Ko Celsian he kohuke onge, whakamīharo hoki nō te rōpū feldspar, e whakarōpūtia ana hei aluminosilicate o te barium. Ko tōna tātai matū ko BaAl₂Si₂O₈. Ahakoa e mōhio ana te nuinga ki ngā feldspar noa pēnei i te orthoclase, te albite rānei, he ahurei a Celsian nā te mea ko te barium e noho ana ki ngā wāhi cation nui i roto i te whakatakotoranga kirikiri, kaua ki te pāhare pāporo, te konutai, te konupūmā rānei e kitea nuitia ana. I te taha tinana, he kore tae, he mā, he kōwhai rānei te Celsian, e tohua ana e te pūnaha kirikiri monoclinic. He pakeke Mohs 6 ki te 6.5, ā, he taumaha motuhake teitei e tata ana ki te 3.2 ki te 3.4, e tino taumaha ake ai ia i ōna whanaunga noa, nā te noho o te ngota barium mātotoru.
Ko te Hanganga Whenua me te Putanga o te Celsian
Ko te hanganga o te celsian e hiahia ana ki nga taiao matū whenua tino motuhake e nui ai te barium me te silica e noho ana. Ka puta tuatahi i roto i nga toka metamorphic whakapā me etahi putunga waiariki, e hono ana ki nga tinana o te manganese. Ka puta te celsian i nga wera me nga pehanga tiketike mā te whakahou anō o nga parataiao e mau ana i te barium, te whakarerekētanga rānei o te barite (BaSO₄). I roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, he uaua te kitea o te celsian i roto i te āhua tino parakore; ka kitea i roto i te raupapa whakarewa totoka me te potassium feldspar (orthoclase). Ko te momo takawaenga, e mōhiotia ana ko te hyalophane, kei roto te barium me te potassium, ā, he nui ake te kitea i te taiao i te pūmutanga barium parakore.
Te Kitenga o te Hītori me te Whakaingoatanga
I whakaaturia tuatahitia a Celsian i te tau 1895 e te tohunga kohuke o Huitene a Hjalmar Sjögren. Ko te wāhi momo—te wāhi i kitea tuatahitia ai—ko te Maina Manganese o Jakobsberg i Filipstad, Huitene, he wāhi rongonui mō ōna momo kohuke kanorau me ōna āhuatanga rerekee. I kōwhiria e Sjögren te ingoa o te kohuke hei whakahōnore i a Anders Celsius (1701–1744), te tohunga arorangi o Huitene e rongonui ana mō tana whakawhanaketanga o te tauine pāmahana Celsius. I tua atu i tōna whai tikanga ki ngā kaikohi kohuke me ngā tohunga whenua, kua whai hiranga hou a celsian i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi. Ko ngā karaihe-keramika celsian waihanga e tino whakanuia ana mō tōna iti o te whakawhānui wera me tōna pūmau pāmahana-tiketike, e waiho ai hei mea tino pai mō ngā whakamahinga motuhake pēnei i ngā radomes me ngā wāhanga miihini rererangi.
Ko te Hanganga Karaihe o Celsian
Ko te Celsian e whakakikorua ana i roto i te pūnaha karaihe monoclinic, ā, nō te rōpū feldspar o ngā aluminosilicate anga. Ko tōna tātai matū, BaAl₂Si₂O₈, e whakaatu ana i tētahi hanganga e noho ai te barium ki ngā wāhi cation nui i roto i te kupenga karaihe, e wehewehe ana i a ia mai i ngā feldspar noa ake e mau ana i te pāhare pāporo, te konutai, te konupūmā rānei. Ko tēnei whakakapinga e whakaawe nui ana i te āhuahanga me ngā āhuatanga tinana o te kōhuke.
