha matawhenua. Puta noa i te rautau rua tekau, i whai whakaro nui ake te kohuke i waenga i nga kaikohi me nga tohunga kohatu. Ko nga putunga hua nui i Mexico—ko te mea tino rongonui ko Charcas, San Luis Potosí—i whakaputa i nga tauira tino tioata me te kounga kohatu, i whakapumau ai te rohe hei puna hokohoko tuatahi mo te danburite.
Te Hanganga me te Putanga Ā-papa o Danburite
Ko te Danburite e whakatupu ana mā ngā tukanga matū whenua motuhake e pā ana ki te mahi waiariki, te whakarerekē whakapā, me te hekenga o ngā wai whai kōhuke. Ka tipu te kōhuke ina pā ngā otinga whai pākawa wāhi boron ki ngā toka kāpene e mau ana i te konupūmā i raro i ngā āhuatanga wera me te pēhanga tiketike. Ko te horopaki matua mō tēnei tukanga kei roto i ngā rohe whakarerekē whakapā me ngā skarns, i reira ngā pōhā kōhatu e kuhu ana ki te kowhatu pākeho, te dolomite, te calc-silicate rānei. Ko te pūngao wera me ngā wai magmatic e whakauru ana i te boron whai kiko ki ngā paparanga waro e karapoti ana, e waihanga ana i ngā āhuatanga whakamahana e tika ana mō te whakatupunga calcium borosilicate, me ngā kōhuke e pā ana pēnei i te datolite, te axinite, te grossular garnet, te diopside, me te vesuvianite.
I tua atu i ngā horopaki skarn metamorphic, ka puta anō te danburite i roto i ngā putunga evaporite moana me roto i ngā awa, mā ngā tukanga diagenetic, metasomatic rānei i te pāmahana iti ki te pāmahana whakaōrite. Ko ngā rangahau e tiro ana ki ngā putanga pērā i te Paradox Basin o Utah e whakaatu ana ka taea e te kohuke te whakamākūkū ina huri haere ngā wai tote nui te boron, te tote nui i roto i ngā raupapa evaporite e mau ana i te gypsum, te anhydrite, me ētahi atu kohuke whai calcium rānei. I te taha tinana, ka whakatai te danburite hei āhua porotaka roa e tino mārama ana, ka mutu ki ngā mata perā i te poro, ka puta hei tioata kotahi, hei kāhui tupu whakarara, hei kāhui pīhono rānei e kapi ana i ngā pakitara o roto o te rua. Ko ngā tauira tino whakatai, mārama hoki e whakaatu ana i te whanaketanga mata koi me te māramatanga o te tirohanga, he mea tino whai hua i roto i ngā kohinga kohuke hei whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga crystallographic hanganga me te māramatanga whatu.
Ngā
Ahakoa he momo kohuke motuhake te danburite, kāore e whakaaetia ana e te mana he momo-iti kohuke, ko te nuinga o ngā tauira e whakarōpūtia ana i runga i te rerekētanga o te tae, te āhua o te tipu, me ngā āhuatanga whatu e kitea ana i ngā wāhi motuhake:
- Kākāriki (Mārama) Danburite: Koinei te momo danburite tino noa me e mōhiotia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā tauira tino mārama, kore koha e kitea, he maha ngā wā ka whakairohia hei whakakapi mō ngā kohatu taonga pērā i te topaz kākāriki, te quartz rānei, nā te hīkoi kaha o te kanapa kanohi me te māramatanga teitei.
- Danburite Kōwhai ki te Kōura: He rerekē te tae mai i te kōwhai-waina kōmau ki te k
- Pink Danburite: E rapuhia nuitia ana e ngā kaikohi kowhatu me ngā kohuke, ko te danburite māwhero kōmuri ki te māwhero pītiti he momo tuwhena, ongea. Ko ngā tauira māwhero māori tino pai ka ahu mai i te nuinga o Charcas, San Luis Potosí, Mekiko.
- Ko te Danburite Parauri me te Hina: Ko nga tauira e whakaatu ana i nga tae parauri marama, kirikiri, hina ranei, ka iti ake te whakamahi i roto i nga mahi tapahi kohatu. Ko enei tae ka puta mai i nga whakaurunga, i nga kohao wai moroiti, i nga rereketanga ranei o te kohuke iti i te wa e hanga ana.
