I roto i te hōhonu o te moana kōwhai, e takoto ana te "papa tae" tino rongonui o te taiao. Ko te wheo, te kōhatu e kīia nei ko te "Pua o te Moana," kāore i a ia te mātao o te taimana, me te kanapa whakahīhī o te koura. E tipu pūkeke ana i waenga i ngā ngaru e pupuhi ana, e whakakotahi ana i te kaha ora o te moana ki te āhua mahana me te māeneene o te pounamu. Hei "kōhatu whai ora" i whānau mai i te hōhonu, ko te wheo he mea nui ake i te whakapaipai noa e mau ana ki te kaki; he pakiwaitara whero, i whakairohia e ngā ringa o te wā me te tai.
He aha te Rākau Wheo?
I roto i te ao motuhake o te whakapaipai kohatu, ka whakarōpūtia te wheo hei kohatu whakapaipai pararopi, he momo taonga onge i whanau mai i te koiora, kaua i te pēhanga whenua. Ko te wheo te anga o waho o te kararehe moana iti, rite ki te tipu, e kīia nei ko te polyp wheo. Ko te wheo e tika ana mō te whakapaipai ka puta tuatahi mai i ngā momo moana utu nui o te puninga Corallium, ko Corallium rubrum te mea rongonui rawa. Kāore i rite ki ngā wheo poka, pākākā e kitea ana i ngā ākau pōhutukawa pāpaku, ka tipu ēnei wheo utu nui i roto i te pōuri, te pēhanga nui o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa me te Moana Pākehā. He kāhui polyp ēnei rauropi—he kararehe iti, ngohengohe, e mahi ana hei tohunga hoahoanga o te hōhonu. Hei tiaki i ō rātou tinana ngāwari, ka tangohia e rātou ngā kohuke mai i te wai moana a tawhio noa hei whakaputa i tētahi anga o roto mātotoru o te pākawa waro konupūmā (CaCO3) i te āhua o te kāreti.
Ko ngā hanganga e puta mai i ngā whakatupuranga o ēnei mea ora e tipu ana hei koroni ki runga i a rātou anō, he tino nui, e hanga ana i ngā anga mārō, whakamanga i roto i ngā tekau tau, i ngā rautau rānei. Ko te tere tipu pōturi—i ētahi wā he 1mm noa iho ia tau—te mea e whakawhiwhi ana i te matū ki tōna kiko matotoru me tōna kakano pai. Mai i te wā o mua, kua whakamahia te kao mō ngā whakairo, ngā kāpōkana, me ētahi atu momo whakapaipai. Ka hauhakea, ka tangohia te kiri pūahoaho o waho kia kitea ai he pūtake, ā, ka tapatapahia me te whakakōraka e te tohunga, ka huri mai i te kōiwi hei kohatu utuā me te kanapa karaihe, rite ki te whakaata. Mai i te whero mura o Sardegna ki te māwhero Angel Skin, ko ēnei kōiwi whakakōrakatia ngā kohatu ora tonu kua whakapaipai i ngā whare taonga o ngā kingi mō ngā mano tau.
Mai te Pori ki te Ākau: Te Haerenga o te Tipu
Ka tīmata te haerenga i te kōpura wheo, he kararehe moana iti, ngohengohe te tinana, e rite ana ki te anemone moana iti. Ahakoa tōna āhua ngāwari, he tohunga hoahoanga te kōpura. He noho whakaminenga ēnei rauropi, arā, e noho ana i roto i ngā rōpū nui, e hono ana ngā takitahi ki te kiko ora. Hei tiaki i ō rātou tinana whakaraerae, ka tangohia e ngā kōpura ngā katote konupūmā me te waroā mai i te wai moana a tawhio noa, hei whakaputa i tētahi anga mārō o roto o te konupūmā waroā (CaCO3) i te āhua o te kāreti.
I te whakatipuranga o ēnei mea ora hei kāhui i runga i a rātou anō, ka puta te tukanga i ngā wāhanga:
- Pūtake:Ko te polyp kotahi, he roopu iti ranei e piri ana ki tetahi mata pakeke i te takere o te moana, penei i te toka, i tetahi anga kōiwi o mua ranei.
- Te whakaputa me te whakaemi:Ka whakaputa ia polyp i tōna ake anga rite ki te kapu (he calyx). Ka mate te polyp, ka noho tonu tōna anga mārō, hei turanga mō te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei kia tupu tōtika ki runga.
- WhakawhānuitangaI roto i ngā tekau tau me ngā rautau, ka hangaia e ēnei kōiwi tāpae he hanganga mārō, peka-peka e rite ana ki ngā rākau iti, kāore he rau. Nā te mea he tino pōturi te tipu—i ētahi wā, he iti noa iho te 1mm ia tau i te whānui—ka hia mano tau kia eke ēnei kāhui ki te rahi e tino kitea ana.
- Te Hanganga Ākau: I te mutunga, ka hanumi ēnei hanganga koroni nunui ki ētahi atu koroni. Ka tino nui haere ngā hanganga ka puta, ka waiho hei pūnaha hauropi whānui, matatini hoki e mōhiotia ana e tātou hei ākau toka kāeo.
