Ko te Corundum he momo kirikiri tūturu o te konumohe waiora e ai ki te tātai matū Al₂O₃. Koia tētahi o ngā kohuke waiora tino nui i roto i te mātai kohuke me te mātai kohatu utu nui, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna pakeketanga whakahirahira, tōna ūnga matū, me tōna whānuitanga matawhenua. Ka whakakikoruatia te Corundum i roto i te pūnaha kirikiri takitoru, ā, ka kitea e tōna hanganga ngota tino kikī, e whai wāhi tika ana ki tōna mauroa ā-tinana whakamīharo. Ki te pakeketanga Mohs o te 9, ko te corundum te kohuke tūturu tuarua-pakeke rawa atu i te taimana, e tino ātete ana ki te horo me te kakahu ā-tinana.I tōna āhua parakore, he kore tae, he mārama hoki te corundum. Heoi, ko ngā tohu iti o ngā konganuku whakawhiti kua whakaurua ki roto i te anga ngota ka taea te whakaputa i te whānuitanga o ngā tae me ngā pānga whatu. Ko ngā parakore konupūmā e whakaputa ana i te tae whero mārama e tohu ana i te Rupi, ko te rino me te konupūmā te take matua o te tae kikorangi e kitea ana i te Haipaira. Ko ētahi atu huinga tohu-itenga ka whakaputa pea i te kōwhai, te māwhero, te kākāriki, te karaka, te waireti, te tae waireti rānei, e kīia ana he haipaira whakapaipai. Nā tōna pakeketanga, tōna ūnga wera, me tōna ātete ki te pirau matū, he nui hoki te hiranga ahumahi o te corundum, ā, e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā rauemi whakawai, ngā rauemi whakapārera, ngā matapihi whatu, ngā hāweko, me ngā taputapu pūtaiao tika.
Ko te hanganga o te korundum e hiahia ana ki ngā taiao ā-papa whenua e nui ana te konumohe engari he iti te silica. I raro i ngā āhuatanga e nui ana te silica, ka whakakotahi te konumohe ki te silicon me te hāora hei hanga i ngā kohuke silicate pērā i te feldspar, te mica rānei, kaua e whakakikoruatia hei waikura konumohe. Nā reira, ka tupu te korundum anake i raro i ngā āhuatanga matū-ā-whenua motuhake e iti ana te silica wātea, ā, e kitea ana ngā pāmahana tiketike, ngā pēhanga rānei.
Ko te nuinga o te korundum māori ka puta mā ngā tukanga whakarerekē i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua. I te wā o te whakarerekē ā-rohe, ā-whakapā rānei, ka pāngia ngā toka parataiao e whai ana i te konumohe nui, pērā i te toka parataiao, te parataiao uku, me ngā putunga bauxite, ki ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei, e whakarearea ai i ngā kohuke o mua kia huri hei korundum. Ko te rupi e tika ana mō te kounga kohatu whakapaipai ka puta i roto i ngā putunga māpere kua whakarerekētia, i reira te iti o te ihirangi silica e taea ai te whanake o ngā tioata waikura konumohe me te kore e pokanoa e te hanganga kohuke silicate. Ka taea hoki te whakatioata o te korundum mai i ngā magma toka whakarewa iti-silica i roto i ngā toka pērā i te syenites, te nepheline syenites, me te pegmatites. I ēnei taiao, ko te hanganga matū o te magma e ārai ana i te konumohe kia kore e hono nui ki te silica, e taea ai te whakatioata korundum. Nā tōna pakeke rawa me tōna ātete matū, he tino pūmau te korundum i te wā o te huarere me te horo. I roto i ngā wā roa o te whenua, ka tukua ngā tioata korundum mai i ō rātou toka kaiwhakahaere taketake, ka kawea e ngā awa me ngā manga, ā, ka whakaemi ki ngā putunga tuarua o te alluvial, te placer rānei. He mea nui ēnei putunga placer i te taha ōhanga nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakauru i ngā whakaemitanga kukū o ngā rupi me ngā hapira kounga kohatu whakapaipai e māmā ake ana te keri i ō rātou pūtake toka taketake.
