Ko te tārake he kohuke konupūmā konutai māori e kitea ana, ko tōna tātai matū ko Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂. Nō te rōpū kohuke phyllosilicate, e tohua ana e te hanganga karaihe whakapapa e hanga ana i ngā whārangi angiangi o te konutai me ngā wāhanga konupūmā. Mā tēnei hanganga ahurei e puta ai ngā āhuatanga tinana motuhake o te tārake, tae atu ki te tino ngāwari, te kakano maeneene me te pahekeheke, me te whatianga tino pai i waenga i ōna whārangi. Ki te pakeke Mohs o 1, e mōhiotia ana te tārake ko te kohuke tino ngāwari rawa atu i te tauine pakeke, ā, ka ngāwari te waruhia ki te maikuku. I tōna āhua parakore, he mā, he kore tae rānei te tārake, engari ko ngā tauira māori he hina, he kākāriki, he parauri māheuheu, he atu atarangi rānei nā te noho mai o ngā poke, o ngā kohuke piri rānei. He maha tonu te puta mai hei whakahiato nui, hei whakahiato pūkoro rānei, kaua hei tioata e tupu pai ana, ā, he tīrama peara, hinu, pūahoaho rānei.
Te hītori o te tākura
Ko te hītori o te pākeho e hoki ana ki ngā mano tau ki muri, me ngā iwi tawhito e whakamahi ana i ngā rawa e whai ana i te pākeho me te kohatu hāpia mō te whakairo, ngā taonga whakapaipai, ngā taputapu, me ngā taonga whaihua nā te māmā me te ngāwari o te hanga. Ko te ingoa “talc” i ahu mai i te kupu Ārapi “talq,” e tohu ana i tētahi kohuke māmā me te kakano maeneene. I roto i te wā, i mārama ake te kohuke i te whanaketanga o te mātai kohuke, ā, i kitea e ngā kairangahau ko te pākeho he kohuke konupūmā pātara nō te rōpū phyllosilicate. I ngā rautau 18 me 19, nā te ahu whakamua o te rangahau matawhenua i whāki atu mō tōna hanganga matū, tōna hanganga tioata paparua, me ōna tukanga hanga. I te wā hou, nā te whakapaitanga o te hangarau keri me te tukatuka i huri te pākeho hei kohuke ahumahi nui, me ōna āhuatanga ahurei pēnei i te māmā, te pūmau matū, te ātete wera, me te kakano pai e whānui ana te whakamahi i roto i te uku, te pepa, te kirihou, te peita, te panipani, te whakapaipai, me ētahi atu ahumahi. I tēnei rā, ka noho tonu te pākeho he
Te hanga o te tāka
Ka puta te talc mā ngā tukanga metamorphic e whai wāhi ana ki te whakarerekē o ngā toka nui ki te konupora i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana, pēhanga, me te matū motuhake. Ka tupu noa i te wā e uru ana ngā toka pēnei i ngā toka ultramafic, te serpentinite, me ngā toka konupora warowaikawa hei tauhohenga matū ki ngā wai silica. I ēnei tukanga āraiwhenua, ko ngā kohuke kei roto konupora, pēnei i te olivine, pyroxene, serpentine, me te dolomite, ka tauhohenga pea ki te silica me te wai kua memeha, ka puta ai te talc. Ko ēnei tauhohenga ka puta i ngā taiao metamorphic e taea ai e te wera, te pēhanga, me te kaha o te wai te whakarewa anō i ngā kohuke me te hanga i ngā wāhanga kohuke pūmau hou. Ko te putanga o te talc e hono ana ki ngā wāhanga whakarerekē waiariki, i reira ka neke atu ngā wai wera, nui ki te kohuke, ki roto i ngā kapiti me ngā whatiwhatinga o ngā toka, ka huri i te tīmatanga o te hanga i aua toka i roto i te wā.