Ko te whakawhitinga mai i te kararehe moana kotahi, "rite-ki-te-tipu" ki te tohu kōhatu pākākā nui, ka puta ko te "Kohatu Ora" kua whakamahia mai i ngā wā o mua mō ngā whakairo, ngā kōhatu, me ngā whakapaipai.
Ngā Paerewa Tae o te Kākāriki Tāwharau
Ko nga ingoa hokohoko mo te wheo kawakawa he kupu motuhake e tohu ana i te kounga, te tae, me te takenga mai i te maakete kohatu utu nui. I te taumata teitei o te ine kaha tae, ko nga kupu penei i te toto kau, te arciscuro, me te carbonetto e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i nga atarangi whero pouri rawa, ko te rosso scuro me te rosso he momo whero pouri me te whero noa. Ko te kāwai kāriki māwhero he tino kanorau, e whakaatu ana i te kiri anahera tino nui—e mōhiotia ana hoki e te ingoa Itariana pelle d’angelo—me te rosa pallido, te hamana, me te rosa vivo, e tohu ana i te kāriki māwhero reo. I runga i te whenua, ko te wheo o Sardinia e rongonui ana mo tona kounga teitei me tona pakeke rawa, engari ko nga wheo o Algeria me Sicily e whakarōpūtia ana hei kounga iti. Mai i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ko te wheo o Hapani e mōhiotia ana mo tona kāriki māwhero me tona pokapū mā motuhake, me nga taumata motuhake penei i te moro mo te whero papura kounga teitei me te tosa mo te kounga toharite. Ko etahi atu momo whenua rongonui ko te mā bianco, te wheo Itariana mā, māwhero ranei o te kounga pai, te akori nō Cameroon, me te whetu o Āwherika nō Āwherika ki te Tonga, he ahurei mo tona whānuitanga mai i te whero me te māwhero ki te papura me te kōwhai-karaka.
Aka (Whero Oxblood):Ko te Aka (te kupu Hapanihi mō te whero) e whakaarohia ana ko te tino taumata o ngā tae kao, e whakaahua ana i te whero pouri, kaha e kīia ana he toto kau. He mārama paku tōna, he kanapa rite ki te karaihe, ā, he mārama te kitea o tētahi “wairua” mā, he pokapū rānei i roto i tōna āhua māori.
Sardegna (Whero Sardinia):Ko te ingoa i ahu mai i te moutere o te Mediterranean, koinei te paerewa mō te “whero pono” o te wheo. E mōhiotia ana mō tōna kaha, tōna whakakī ōrite kore i te pū mā, e tino hiahiatia ana mō ngā pirepire porowhita me ngā whakapaipai hangarite.
Momo (Pītiti me te Āmona):Ko tēnei kāwai e whakakapi ana i te whānuitanga o ngā tae mahana, mai i te whero-kāriki whai rawa ki ngā ātaahua pītiti māeneene. He maha ngā wā ka kitea te momo momo i ngā rahi nui ake, nā reira ko te kōwhiringa pai mō ngā whakairo matatini me ngā kāpōkana nui.
Kiri Anahera (Pelle d’Angelo)Ko tētahi o ngā momo tino onge me te tino rapuhia, ko te kao Angel Skin he kōwhai māwhero tino kōwhai, ōrite. E whakanuia ana mō tōna reo ngāwari, kiko e rite ana ki te āhua rongonui o te anahera, e whai ana i te tiaho ngāwari, āhua wairua.
Pink Moana Hohonu: Ko te tikanga o tēnei momo he mā te kākano, he kōwhaiwhai ki ngā uaua māwhero, ki ngā wāhi rānei. E ai ki te ingoa, ka hauhaketia mai i ngā wai hōhonu ake i ngā momo Mediterranean, e puta ai he āhua rerekē, he kōwhaiwhai.
White (Bianco):Ko te wheo ma tino ma, karekau he pūmua whero, māwhero rānei. Ahakoa he iti ake te kitea i roto i ngā whakapaipai utu nui i ōna hoa whero, he mea tino whakanuia i roto i ngā tikanga toi motuhake mō tōna ātaahua mā, rite ki te rei.
Pango me te koura whero:He kāore i rite ki ngā wheo e kīia ana i runga ake nei, he momo wheo parāone me te koura he wheo pararopi, he rite ki te haona. E mōhiotia ana te wheo pango mō tōna tae pango mākūkū, ā, ko te wheo koura e rongonui ana mō tōna tīaho konganuku māori me tōna tīaho kōwhai-pākākā.