Ko te hītori o te Corundum e toro atu ana ki ngā mano tau kua hipa, ā, e piri tata ana ki te whanaketanga o te hokohoko, te mātai kohatu, me te pūtaiao kohuke puta noa i ngā iwi maha. E whakaponohia ana ko te kupu “corundum” i ahu mai i te kupu Sanskrit kuruvinda, i whakamahia i mua i te whenua o Inia hei whakaahua i te rupi me ētahi atu kohatu uaua e pā ana. Ko ngā iwi tawhito puta noa i Āhia, te Rawhiti Waenga, me Ūropi i tino whakanui i ngā rupi me ngā hapaira mō te onge, te pūmau, me te kaha o te tae. I hokohoko whānuitia ēnei kohatu i runga i ngā ara hokohoko matua pērā i te Ara Hiraka, ā, he tohu mō te rangatiratanga, te mana wairua, te whakamarumaru, me te taonga.Ko te māramatanga pūtaiao o te corundum i tino ahu whakamua i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā waru me te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau mā iwa i te putanga mai o te mātai kohuke hou hei akoranga pūtaiao ōkawa. I te tau 1798, ko Charles Greville, te kaikohi kohuke me te tohunga matū o Ingarangi, i tautohu i te corundum hei momo kohuke motuhake. I muri tata mai, ko René Just Haüy, te tohunga mātai kohuke o Wīwī, i whakaatu ko te rupi me te hapaira he momo ōrite matū o te kohuke kotahi, kaua ko ngā momo kohatu motuhake. I whakatūria e tēnei kitenga tētahi pūtake nui mō te whakarōpūtanga mātai kohatu hou.
I whakatutukihia tētahi tohu nui o te hangarau i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa i te wā i hangaia e te tohunga kemu Wīwī a Auguste Verneuil te tukanga whakakotahi-mura hei whakaputa i ngā tioata corundum waihanga. I whakahohe te tikanga a Verneuil i te whakaputanga nui o ngā rupi me ngā hapaira i whakatipuria i te whare taiwhanga, i huri i te ahumahi kohatu utu nui me te whakangao ahumahi. Mai i taua wā, kua noho te corundum waihanga hei rauemi tino nui i roto i ngā whakamahinga mai i ngā pītara mataaratia me te hangarau taiaho ki ngā kaiwhakapā tino pai, ngā hāpītara, me ngā wāhanga whatu ātete-rakuraku.
Ko te Hanganga Karaihe o te Korunamu
Ko te korundum e whakawhanaunga ana i te wehenga tapatoru o te pūnaha tioata hexagonal, ā, nō te rōpū mokowā R-3c, tētahi o ngā whakaritenga tino kiko me te pūmau e kitea ana i waenga i ngā kohuke waikura. Ko tōna anga ngota he mea tito mai i te whāriki tata-tino tōtika hexagonal o ngā anion hāora (O²⁻), kei roto ko ngā katio konumohe (Al³⁺) e noho ana i te rua hautoru o ngā wāhi noho oktahedra e wātea ana. Nā tēnei noho wāhanga ka puta he whakaritenga tino raupapa o ngā oktahedra AlO₆ e tūhono ana i ngā tapa me ngā mata, e toro haere tonu ana puta noa i te hanganga tioata. Ko te herenga hiko kaha i waenga i ngā ngota konumohe me te hāora e whai wāhi nui ana ki te mārō o te hanganga o te korundum, tōna mauroa matū, me tōna ātete ki te whakarerekētanga i raro i ngā taiao āhuwhenua pēhanga tiketike.
Ko te āhua o te kiriparao o te korunamu e whakaatu ana i te hanga ā-roto, he rite tonu te hanga ki te porotaka ono-koki, he kiriparao papatahi poto, he hanga pīramiti tītaha, he kohinga kirikiri rānei. Ko ngā kiriparao e tupu pai ana, e kitea ana he wehenga taketake, he rārangi tipu ono-koki, me ngā rārangi pai e whakarara ana ki ngā mata kiriparao, e tohu ana i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga tipu i te wā e hanga ana. Ka taea hoki e te korunamu te whakaatu i te takirua me ngā papa whakarerekē i puta mai i te pēhanga hangahanga, i te whakahou ake rānei i te metamorphic. Nā te kaha o te whakatakoto ngota me te here covalent-ionic, he tino ātete te kohuke ki te hāwaretanga, te horo ā-mīhini, me te whakarerekētanga ā-wera, e taea ai e ia te noho tonu i roto i ngā toka igneous me metamorphic, tae atu ki ngā putunga paraka tuarua.
