Ko te Kīnabara he minere hiriwa sulfide, ko te tātai matū HgS, ā, ko ia te puna matua o te hiriwa i roto i te taiao. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō tōna tae kākāriki-paraone ki te paraone-kikorangi, tōna taumaha motuhake teitei, me tōna hononga āhua ki ngā taiao horopaki e nui ai te hiriwa. Ka hangaia noa mai te kīnabara i ngā wāhi hydrothermal pāmahana iti, otirā i ngā wāhi e paingia ana e te mahi ahi-maunga, ngā puna wera, ngā pakaru, me ētahi atu hanganga horopaki e wātea ai ngā wai e whai ana i ngā minere kia rere mā roto i ngā toka. He nui te kitea o te kīnabara hei mea nui, he korakora, he whenua, he whakawhitiwhiti, ahakoa ka taea hoki te hanga i ngā kristali pai, ā, ka puta mai he āhua rhombohedral, he prismatic rānei. He nui te hononga o te kīnabara ki ngā minere pērā i te quartz, te calcite, te pyrite, te barite, me ētahi atu minere hydrothermal, e ai ki te hanga me te pāmahana o ngā wai e hanga ana i ngā minere. Ko tōna tae paraone motuhake me tōna taumaha teitei rawa e whakaatu ana he māmā ake te tautuhi, ahakoa he mea nui hoki tōna ngoikore me tōna uara hiriwa ina whakahaerehia, ina tautuhia ngā tauira. I ngā wā o mua, i whakaputaina te kīnabara hei puna matua mō te hiriwa, ā, i whakamahia hoki hei hanga i te pigment paraone vermilion. Ināianei, kei te noho tonu te kīnabara hei minere nui i roto i te minere-aorangi me te horopaki-pūtaiao, otirā mō te mārama ki ngā depots hiriwa me ngā tukanga hydrothermal e hanga ana i a rātou.
Hītori me te Kimianga o te Kīnāpara
Kua mōhiotia, kua whakamahia hoki e ngā hapori tangata te cinnabar mō ngā rau tau, nui atu i te mea ko tōna tae whero motuhake me tōna hiranga hei ore matua o te mercury. E tohu ana ngā taunakitanga ā-iwi Māori i te whakamahinga o te cinnabar i Haina tawhito, i te rohe o te Moana Nui a Kiwa, me ētahi wāhanga o Āmerika hei pango minere me te rawa whakapaipai. I Haina tawhito, i whakamahia te cinnabar i hangaia kia iti rawa hei hanga i te pango vermilion mō ngā tāngata, ngā rongoā, ngā keramika, me ētahi atu mea, ā, i whakauruhia hoki te cinnabar taketake ki ētahi mahi ritenga me ngā tikanga ahurea. I te ao Moana Nui a Kiwa, i whakapaua ngā kohinga cinnabar i ngā wāhanga pērā i Pāniora i runga i te rahinga nui i te wā Roma, ahakoa he nui ake te whakaora i te mercury me te hanga i te pango whero. Ko ēnei whakamahinga o mua i whai wāhi ki te whakamanatanga o te cinnabar hei puna minere me tētahi rawa ā-ahupūngao motuhake.
I whakapiki ake te hiranga o te mīhini me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau tango mercury. Mā te whakamatao i te cinnabar i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, ka wehea te mercury mai i te sulfur, ā, ka kohikohia hei mercury māori. Nā tēnei āhuatanga, i noho te cinnabar hei puna matua mō te mercury mō ngā rau tau, ā, i whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o ngā rohe huka nui e pātata ana ki ngā taonga nui. Kua whakatau ngā rangahau mīhini hou i te cinnabar hei mīhini sulfide mercury, kua tirohia hoki tō hanganga kristal, ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga, te pūmautanga matū, me te hononga ki ētahi atu mīhini mercury. Ināianei, ko tō tūnga he mea whānuitia hei mahi rangahau ā-geology mō ngā taonga hydrothermal me epithermal mercury, kei reira ka taea e te cinnabar te whakaatu mō te pāmahana me ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā wai i puta ai te mīhini.