Ko te tino hanganga me te kounga o ngā putunga tāka e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua o ngā toka matua me ngā āhuatanga ā-ao i te wā o te hanganga. Ko ngā putunga tāka kounga tiketike e hanga ana i ngā taiao e whakaputaina ai e ngā tauhohenga matū he tāka mā, he iti ake ngā poke, engari ko ētahi atu putunga kei roto pea ngā kohuke pēnei i te korāiti, te serpentine, te magnesite, te dolomite, me ngā kohuke amphibole. Ka taea e ēnei kohuke e piri ana te awe i te tae, te kakano, me ngā āhuatanga ahumahi o te rauemi tāka whakamutunga. Ka kitea te tāka i ngā whitiki kōaro (metamorphic belts) me ngā rohe whai hītori o ngā mahi tectonic, i reira te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i te whakarerekētanga o te toka, te wera, te pēhanga, me ngā wai kī kohuke i waihanga i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō tōna whanaketanga. Nā ēnei tukanga ā-ao roa, ka hanga me te tiaki ngā putunga tāka ki ngā wāhi maha puta noa i te ao, ka noho hei pūtake nui mō tēnei kohuke ahumahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Ngā Momo me Ngā Rerekētanga o te Tāre
Ko te tākiri e whakaarohia ana he momo kohuke kotahi me te hanganga matū rite tonu, engari ko ngā tauira tākiri māori he rerekē te āhua, te kākano, te parakore, me te whakawhanaungatanga o ngā kohuke i runga i te takenga mai o te whenua. Ko ēnei rerekētanga ka puta mai i ngā rerekētanga o ngā tikanga whakapūmau, ngā whakaparu, me te taiao toka a tawhio noa. Ko ngā āhua me ngā momo tākiri noa e uru ana ki:
- Tāke Nui – Ko te ahua tino noa o te talc e kitea ana i roto i ngā putunga arumoni. Ka puta hei puranga kiato, kirikiri pai me te kakano maeneene, ā, e whakamahia nuitia ana mō ngā kaupapa ahumahi pērā i te uku, te kirihou, me te pani.
- Talc Tioata - He āhua e whakaatu ana i te whanaketanga kiripiri e mōhiotia whānuitia ana. He onge noa iho ngā kiripiri tāka kua pai te hanga, nā te mea ko te tikanga he whakahiato te pūkāhū o te kohuke, engari ko ngā tauira kiripiri iti e whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi kohuke.
- Tākiri Whēkau – He momo e kitea ana te kakano he mea poiwhenua, he ngira rānei nā te āhua o te tipu o tana kiripara. He iti ake te noho mai i te talc mātotoru, ā, ka puta pea ki ētahi taiao whakarerekē motuhake.
- Steatite (Pākākā) – He toka metamorphic e nui ana te talc, he mea tito mai i te talc me te maha o ētahi atu kohuke pēnei i te chlorite, te carbonates, me te amphiboles. Nā tōna ngāwari me tōna āhua mahi, kua whakamahia nuitia te steatite hei whakairo i ngā whakapakoko, ngā taonga whakapaipai, me ngā rauemi hoahoanga.
- Tā – He momo tākiri tino parakore me te nui o te konupora silicate me te iti o ngā poke. He mea tino pai mō ngā tono e hiahiatia ana te kanapa me te rahi o ngā matūriki pai, tae atu ki ngā ahumahi pepa, peita, me te whakapaipai.
- Tākau Kākāriki – Ko ngā tauira talc e whai kara kākāriki ana nā te noho o ngā kohuke pē
- Tārake Paru – Ko te tāku kei roto he nui o ētahi atu kohuke, huānga rānei, e puta ai he rerekētanga i
Ko ēnei momo e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanga, te āhua, me te taiao whenua, ehara i te momo kohuke motuhake. Ko te hanganga matū o te talc e noho tonu ana, i te mea e whai pānga ana ngā rerekētanga māori ki te whakamārama me te whakamahi i ia momo.
Te hanganga tioata o te tāka
Ko te Tāke he hanganga kirikiri monoclinic whaka-papa, ā, no te rōpū kohuke phyllosilicate, e mōhiotia ana mō ōna whakatakotoranga ngota rite ki te rau. Ko tōna hanganga kirikiri he rua rau tetrahedral silica e kōpaki ana i tētahi rau octahedral whai-konupora kei waenganui, e hāngai ana i te hanganga e toru papa tukurua e mōhiotia ana hei papa T-O-T (tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral). I roto i ia papa, ka piri kaha ngā ngota, engari ko ngā papa takitahi e honoa ana e ngā pūtoi van der Waals ngoikore. Nā tēnei hononga ngoikore i waenga i ngā papa ka taea te wehe māmā, koia te take matua o te ngohengohe tino nui o te Tāke, te wehenga taketake tino pai, me te āhurutanga maeneene, paheke.