Ngā Tāhu me ngā Āhuatanga Whatu
Ko te korunamu parakore he kore tae, he māramarama hoki, he momo e mōhiotia ana ko te hapira mā, ko te leukohapira rānei. Heoi, he uaua te kitea o te korunamu māori e tino mā te matū. Ko ngā whakaurunga iti o ngā pūmotu whakawhiti whakarewa e whakakapi ana i te konumohe i roto i te whata tioata ka puta mai he whānuitanga tino nui o ngā tae, e waiho ana te korunamu hei tētahi o ngā rōpū kōhatu tākaro tino nui o te ao. Ko ngā katote konukura (Cr³⁺) te take o te tae whero kaha o te rupi mā te whakauru kōwhiri i te tūāwhiorangi kitea, ko te tae kahurangi matarohia o te hapira ka puta mai i te whakawhiti utu i waenga i ngā katote rino (Fe²⁺) me te tītani (Ti⁴⁺). Ko ētahi atu pūmotu whakauru pēnei i te wanatiuma, te nikera, te konupora, me te rino ferric ka whakaputa i ngā momo tae māwhero, kōwhai, kākāriki, tawa, parani, tae-whakarerekē rānei i runga i te kaha me te āhua o te wāriu.
He tikanga whakaaro, he kohuke uniaxial kino te korundum, ko te nuinga o ngā taupū whakaata e nω = 1.768–1.772 me nε = 1.760–1.763, e whakaputa ana i te whakaata rua e tata ana ki te 0.008. Ahakoa he iti noa iho, e ranea ana tēnei whakaata rua hei whakaputa i ngā pānga whakaaro kitea i roto i te rawa kounga-kohatu. He kaha te whakaatu a te korundum i te pleochroism, inarā i ngā momo tae, i reira ngā whakatakotoranga karaihe rerekē e whakaatu ana i ngā ātete me ngā kaha rerekē ina tirohia i raro i te marama whakaōrite. He mea nui tēnei whakaōritenga anisotropic i roto i te tapahi rupi me te hapira, nā te mea e kaha ana te whakaawe a te whakatakotoranga kohatu i te whakaurunga tae me te kanapa. I tua atu, ko ngā whakaurunga rutile (TiO₂) moroiti e whakahāngai ana ki ngā aronga karaihe e taea ai te whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga whakaaro pēnei i te asterism (pānga whetū) me te chatoyancy ina tapahia hei en cabochon. Ka marara ēnei whakaurunga i te marama whakaata ki ngā rōpū mārama koi, e whakaputa ana i ngā rupi whetū me ngā hapira whetū e tino whakanuia ana.
Ngā Momo me ngā Momo o te Korundumu
Ko te Corundum he kohuke konumohe waikawa (Al₂O₃) e puta ana i roto i te maha o ngā momo kounga-kohatu me ngā momo ahumahi. Ahakoa he rite te hanganga karaihe me te hanganga matū o ngā momo corundum katoa, ko ngā huānga tohu pēnei i te chromium, te rino, te titanium, me te vanadium ka taea te whakarerekē i te tae me ngā āhuatanga whatu. Ko ēnei rerekētanga ka puta mai ētahi o ngā kohatu tino utu nui o te ao, tae atu ki te rupi me te hapaira.
Ko te korundum e rite ana ki te kounga o te kohatu e wehea ana ki nga waahanga matua e rua: te Rupi me te Haipaira. Ko te Rupi e tohu ana ki te korundum whero e whakawhanakehia ana e te chromium, engari ko era atu momo marama kore-whero katoa e kiia ana he haipaira. Ko etahi tauira e whakaatu ana i nga ahuatanga whatu motuhake penei i te asterism me te chatoyancy e puta mai ana i nga whakaurunga rutile moroiti i roto i te whakatakotoranga kirikiri.