Ko te Koiora Matū me te Hanganga Kiriata o Cinnabar
Ko te cinnabar he mea hanga matua ki te hiriwa me te sulfur i te ōwehenga ngota 1:1, e hoʻohaere ana i tōna tātai matū HgS. Ka whakatauiratia hei mīhini sulfide, ā, koia te momo taiao o te mercury sulfide e nui ake te noho, me te uara pakihi. I tōna āhua pūmau i raro i ngā āhuatanga mata whenua noa, ka kristalize te cinnabar i roto i te pūnaha kristale trigonal, ā, he hanganga kapi tonu kei reira ngā ngota hiriwa me ngā ngota sulfur e whakaritea ana i tētahi tauira toru-āhuatanga e hurihuri ana. Ko te whai wāhi nui o ngā ngota hiriwa taumaha ki te hanganga o te mīhini, koia te take o tōna specific gravity tino teitei, e tata ana ki te 8.0 ki te 8.2. Ko tēnei kiato teitei he tūāpapa āhua kotahi o ngā tohu āhua e whakamāmā ai te wehe i te cinnabar mai i ētahi atu mīhini whero.
E whakawhirinaki ana te hanganga krista o te cinnabar ki ōna āhuatanga ā-ahuahanga, me ngā āhua krista noa. He iti iho te nui o ngā krista e tino rite ana ki te mea he nui ake te matū katoa, engari ka kitea ētahi krista takitahi e whakaatu ana i ngā āhua rhombohedral, ā, ka puta mai hoki hei kohinga i roto i ngā wāhi hydrothermal me ngā poka. Ka taea e te cinnabar te huri i tōna hanganga i raro i ngā āhuatama pāmahana rerekē, ā, ko tētahi atu momo krista o te HgS, e mōhiotia ana ko te metacinnabar, he rerekē tōna hanganga krista, ā, he pango, he māwhero rānei, kaua ko te whero. Nō reira, kāore te wehewehenga i waenganui i te cinnabar me te metacinnabar e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tae anake, engari ki ō rāua hanganga krista me ō rāua āhuatanga ā-ahuahanga. I ngā taonga māori, ka taea e ēnei momo mercury sulfide te noho tahi me ētahi atu mineral mercury, e hoatu ana i ngā mōhiohio whai hua mō te pāmahana me ngā āhuatanga matū o te taiao i hangaia ai ngā mineral.
Ngā momo Kīnara
Kāore he maha ngā momo minere e whakaaetia ana mā te ture mō te Cinnabar, engari ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tauira ā-pūtaiao mā ō rātou āhua kristara, āhuatanga, me te huarahi e puta ai:
- Kōhatu Cinnabar – Cinnabar occurring as well-developed individual crystals, commonly showing rhombohedral forms. Crystals may be transparent to translucent and are usually associated with hydrothermal veins or cavities.
- Kura Nui – He momo noa tēnei e hāngai ana ki ngā kohinga iti, kore e kitea ngā kirihou takitahi. Ka puta noa hei papatipu kāore i te rite i roto i ngā waka, me ngā toenga o ngā pūnaha whakaputa.
- Kōhatu Kōwhai – He hanga i ngā waeine iti o te cinnabar e hanga ana i tētahi kohinga kōpiko. Ka uaua pea te wehewehe i ngā waeine takitahi me te kore whakarahi.
- Kōhatu Kōwhai – He momo pūhanga, he ngawari, he iti te āhua o ngā wāhi. Ka taea e ia te whai i ngā wāhanga nui o ētahi atu minere, me te rongoa hoki i te kōhatu, ka puta mai he tae whero kore rawa.
- Kōhatu Kōwhaiwhai – Ka puta mai hei tini korakora iti, kua tohatohatia ki roto i te hua o te mura, kaua ki te hanga i tētahi rārangi kōpūnui, he nui rānei. He mea nui tēnei momo i te rangahau mō ngā whakaputanga mercury iti-ara.
- Kōhatu Kākāriki – Ka hanganga i roto i ngā wāhi pakaru me ngā akeake i hangaia e ngā wai hydrothermal. He nui te kitea i te tahi me te quartz, calcite, barite, pyrite, rānei, ētahi atu minere hydrothermal, ā, ka taea te hanganga hei ngā pātaka whakapae, he rerekē rānei ngā wāhi.