Ko te hanganga karaihe e hangaia ana mai i te anga toru-ahu o te hononga konumohe–hāora me te kirihou–hāora tetrahedra e hono ana. Ka tiritiri ēnei tetrahedra i ngā ngota hāora hei hanga i tētahi kupenga mārō, me ngā katote barium e noho ana i ngā kōhao i waenganui i a rātou. Ko te pūtoro katote nui me te papatipu ngota teitei o te barium e whai wāhi ana ki te kiato teitei ake o te celsian i ērā atu feldspars, ā, he wāhi nui ki te whakapūmau i te hanganga i raro i ngā tikanga pēhanga–pāmahana motuhake.Ka whakaatu pea te celsian i ngā rerekētanga hanganga e pā ana ki te pāmahana me te hanganga, inarā i roto i te raupapa whakarewa-tūturu e hanga ana ki te feldspar pāhare. Ka pā ēnei rerekētanga ki te hangarite me te raupapa i roto i te whakatakotoranga, e waiho ana te celsian hei kaupapa nui i roto i ngā rangahau karaihe me te kohuke. Ko tōna hanganga e whakaatu ana i te pānga o ngā katote nunui pērā i te barium ki te hanganga me te pūmau o ngā kohuke feldspar.
Te Waihanga Matū o Celsian
Ko Celsian he kohuke anga silicate ongea e mahi ana hei pito mutunga barium o te rōpū feldspar. Ko tōna hanganga matū e tautuhia ana e te tātai BaAl₂Si₂O₈. I roto i tēnei hanganga, ko te kohuke e titoa ana i te waikura barium (BaO), te waikura konumohe (Al₂O₃), me te waikura takawai (SiO₂). Inā tika, ko tētahi tauira parakore e mau ana i te 40.1% BaO, 26.7% Al₂O₃, me te 31.4% SiO₂ mā te taumaha.
Ko te tuakiri matū o te celsian e tohua ana e te noho mai o te katote barium nui e rua, e noho ana i roto i ngā wāhi whakauru o te whatunga toru-ahu o te konumohe me te silicon tetrahedra. Nā te mea he nui ake te pūtoro katote o te barium me te papatipu ngota teitei ake i te konupūmā, te pāhare pāporo rānei e kitea ana i ngā feldspars noa ake, ka whakaatu te celsian i te kiato tino teitei ake me ngā āhuatanga whakatakotoranga ahurei. I roto i ngā horopaki whenua māori, ka hanga pinepine te celsian i te raupapa whakarewa-tūturu me te feldspar pāhare pāporo (KAlSi₃O₈). Ko te tikanga, ka taea e ngā katote barium me te pāhare pāporo te whakakapi tētahi i tētahi i roto i te whakatakotoranga tioata. Ina he waenga te nui o te barium, ka kīia te kohuke he hyalophane. Kia tino whakarōpūtia hei celsian, me noho te barium hei katote nui matua. Hei taapiri, ka kitea ētahi wā iti o ētahi atu huānga pēnei i te strontium, te rino, te konupora rānei hei parakore tohu, i runga anō i te taiao o te hanganga, pērā i ngā putunga whakarerekētanga konupora nui, ngā uaua waiariki rānei.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Āhua Whatu o te Celsian
Ko ngā āhuatanga tinana motuhake a Celsian e wehewehe ana i a ia mai i ngā mema noa o te rōpū feldspar. Ko te mea nui, nā te nui o te barium i roto, ka eke te taumaha motuhake ki te 3.2 ki te 3.4. He nui ake tēnei i tō te orthoclase, te albite rānei, e noho ana i te 2.5 ki te 2.6, nā reira ka kitea te taumaha o te celsian ina pā atu. Ko tōna pakeke Mohs he 6 ki te 6.5, e rite ana ki ērā atu feldspar, arā, ka taea e ia te wero i te karaihe engari ka taea e te quartz te wero i a ia. He kore tae, he mā, he kōwhai pūahoaho rānei te kohuke, me te kanapa karaihe ki te kanapa peara i runga i ōna mata wehenga. E whakaatu ana i te wehenga tino pai ki ngā ahunga e rua, e hono ana ki te 90 nekehanga, he tohu tēnei o te pūnaha tioata monoclinic e whakakoia ai ia.
Mai te tirohanga whatu, ka whakarōpūtia te celsian hei kohuke tuarua, ā, ka taea te pai, te kino rānei i runga anō i tōna hanganga motuhake me te nui o te whakakapi pāhare pāporo. He teitei tōna taupū whakaata mō te feldspar, i te nuinga o te wā kei waenga i te 1.57 me te 1.60. I raro i te karu whakaata whakaata, ka whakaatu te celsian i te iti o te whakaata-rua, ka puta i ngā ātanga o te hina, te mā rānei o te raupapa tuatahi. Ko tētahi o ōna āhuatanga whatu tino tautohu ko tōna mārama; ahakoa ka taea te mārama i roto i ngā tioata kounga teitei, he maha ngā wā he mārama-iti, he pōuri rānei i ngā āhua papatipu. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu feldspar, he uaua te whakaatu a te celsian i te tākaro tae nui e mōhiotia ana ko te labradorescence, ahakoa ka kitea i ētahi wā he āhua pīataata, he peara rānei nā ngā āhuatanga hanganga o roto.