Ngā Momo Matua o te Korundumu
Ruby
Ko te momo whero o te korundum e tae ana ki te chromium (Cr³⁺). Ko te rupi tētahi o ngā kōhatu whakapaipai tino utu nui, ā, ko ōna tae mai i te whero hōhonu ki te whero kākāriki hōhonu.
Pounamu Kikorangi
He momo kōwhai o te korundum e whakawhitia ana e ngā pāhekoheko i waenga i ngā katote rino me te katote titanium i roto i te hanganga karaihe.
Kōwhai Sapphire
Ko te kōwhai sapphire e whiwhi ana i tōna tae mai i te rino ferric, ā, ka rerekē pea mai i te kōwhai mākū ki ngā ātārangi kōwhai-karaka whai rawa.
Pink Sapphire
He momo hapira māwhero e whai ana i te iti o te chromium, e whakaatu ana i ngā tae mai i te māwhero ngāwari ki ngā tae mākēnia mārama.
Kōhatu Kākāriki
Ka tae ki te rerekē o te nui o te rino (me te titanium i ētahi wā), ko ngā hapira kākāriki mai i te oriwa me te kākāriki mint ki ngā tae hōhonu o te ngahere.
Purple Sapphire
He maha ngā wā e whai ana i te tokoiti o te chromium me te rino/titanium, ko tēnei momo e whakaatu ana i ngā atarangi mai i te rēmana māmā ki te waireti hōhonu.
Padparadscha Sapphire
He kōhatu pounamu māwhero-kāriki onge e tino whakanuia ana mō tōna tae pua kōwhai me tōna onge i roto i te mākete kōhatu pounamu.
Kohatu Whetū & Rūpi Whetū
Ngā momo korundum motuhake e whakaatu ana i te asterism, he āhuatanga whatu whetū e puta ana i ngā whakauru ngira rutile kua whakarārangi.
Pounamu Kiripaka
Ko te korunamu kahakore, mārama, kāore he parakino nui, e kīia ana ko te leucosapphire i roto i ngā kupu tohu kohatu.
Emery
He kōhatu ahumahi kirikiri e titoa ana i te nuinga o te korundum, i konatunatua ki ngā kohuke pērā i te magnetite me te spinel, e whakamahia nuitia ana hei mea whakawiri.
Kohatu Ahumahi me te Kohatu Waihanga
I tua atu i ngā momo kōhatu taiao, he nui te hanga o te korundum waihanga mō ngā whakamahinga ahumahi me te hangarau. Ka whakamahia te hapira me te rupi i tipu i te whare taiwhanga ki ngā karaihe matawā, ngā matapihi whatu, ngā pūngao hiko, ngā pūnaha laser, ngā kāmera waea atamai, me ngā mea whakapāoho matatau. He ōrite te hanganga karaihe me te pakeke o te korundum waihanga ki te taiao, engari he tino parakore me te āta whakahaere i te tae.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
He matū, ko te korundamu he waikura konumohe tioata me te tātai Al₂O₃, e 52.9% konumohe me te 47.1% hāora mā te taumaha. Koia tētahi o ngā kohuke waikura tino pūmau matū e puta noa ana, ā, e tino ātete ana ki te panoni i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao noa. Kāore te korundamu e memeha ki te wai, ā, e kaha ana te ātete ki te nuinga o ngā waikawa, ngā kawakawa, me ngā matū taiwhanga. Ko te memeha nui anake ka puta i raro i ngā pāmahana tino tiketike, i roto rānei i ngā rerenga whakarewa pērā i te borax me te pāhare pākawa toru. Nā tēnei koretake matū e noho roa ai ki roto i ngā momo horopaki matawhenua maha, tae atu ki ngā whenua whakarerekētanga tiketike, ngā kōwhakanga tōrangapū, me ngā taiao parahanga parataiao.