- Cinnabar e piri ana ki te Metacinnabar – Kei roto i ētahi taonga kōhatu te cinnabar me te metacinnabar, he āhua hanganga kē atu o te HgS. Ka taea e ngā wāhanga e rua te puta mai i te pūnaha whakawhiti mineral kotahi, ā, ka whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me ngā āhuatanga matū i te wā o te hanganga mineral.
Ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me ngā āhuatanga matū o te Kīnawa
He maha ngā āhuatanga ōkiko motuhake o te cinnabar e whakaheke ana i te uaua ki te wehewehe i a ia i ētahi atu mīhini whero. Ko tōna tae ka rerekē mai i te scarlet me te vermilion mārama, ki te brick-red kōaro, ki te whero-kākāriki rānei, i runga i te rahi o ngā kristara, ngā poka, me te āhua e puta ai. He adamantine ki te kōaro, he whenua rānei te luster o te mīhini, engari ka kitea he luster mata kaha ake i ngā kristara mārama ki te haurua-mārama i te mea nui. He maama noa te cinnabar, ko te kaha Mohs tata ki te 2 ki te 2.5, ā, he taumaha motuhake tata ki te 8.0 ki te 8.2. Ko tōna streak he scarlet ki te whero, ā, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā ahunga maha. Ko ēnei āhuatanga, otirā te hononga o te tae whero kaha, te taumaha nui, me te kaha iti, he whai hua mō te tautohu tuatahi.
I te matū, ko te cinnabar he nui ake te mercury me te sulfur, ahakoa ka taea e ngā tauira māori te whai i ngā wāhanga iti o ētahi atu huānga, pērā i ngā kōpaki mīhini e hāngai ana. He pūmau tonu i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, engari me whakahaere mārika i tana hanganga mercury, ina koa ina pakaru, inumoni, whakamahana, tukutahi rānei te mīhini. He hononga matū hoki te cinnabar ki te metacinnabar, he momo kristal anō o te mercury sulfide. Ahakoa he ōrite te tātai matū o ngā mea e rua, ko ngā rerekētanga o ngā hanganga kristal ka puta mai he rerekētanga nui i te āhua me ngā āhuatanga tinana. Ko ēnei āhuatanga ka whakaputa i te cinnabar hei mīhini whai take mō te tautohu mīhini me te rangahau ā-geology o ngā taunga mercury.
Te Hanga me te Wāhi Āhuahanga o te Cinnabar
Kainga te cinnabar i ngā taiao hydrothermal pāmahana iti, kei reira neke ai ngā wai e whai ana i te mercury mā ngā pakaru, ngā hapa, ngā mura, me ngā hanganga volcanics. Ka taea te putapū mai i ngā pūnaha magmatic, mai rānei i ngā wai whenua kua whakamahana, kua pā ki ngā mura e whai ana i te mercury i te hōhonu. Ina piki ake ngā wai ki ngā taumata mauroa, ka taea e ngā huringa o te pāmahana, te pehanga, te āhua matū, me te wātea sulfur te whakaputa i te mercury sulfide hei cinnabar. He tohu motuhake te mineral mō ngā taiao epithermal, kei reira ka tipu ai te mineralization i ngā hōhonu me ngā pāmahana poto. Ka taea te cinnabar te whakakī i ngā pakaru me ngā kōpae hei veins, hei tātaritanga, ka puta rānei hei ngota whakawhitiwhiti i roto i ngā mura kua huri, ka hanga rānei i ngā kohikohi nui i ngā wāhi o te huringa hydrothermal kaha.
Ko ngā wāhi kōhatu cinnabar he nui te hononga ki ngā rohe e tino mahi ana ngā ahuahanga me ngā hanga ā-rohe, otirā ki ngā wāhi kei reira ngā poka i whakarato i ngā ara mō ngā wai whakakaha. Ko ētahi o ngā kōhatu e noho tahi ana ko quartz, calcite, dolomite, barite, pyrite, marcasite, me ētahi atu kōhatu sulfide, gangue rānei. Ka rerekē te tohatoha me te āhua o te cinnabar i roto i tētahi wāhi kōhatu, i runga i te permeability o te kōhatu matua me ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha hydrothermal. I ētahi wāhi kōhatu, ka kitea te cinnabar tahi me te metacinnabar, me ētahi atu kōhatu mercury, e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana me ngā āhuatanga matū i te wā o te hanganga kōhatu. Mā ēnei hononga ā-ahuahanga ka noho te cinnabar hei kōhatu tohu nui mō te tautohu me te rangahau i ngā pūnaha hydrothermal e whai ana i te mercury.