Whakaaturanga & He aha te rerekētanga o Celsian i ētahi atu Feldspars
He uaua te tautuhi i te celsian nā te mea he ōrite ki ētahi atu kohuke feldspar, engari he āhuatanga matua e wehewehe ana. Ko te āhuatanga tino rerekē o te celsian ko tōna kiko barium, e whakakapi ana i te pāhare pāporo, te konutai, te konupūmā rānei e kitea ana i ētahi atu feldspar. Nā tēnei whakakapinga ka puta mai he āhuatanga tinana ahurei, pērā i te taumaha motuhake teitei ake (3.2–3.4) ina whakaritea ki ōna hoa feldspar, e kaha ake ai te kiato me te taumaha o te celsian. Ka tioata hoki i te pūnaha monoclinic, kāore i te pūnaha triclinic e kitea nuitia ana i ētahi atu feldspar pērā i te albite, te orthoclase rānei.Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga tautuhi o te celsian ko tōna tae me ōna āhuatanga whatu. Ahakoa ko ngā feldspar pērā i te orthoclase, te albite rānei he kore tae, he mā, he kirīmi rānei, ka taea hoki e te celsian te puta he kōwhai pūaho, nā te noho o te barium. Ko tōna āhua whatu biaxial—he āhuatanga noa ki ngā feldspar—ka taea te kite i raro i te marama whakaōrite, ahakoa he teitei ake ōna taupū whakaata motuhake me tōna birefringence i ērā o ētahi atu feldspar. Hei āpiti, he uaua te puta o te celsian i tōna āhua parakore, ā, ka kitea nuitia i roto i te raupapa whakarewa-totoka me te feldspar pāhare pāporo, nā reira he mea nui te tātari i tōna hanganga mā te tātari matū kia tika ai te tautuhi.
Ngā Tikanga Metaphysical & Tohu o Celsian
Ahakoa ko te celsian te mea nui mō ōna āhuatanga pūtaiao me te kohuke, he tohu hoki, he tikanga matakite hoki i roto i ngā ahurea me ngā mahi wairua. He kohuke kei roto te barium, he huānga mātotoru me te taumaha, e honoa ana te celsian ki te whakapūmau me te ū. E whakaarotia ana hei āwhina i te tangata kia noho pūmau, kia hono atu ki te kaha o te whenua, e whakarato ana i te haumaru i ngā wā o te pāorooro ā-kare-ā-roto, ā-tinana rānei.I roto i ngā porowhita matakite, e whakaponohia ana te celsian hei whakapakari i te māramatanga hinengaro me te māramatanga, e āwhina ana ki te whakatau i ngā ārai hinengaro, i te rangirua rānei. Ko tōna mātotoru me tōna hanganga pūmau e kitea ana hei tohu mō te kaha, te manawaroa, me te ū, he āhuatanga e whai hua ana ina pā ki ngā āhuatanga uaua, ina whakatau rānei i ngā whakataunga nui o te ora. E whakaarotia ana hoki te celsian hei whakatairanga i te tipuranga wairua, e tuku ana i te arataki me te whakamarumaru i ngā wā o te whakaaroaro, o ngā haerenga wairua rānei.
Hei tohu o te panonitanga, ka honoa te celsian ki te whakarerekētanga o te pūngao i roto i ngā horopaki whaiaro me te taiao. Nā tōna hononga ki ngā tukanga wera-nui i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, he kōhatu kaha tēnei mō te hunga e whai ana ki te whakaatu i te panonitanga, i te whakahoutanga rānei i roto i ō rātou oranga. Ahakoa e whakamahia ana mō te whakaora tinana, mō te oranga hinengaro rānei, e whakaarotia ana ka kawea mai e te celsian te taurite, te kaha, me te panonitanga pai ki tōna kaimau, ki tōna kaiwhakamahi rānei.