I rohe tinana, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana te korunumu mō tōna pakeke whakahirahira e 9 i te tauine Mohs, e waiho ana hei kohuke tuarua mō te pakeke i te taimana. Ko tōna pakeke e rite ana ki te uara pakeke Knoop e tata ana ki te 2,000 kg/mm², e hōmai ana i te ātete whakahirahira ki te waru me te horo. He nui hoki te taumaha motuhake o te korunumu, mai i te 3.95 ki te 4.10 te nuinga, he tino mātotoru mō te kohuke kore-whakarewa. Kāore te kohuke i te wehenga pono nā te hanganga ngota here kaha, engari e whakaatu ana i ngā mata whati whati iti-koe ki te koretake. Heoi, ka tupu pea ngā papa wehenga o raro, o te rhombohedral rānei e pā ana ki te taumahatanga hanganga, ki te māhanga porisintetika rānei. E whakaatu ana hoki te korunumu i te ira whakarewa tino tiketike e tata ana ki te 2,044°C (3,711°F), te pūmau wera tino pai, me te kawe wera kaha. Nā ēnei āhuatanga tinana whakakotahi, he mea tino nui te korunumu ehara i te mea hei kohatu anake, engari hei kaiwaru ahumahi, hei rauemi whakapārera, hei wāhanga pītiti tika, me te uku matatau e whakamahia ana i ngā whakamahinga hangarau wera-nui me te kakahu-nui.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Korundumu
Ko te Corundum tētahi o ngā kohuke waikura tino nui i te taha ōhanga me te hangarau, nā tōna pakeke whakahirahira, te pūmau o te wera, me te ātete ki te matū. I roto i te mātai kōhatu, ko ngā momo corundum mārama e mōhiotia ana ko te rupi me te hapaira, kua whakanuia e ngā rautau hei kōhatu utu nui i roto i ngā whakapaipai, ngā mataaratanga tūturu, me ngā toi whakapaipai. I tua atu i ngā kōhatu utu nui, ka whakamahia nuitia te corundum ahumahi hei rauemi whakapākākā mahi nui, nā tōna pakeke Mohs e 9, ko te tuarua anake ki te taimana i waenga i ngā kohuke māori. Ka whakaurua te corundum kuru me te emeri ki roto i ngā pepa kirikiri, ngā wīra oro, ngā pūhui whakapīata, me ngā taputapu tapahi e whakamahia ana i roto i te mahi whakarewa, te mahi rākau, te whakaoti karaihe, me te mahi tika. Ko tōna wera whakarewa tino teitei e tata ana ki te 2,044°C, me te ātete pai ki te pirau matū me te wiri wera, ka waiho hoki te corundum hei wāhanga matua i roto i ngā pereki whakapākākā, ngā uhi oumu, ngā roto oumu, me ngā kaiwhakawera pūkoro i hangaia mō ngā taiao ahumahi wera teitei.
Kua kua te whai take o te korundum waihanga i roto i ngā ahumahi hangarau matatau o ēnei rā. Ko ngā tioata hapaira i tipu i roto i te whare taiwhanga, i hangaia mā ngā tukanga pēnei i te Verneuil, Czochralski, me te flux-growth, e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā tono whatu, hiko, me te pūkaha. He tino kaha te ātete o te hapaira waihanga ki te karawarawa, te mārama o te whatu, te whakamutu hiko, me te ārahi wera, e tino pai ana mō ngā karaihe mataaratia, ngā wāhanga laser, ngā matapihi whatu, ngā uhi kāmera waea atamai, ngā mata matawai koiora, me ngā taputapu pūtaiao pēhanga tiketike. I roto i te hanga pūngota, ka noho ngā papa hapaira hei papa pūmau mō ngā LED, ngā iahiko ngaruiti, me ngā taputapu hiko mana nui. I roto i ngā tikanga metaphysical me te whakaora tioata, e kiia ana te korundum he kōhatu e pā ana ki te kaha, te mārama, te ako, me te taurite wairua. E whakaponohia ana he rerekē ngā tikanga tohu o ngā momo tae: e pā ana te rupi ki te kaha ora, te māia, me te pūngao whenua; e hono ana te hapaira kikorangi ki te mātauranga, te mārama hinengaro, me te māramatanga; ko te korundum kore tae, mā rānei, e hono ana ki te mōhiotanga wairua me te māramatanga teitei. Ahakoa he whakapono ahurea, wairua ēnei, kaua e pūtaiao, kei te mau tonu te hiranga tohu o te korundum i roto i ngā tikanga maha o te ao.