Ngā āhuatanga optika me te āhua o te Cinnabar
Ko te cinnabar e mōhiotia ana nui atu i tōna tae whero, ka rerekē mai i te scarlet mārama me te whero vermilion ki ngā tae whero-kākāriki hōhonu ake. Ko te āhua tūturu ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā take pērā i te rahi o ngā kīriki, te āhua o te mata, ngā mea kei roto, me te wāhi o ngā minere hono. Ka taea e te cinnabar iti-āhua, he whenua rānei, te āhua he pōuri noa, engari ka taea e ngā kīriki kaha te kitea he translucent, ā, ka puta he luster adamantine kaha ake. He nui ngā tauira nui e puta ana hei kohikohi whero irregular i roto i ngā toka host mārama ake, ngā uaua quartz, rānei i ngā rawa kua huringa hydrothermally. I ētahi wā, ka taea e te haumanu mata, te wāhi o ētahi atu minere rānei, te cinnabar kia kitea he pōuri ake, he iti iho te kaha o te tae i te rawa hou.
I raro i te aho kawe, ka taea e ngā kirihou cinnabar he mea māmā rānei he mea whiti rānei te kite i ngā āhuatanga optika motuhake e pā ana ki tōna hanga kirihou trigonal. He anisotropic te cinnabar, ā, he nui tōna tau kōhauhau, e whakapiki ana i te hononga kaha i waenganui i te aho me ngā mata o ngā kirihou pai te hanga. Ko tōna tae me tōna tohu whero ētahi o ngā āhuatanga kitea e hiahiatia ana mō te tautuhi, ahakoa kāore te āhua anake hei tautuhi tino mārama, nā te mea ka taea e ētahi atu minere te whakaatu i ngā tae whero, he whero-kākā rānei. Nō reira, ka whakaarohia ngā āhuatanga pērā i te taumaha motuhake teitei, te kaha iti, te hanga kirihou, te tohu, me te hononga whenua ina tautuhi i ngā tauira cinnabar.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Taupori o te Cinnabar
I te hītori, ko te whakamahinga matua o te cinnabar hei kōhatu matua mō te mercury. Ka taea te kohikohi i te mercury mai i te cinnabar mā te tukanga wera, arā, ka whakaweraia te mineral kia pakaru ai kia puta mai ai te mercury māori. I mua i te whakatūria o ngā here taiao me ngā here mahi hou, i tautokona e tēnei tukanga te hanga mercury i ētahi rohe hauhake nui puta noa i te ao. I whakamahia te mercury i kohikohia mai i te cinnabar ki ngā tono pakihi, mātauranga, me hangarau maha, ahakoa kua heke rawa atu ētahi o ēnei whakamahinga nā te toenga o te mercury me tōna pūmautanga taiao.
Kua whakamahia hoki te cinnabar hei puna mō te pango whero. Ina tītaria me te whakarite, ka hangaia e te cinnabar he matū whero kaha, i mōhiotia i ngā wā o mua ko vermilion. I whakamahia tēnei pango ki ngā tāngata, ki ngā tuhinga, ki ngā taonga lacquerware, ki ngā keramika, ki ngā mea whakaata, me ētahi atu momo mahi toi i roto i ngā ahurea rerekē. I nāianei, ka kitea noa iho te cinnabar māori i roto i ngā kohinga minere, i ngā tauira āhuahanga, me ngā whakaaturanga ako. Ka whai uara ngā kaiwhaiwhai i ngā kristallo pai te āhua, i ngā kohikohi motuhake, me ngā tauira e whakaatu ana i ngā hononga mārama ki te quartz, ki ngā minere hydrothermal rānei. Nā te mea kei roto i te cinnabar te mercury, kāore e taea te whakapāha, te tītaria, te whakarite rānei i ngā tauira, me whai whakaaro tika ina tangohia ngā rawa korekore, kua pakaru rānei.