Ko te uara mākete o te wheke pounamu e tino rerekē ana i runga i te momo, te kaha o te tae, me te rahi, me ngā utu mai i ngā moni iti ki te mano tāra mō ia karati. Ko te wheke Aka (Whero Toto) e tū ana ki te tihi o te mākete, ko ngā pirepire whai māramatanga teitei, whānui te whānui, ka taea te whakahau i ētahi mano tāra mō ia karamu nā te kaha o te tae whero me te kanapa rite-karaehe. Ko te Sardegna (Whero Sardinia) me te Kiri Anahera (Pelle d’Angelo) e tohu ana i te taumata whakapaipai teitei; ahakoa ko te Sardegna te paerewa mō ngā pirepire whero mārama, ōrite, e uaina ana ki te mano tāra mō ngā aho kounga teitei, ko ngā momo Kiri Anahera māwhero āhua, onge, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā utu e rite ana ki ngā rupi reanga waenga-ki-teitei i te hokohoko. I tua atu i te tae, ko te nui o te rawa te mea nui, nā te tere tipu pōturi o te 1mm ia tau, ka tino nui ake te uara o ngā peka nui, kore pakaru, o ngā whakapakoko whakairo pai rawa atu i ngā kongakonga iti.
Ngā Puna Tuatahi o te Kākāriki Tāwhai
- Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa o te Moana-nui-a-KiwaKo tēnei te puna tino hītori o te wheo utu nui, inarā huri noa i ngā takutai o Itāria (Sardinia), Algeria, me Tunisia. Koia te kaihanga matua o te momo “Sardegna”, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna tae whero tōkeke, kaha, me te kore o te puku mā.
- Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (Hapani me Taiwana)Ko nga wai e karapoti ana i a Hapani me te Moutere o Midway e rongonui ana puta noa i te ao mo te whakaputa i te “Aka” (Toto Okaha) me te “Momo” wheo. Ko enei momo o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa e tipu ana i nga hohonutanga nui atu i nga momo o te Moana Mediterranean, a, e mohiotia ana mo to ratou rahi nui me te noho o te “wairua” ma, te pokapū ranei i roto i nga manga.
- Ko ngā Moutere o Hawai‘iHe nui te waiwai o Hawaii mō te "Kōrau Koura" me te "Kōrau Pango." Kāore i rite ki ngā kōrau whero e hangaia ana i te konupūmā-waro, he momo momo rauropi-whai rawa ēnei e tipu ana i ngā au hōhonu o te kāhui moutere o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa.
- Ko te Moana o Haina ki te Tonga:Ko tēnei rohe he puna mō ngā ātārangi māwhero me ngā kao "Momo", e whai wāhi nui ana ki ngā ahumahi whakairo kao tuku iho i te Rāwhiti o Āhia.
Ngā Pūtoi Horomata me te Tautuhi
I roto i te ao o ngā rawa horihori me ngā rawa whaihanga, ko te whanaketanga tino rongonui i puta i ngā tau 1970 i te wā i hangaia e Pierre Gilson ngā "pouaka hanga" hei mahi tiaki i ngā momo māori mai i ngā mahi hauhake whakakino. Ko ēnei whaihanga i tipu i te whare taiwhanga, e wātea ana i te nuinga o te wā i roto i ngā tae whero me te māwhero, he taumaha motuhake o 2.44, e iti ake ana i tō ngā hoa māori. Mai i te tirohanga gemological, e whakaatu ana tēnei rawa waihanga i te birefringence ngoikore me te kore o ngā hanganga tipu pararopi e kitea ana i te pouaka pono. Ina tirohia i raro i te whakanui nui, ka whakaatu te rawa i te kākano pai rawa atu, kaua ki ngā whiu whakarara e kitea ana i te taiao. I tua atu i ēnei hanga whare taiwhanga matatini, kei te mākete hoki ngā whaihanga kirihou noa; ka taea ēnei te tautuhi mā ngā tikanga motuhake pēnei i te whakamātautau wera, te whakamātautau waikawa rānei. Heoi, nā te mea ka taea e ēnei whakamātautau te whakakino, te mōrearea rānei, me whakahaere noa e ngā tohunga whai whakangungu.
Tiakitanga me te Toitūtanga
Ko te tiaki i te wheo he mea nui ki te ao katoa, i te mea kei te raru enei kohatu ora i nga whakamataku kore i mua mai i te huringa o te rangi, te waikawa o te moana, me te hauhake nui i mua. Na te mea he tino puhoi te tipu o te wheo utu nui—he 1mm noa iho ia tau—ka roa nga rau tau te whakaora o nga toka wheo i te pakaru tinana, i te kohinga kaha ranei. Ko nga mahi tiaki hou e aro ana ki te whakahaere tino kaha i te hokohoko ao o nga momo wheo ma te CITES (Te Whakaaetanga mo te Hokohoko Ao i nga Momo Kararehe me nga Otaota e Morearea ana) kia mau tonu ai te hauhake me te whai tohu. I tua atu i nga whakamarumaru ture, kei te huri te ahumahi whakapaipai ki te tiki tika me te whakamahi i nga "wheo hanga" hei whakaiti i te taumahatanga ki nga rauwiringa kaiao o te moana. Ko te tiaki i enei "puawai o te moana" kanapa ehara i te mea he tiaki noa i tetahi rawa papai; he tiaki i te kanorau koiora o nga kaainga hohonu o te moana e whakawhirinaki ana ki enei anga tawhito hei oranga.