Ko te Anorthite he kohuke i titoa mai i te konupora-konumohe pākawa ki te tātai matū CaAl₂Si₂O₈. Koia tētahi o ngā mema matua o te rōpū plagioclase feldspar, e tohu ana i te pito whai-konupora o te raupapa whakarewa plagioclase. Kei roto i te rōpū plagioclase feldspar te whānuitanga o ngā tito i waenganui i te albite (whai-konutai) me te anorthite (whai-konupora), me te anorthite e hanga ana i te pito nui o te konupora. Ka whakarōpūtia he tauira hei anorthite anake mena kei runga ake i te 90% o tōna tito e rangatira ana i te pito konupora, e kīia ana ko An90–An100.
He tirohanga, he mā, he hina, he kore tae rānei te anorthite, me te kanapa karaihe, he mea ātaahua ki te ao kōhatu. Ka whakakikoruatia ki te pūnaha triclinic, arā, he rerekē te roa o ngā tuaka o tōna tioata, ā, ka whiti i ngā koki hīraka, e hōmiromiro ai te āhua o te kōhatu. Ki te pakeke o Mohs 6 ki te 6.5, he pūmau te anorthite, ahakoa he pāngia e te huarere, inarā ka pā ki ngā āhuatanga waikawa o te mata o te whenua. Ehara tēnei kōhatu i te mea ātaahua noa iho, engari he nui tōna hiranga pūtaiao nā ngā tukanga whakapūmau me ōna āhuatanga ahurei.
He aha te hanganga o te Anorthite?
Ko te Anorthite e puta tuatahi ana i roto i ngā taiao toka whakarewa wera nui, ā, e tino hono ana tana whakatahi ki te whakamatao me te whakapakari o te magma. I roto i te Raupapa Tauhohenga a Bowen, e whakaahua ana i te raupapa o te whakatahi o ngā kohuke i te whakamatao o te magma, ko te anorthite tētahi o ngā kohuke plagioclase tuatahi e puta ana. Nā tōna ira whakarewa teitei e tata ana ki te 1,550°C, ka whakatahi wawe te anorthite mai i ngā magma mafic—arā, ngā mea e whai ana i te konupora me te rino. I te hekenga o te pāmahana o te magma, ka huri te hanganga o te feldspar, ka nui ake te konutai, e puta ai ngā kohuke pēnei i te albite. I tua atu i te whakatahi magmatic, ka taea hoki te puta o te anorthite mā te metamorphism, he tukanga e hurihia ai ngā toka o mua e te wera me te pēhanga. Inā koa, ka puta pea te anorthite i te metamorphism o ngā toka whai konupora nui, pēnei i ngā kōhatu pākeho parakore, i ngā marl rānei, inā pāngia e ngā āhuatanga whenua kaha.
He nui anō te hiranga o te anorthite i roto i te horopaki o te matawhenua o te marama. I ngā wā tuatahi o te hanganga o te marama, i puta mai tētahi wāhanga e kīia nei ko te “Moana Mākū o te Marama,” i reira te marama i rewa ai. I taua wā, i whakatahi te anorthite i te mākū o te marama e mātao ana, ā, i mānu ki te mata nā te iti o tōna kiato. Nā reira, i whai wāhi atu ki te hanganga o te kirinuku mārama o te marama, e noho tonu ana hei āhuatanga whakamārama mōna.
Ko te Hītori me te Kitenga o Anorthite
I whakamāramatia tuatahitia te kohuke anorthite i te tau 1823 e te tohunga kohuke Tiamana a Gustav Rose, nāna i whakaingoa mai i te kupu Kariki “anorthos”, te tikanga “tītaha,” e tohu ana ki te hanganga tioata triclinic o te kohuke kāore he koki e tika ana. I kitea tuatahitia te kohuke mai i ngā tauira i kohia i Maunga Somma, te puia tawhito o Maunga Vesuvius i Itāria, he wāhi e mōhiotia ana mō tōna mahi puia.I whai ingoa nui ake anorthite i tana whai wāhi nui ki te torotoro i te marama. I ngā mahi Apollo, i whakahokia mai ngā tauira toka marama ki te whenua, ka tātarihia. I whakaatu ēnei tauira ko ngā whenua teitei o te Marama he mea tito katoa i te anorthosite—he toka i hangaia e te anorthite te nuinga. Nā tēnei kitenga i whakarato taunakitanga nui mō te tukanga whakamatao me te whakapakari o te Marama, e tautoko ana i ngā ariā mō tōna moana magma o mua.
Te Hanganga Karaihe o Anorthite
Ko te anorthite e whakatio ana i roto i te pūnaha triclinic, e tohu ana ko ana tioata e toru ngā tuaka o te roa rerekē e whiti ana i ngā koki hīrau. Nā tēnei ka puta he hanganga tioata kōpīpī me te kore ōrite, e mārama ai te anorthite i ētahi atu feldspars. Ko te pūnaha triclinic tētahi o ngā pūnaha tioata tino iti rawa o te hangarite, e hōmiromiro ai te anorthite i raro i te karu whakarahi.