- Ngā kohinga Druzy me te Matakite: I tua atu i ngā tioata takitahi e noho takitahi ana, ka puta te danburite i ngā whakatōpū tioata whakawhitiwhiti, i ngā tauira matakite rānei e whakakikoruatia ai ngā tioata porowhita ki te kiripaka moroiti kanapa, kanapa (ngā panihi druzy).
Te Hanganga Tioata o Danburite
Ka tioata a Danburite i roto i te pūnaha tioata orthorhombic, no te karaehe tioata orthorhombic dipyramidal. Ko ngā tawhā o tana pūtau waeine e toru ngā tuaka tioata e tika ana, he rerekē te roa (a, b, me c he rerekē katoa, me te alpha = beta = gamma = 90 ngā nekehanga).
I te taumata ngota, ko te anga hanganga o te danburite he whatunga ahu-toru o te silica (SiO₄) me te borate (BO₄) tetrahedra e tūhono ana i ngā kokonga. I roto i tēnei anga, ka hono ngā rōpū pyrosilicate-rite o te B₂O₇ me te Si₂O₇ kua takirua, me ngā katote calcium (Ca²⁺) e noho ana i ngā wāhi whakawhiti i roto i ngā ara tuwhera o te whāriki tetrahedral hei whakataurite i te utu hiko. Ko tēnei topology calcium borosilicate motuhake ka hoatu i te danburite te pūmau matū tiketike me te pakeke Mohs o 7.0 ki 7.5.
Mo te ahua o te kirikiri, ka whakaatu te danburite i te tipu roa o te prism e rite ana ki te c-axis, e herea ana e nga mata prism poutu koi, ka mutu e nga mata dipyramidal porowhita motuhake. Ka puta nga kirikiri hei takitahi, hei whakahiato ranei, me nga tauira pai, tino marama, e neke atu ana i te tekau henimita te roa i roto i nga putunga hydrothermal nui me nga putunga skarn.
Ngā Āhuatanga ā-Tinana me ā-Matū o Danburite
Ko te Danburite he kohuke konupūmā pākōnukura wēraka, me te tātai matū e tika ana ko CaB₂Si₂O∯ (e tuhia ana hei CaB₂(SiO₄)₂). I runga i te matū, e 22.8% te taumaha o te CaO, 28.3% o te B₂O₃, me te 48.9% o te SiO₂, e hanga ana i te whatunga wēraka taurite me te pūmau wera me te matū teitei. I runga i te tauine mārō o Mohs, kei waenganui te Danburite i te 7.0 ki te 7.5, e whakawhiwhi ana ki a ia he ātete nui ki te rakuraku me te kakahu mata. E whakaatu ana i te tāwehenga motuhake e 2.93 ki te 3.03, he tauira whati kōaro ki te āhua o te anga, me te mārōrau pakarukaru. Kāore i rite ki ngā kohuke pēnei i te topaza, kāore te Danburite i te wehenga mārama, tino kitea rānei; he iti noa iho te wehenga taketake i runga i te {001}; tēnei āhuatanga hanganga ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te wehenga mīhini i te wā e whakahaere ana, e tapahi ana, e pāngia ana rānei e te taumaha tinana.
Optically, danburite is anisotropic and biaxial, with a refractive index spanning from nα = 1.627 to nγ = 1.639 and a low birefringence of approximately 0.006. Its surface luster is vitreous to slightly greasy, while its diaphaneity ranges from completely transparent in gem-quality crystals to translucent in denser aggregates. The dispersion of danburite is measured at 0.017, providing moderate brilliance when faceted without displaying extreme spectral fire. Under ultraviolet radiation, many danburite specimens show diagnostic luminescence, often fluorescing light blue to blue-green under both shortwave and longwave UV light, and occasionally exhibiting weak red or blue-white thermoluminescence when subjected to heat.