I te taumata ngota, ko te hanganga he anga toru-ahu matatini o te tetrahedra silicate (SiO₄) me te aluminate (AlO₄). I roto i te anorthite, he tino raupapa te tohatoha o te konumohe me te silicon: ka huri haere puta noa i te whakatakotoranga hei whakaiti i te whakawhanaunga hiko. Ko nga katio konupūmā nui (Ca²⁺) e noho ana i roto i nga mokowā kōwaowao o tēnei anga tetrahedral. He rerekē ngā āhua tioata o te anorthite, engari ko te tikanga ka puta he tioata pūtioio he papa, he poraka rānei te āhua. Ko tēnei hanganga tioata ahurei e whai wāhi ana ki tōna pakeke me tōna pūmau, ahakoa tōna pānga ki te huarere ina whakarewaina ngā katote konupūmā e ngā waikawa taiao.
Te Waihanga Matū o Anorthite
Ko te hanganga matū o Anorthite he mea hanga mai i te konupūmā, te konumohe, te silicon, me te hāora, me te tātai CaAl₂Si₂O₈. He nui te konupūmā i roto i te kohuke, e wehewehe ana i a ia mai i ētahi atu feldspars pērā i te albite, he nui te konutai. No te rōpū plagioclase feldspar a Anorthite, ā, ko tōna hanganga ka taea te whānui mai i te anorthite tino nui te konupūmā (An100) ki ērā e mau ana i ngā rahinga rerekē o te konutai, pērā i te labradorite, te bytownite rānei.Ko tōna hanganga matū he mea hanga mai i ngā tetrahedra silicon-hāora e hanga ana i tētahi anga, me ngā katote konumohe me te konupūmā e noho ana ki ngā wāhi motuhake i roto i te hanganga. Ko te noho mai o te konupūmā e pūmau ake ai a anorthite i ngā pāmahana tiketike ina whakaritea ki ētahi atu kohuke feldspar. I roto i tēnei anga, ka huri haere ngā katote konumohe (Al³⁺) me te silicon (Si⁴⁺) hei pupuri i te taurite o te utu, i te wā e noho ana ngā katote konupūmā (Ca²⁺) nui i roto i ngā wāhi tuwhera o te whāriki. Ko tēnei whakaritenga motuhake e hoatu ai ki a anorthite tōna kiato me tōna ira whakarewa tiketike, e waiho ai hei wāhanga matua i roto i ngā toka magmatic e whakakoio wawe ana.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Āhua Whatu
Ko te Anorthite he whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te ā-whatu e mōhiotia ai, e whai hua ai hoki mō ngā kaupapa pūtaiao me ngā kaupapa ahumahi. He 6 ki te 6.5 tōna pakeke Mohs, e tohu ana he pūmau engari ka taea tonu te waruhia e ngā kohuke mārō ake. Ko te tae he mā, he hina, he kore tae rānei, ahakoa he pūmā, he kākāriki rānei te āhua i ētahi wā.
He kānapa te kanapa o te kohuke, he mea whiti tōna āhua ina pakaru hou, ina orohia rānei. He mārama te wehenga, e rua ngā papa e pakaru ana i ngā tuaka o te tioata, ahakoa he kore tino tika. Ka whakaatu hoki te Anorthite i tētahi tauira whakapīrangi, e whai hua ana ki te tautuhi. I runga i te tirohanga, ka whakaatu te Anorthite i te pīrangi-ā-rama nā tōna pūnaha tioata takitoru, arā, he rerekē te whakapīata o te rama i ngā tuaka o te tioata.
Ko te whanonga whatu nei e rangahaua ana i te nuinga o te wā mā te karu whatu petrographic, e kitea ai te āhua “whakaraupapa” o te whakapiripiri polysynthetic i raro i te marama whiti-whiti. Ko ēnei whakaraupapa he hua tika nō te whakaata o te whakatakotoranga kirikiri i te hangarite whakakōpekapeka o te pūnaha triclinic. I tua atu, he teitei te taumaha motuhake o te anorthite (tata ki te 2.74 ki te 2.76) ina whakatauritea ki ētahi atu feldspars, he āhuatanga e ahu mai ana i te kikī o te whakaurunga o ngā katote konupūmā me te konumohe i roto i te anga silicate.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Anorthite
Ko te Anorthite he wāhi whakarewa teitei me te pūmau matū tino pai, e waiho ana hei rauemi whai hua puta noa i ētahi taha hangarau. I te tāngata ahumahi, ka noho hei rauemi matua mō te hanga i ngā uku kaha-nui me te karaihe motuhake, inarā te muka karaihe E-glass e whakamahia ana mō te whakamatao me te whakakaha hanganga. Nā tōna kaha ki te ātete i te wiri wera tino nui, ka whakamahia nuitia te anorthite ki te hanga taputapu taiwhanga me ngā papa uku mō ngā taputapu hiko.
I roto i te pūtaiao aorangi, ko te anorthite te aronga matua o te rangahau. Hei kohuke tino nui o ngā whenua teitei o te marama, ka whakamahia e ngā pūtaiao ki te hanga i ngā whaihanga oneone marama hei whakamātau i te pūmau o ngā taputapu torotoro ātea. I roto i te hangarau taiao, kei te rangahaua hoki te anorthite mō te tango waro, nā te mea ka taea e ia te tauhohe ki te CO₂ ki te hanga i ngā kohuke waro pūmau, e whakaatu ana i tētahi huarahi mō te rokiroki waro mō te wā roa.