Ngā Wāhi Nui o Danburite
Kua tuhia a Danburite ki runga i ngā momo horopaki whenua huri noa i te ao, me ngā kitenga rongonui i Amerika ki te Raki, Ahia, Āwherika, me Ūropi. I ngā wā o mua, i kitea tuatahitia te kohuke ki Danbury, Connecticut, USA, koia te wāhi momo me te takenga mai o tōna ingoa, ahakoa kua kore te wāhi e taea te kohi i nāianei nā te whanaketanga o te tāone. Kua tuhia ētahi atu putunga i roto i te Hononga o Amerika ki Russell, New York, tae atu ki ngā horopaki evaporite i Utah. I roto i te tauhokohoko kohuke me te gemology o nāianei, ko Mexico te puna tino rongonui o ngā tauira kounga teitei; ko te rohe maina huri noa i Charcas i San Luis Potosí e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō te whakaputa i ngā tioata prismatic nui rawa atu, tino whanake, me ngā rawa gem-grade mārama e whakarato ana i te nuinga o te mākete kohikohi o te ao.
I tua atu i Amerika ki te Raki, he putunga nui kei runga i ngā whenua maha. I Āwherika, ka whakaputa a Madagascar i ngā tioata mākohakoha, kōwhai mā, tae-kawhe rānei e kīia ana he mārama, he maha ngā wā e kōwhiria ana hei whakairo kōhatu rangatira nā te mārama. I Āhia, ko ngā kitenga i te Moutere o Kyushu, Japan, tae atu ki ngā putunga waiariki i Myanmar me Rūhia (ko Dalnegorsk te mea rongonui), ka whakaputa i ngā tauira tioata pai e uaina ana i roto i te rangahau kohuke me ngā kohinga whare taonga tūmatanui. Ko ētahi atu wāhi kua tuhia ko ngā taiao skarn me te whakarerekē i Tanzania, Switzerland, me Bolivia, e whai wāhi ana ia ki ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe motuhake i roto i te āhuatanga tipu, te hononga matrix, me ngā āhuatanga whakauru wai.
Danburite ki Quartz me Topaz
Ko te Danburite e whakatauritea ana ki te quartz me te topaz nā te rite o ngā āhuatanga tinana, pē
| Taonga | Danburite | Quartz | Topaz |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tātai Matū | CaB₂Si₂O₈ | SiO₂ | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ |
| Rōpū Matū | Konupūmā Pūkōwhai Silicate | Haua Tōiri | Fluorine Konumohe Silikate |
| Pūnaha Kirikiri | Orthorhombic | Trigonal | Orthorhombic |
| Te pakeke o Mohs | 7.0 – 7.5 | 7.0 | 8.0 |
| Tāpae Whakaata | 1.627 – 1.636 | 1.544 – 1.553 | 1.606 – 1.638 |
| Te Taumaha Motuhake | 2.97 – 3.03 | 2.65 | 3.49 – 3.57 |
| pōrewa | Kino / Pōrearea | Kāore he mea | Tino pai rawa atu pūtake {001} |
| Whakataunga | 0.006 (Tino iti) | 0.009 (Iti) | 0.008 – 0.010 (Iti) |
Ngā tono me ngā whakamahinga o Danburite
Danburite he mahi nui i roto i te rangahau kohatu, te kohikohi kohuke, me te rangahau pūtaiao. I roto i te ahumahi kohatu me te whakapaipai, ko nga tioata maramara pai rawa atu—ina koa nga momo kore tae, kowhai koma, me te mawhero—ka tapahia ki te tini o nga tapahi kohatu hei whakaatu me te whakamahi arumoni. I te pakeke o Mohs 7.0 ki 7.5 me te kore wehenga motuhake, he kaha te atete a Danburite ki te karawarawa mata me te wehenga hanganga, e taea ai te mahi pono ina whakauruhia ki roto i nga mowhiti, nga whakakai, me etahi atu taputapu whakapaipai pai.
I tua atu i ngā whakamahinga lapidary, he nui te uara o te danburite ki te kohinga tauira kohuke me ngā rangahau pūtaiao. Ko ngā tioata prismatic e tino hanga ana, kāore i pakaru—inā rawa ngā tauira nui e whakaatu ana i ngā mutunga koi e rite ana ki te wā, e tiakina ana rānei i runga i te matrix—e rapua ana e ngā kaikohi takitahi me ngā whare taonga tūmatanui hei whakaaturanga tauira matarohia. I tua atu, nā tōna hanga whatu calcium borosilicate motuhake, ka noho te danburite hei kaupapa nui i roto i ngā rangahau mineralogical hei tirotiro i te pūmau o te anga tetrahedral, ngā whakawhitinga wāhanga i raro i te pēhanga tiketike me te pāmahana, me te whanonga geochemical o te boron i te wā o te hanganga metamorphic skarn.