Ko ngā ngota konupora i roto i te whārangi oktahedral e hono tahi ana ki ngā rōpū hauwaiwai me ngā ngota hāora, i te mea ko ngā whārangi tioata kārawa e whakarato ana i te pūmautanga hanganga i roto i ia paparanga. Nā tōna whakaritenga paparanga pūmau me ngāwari, ka taea e te tāka te hanga tūheru angiangi me te pupuri i te mata whakaweti iti. Ko tēnei hanganga tioata hoki e whai wāhi ana ki ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana nui, tae atu ki te mārō iti, te kanapa peara, hinu rānei, te ātete matū, me te kaha ki te kōrapa hei paura pai. Ahakoa he uaua te kitea o ngā tioata tāka hei tioata takitahi nui, whanake pai, ko ngā hanganga tioata moroiti e kaha whakaawe ana i te āhua, te kākano, me te mahi ahumahi o te kōhatu.
Ngā Pūtanga Talc Nui me ngā Wāhi
Ko ngā putunga talc ka kitea i ngā rohe maha o te ao, ā, e hono ana ki ngā taiao whakarerekē i reira ngā toka e kī ana i te konupora kua whakarerekētia e te wera, te pēhanga, me te wai matū. He rerekē te kounga me ngā āhuatanga o te talc i runga i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua o ia putunga, tae atu ki te ma o te kōhuke, te rahi o te kakano, te tae, me te noho mai o ētahi atu kōhuke e piri ana. Ko ngā wāhi whakaputa talc nui kei Āhia, Amerika ki te Raki, Ūropi, Amerika ki te Tonga, me Āwherika, e whakarato ana i ngā puna nui mō te talc ahumahi me te talc ma tino nui.
Ko Haina tetahi o nga kaihanga matua o te ao mo te talc, me nga putunga nui kei roto i nga kawanatanga penei i a Liaoning, Shandong, Guangxi, me Jiangxi. Ko nga putunga talc o Haina e mohiotia ana mo te whanui o nga kounga, e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i nga ahumahi tae atu ki te uku, te kirihou, te pepa, me nga paninga. He nui ano nga rawa talc o Inia, ina koa i nga rohe penei i Rajasthan, kei reira nga putunga e whakarato ana i nga rawa mo nga tono ahumahi me te tukatuka kohuke.
I te United States, kei roto i ngā whenua pēnei i Montana, New York, Vermont, me Texas ngā putunga talc nui. I puta mai ēnei putunga mā ngā tukanga metamorphic e pā ana ki ngā toka whai konupora, ā, kua whai wāhi mai ki te mahi talc ā-whare. Ko Brazil tētahi atu puna talc nui, me ngā putunga e hono ana ki ngā hanganga toka metamorphic e whakaputa ana i ngā rawa ahumahi me ngā rawa motuhake. I Ūropi, e mōhiotia ana a France mō ngā putunga talc nui i te rohe o Pyrenees, ā, ko ngā whenua pēnei i Austria, Italy, me Spain he putunga rongonui hoki. Ko ētahi atu rohe whakaputa talc nui ko Pakistan, Afghanistan, South Korea, me ētahi whenua o Āwherika, i reira ngā āhuatanga ā-papa i hanga ai ngā taiao e tika ana mō te hanga talc. Katoa, ko ēnei putunga o te ao e whakatau ana i te talc hei rawa kohuke kore-whakarewa nui e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā momo ahumahi maha.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū o te Tāku
Ko te talc he huinga ahurei o ngā āhuatanga tinana me te matū e wehewehe ai i ētahi atu kohuke silika. Ko ia te kohuke tino ngāwari e mōhiotia ana, me te pakeke Mohs o te 1, e taea ai te waru māmā e te maikuku. Ko tēnei tino ngāwari nā te hanganga karaihe paparanga, e hono tahi ai ngā whārangi kohuke takitahi e ngā pūtoi hononga ngoikore. Ko te talc i te nuinga o te wā ka puta he mā, he hina, he kākāriki kōmā, he kore tae rānei, ahakoa ka puta pea ngā rerekētanga o te tae i ngā parakore. He mārama, he hinuhinu, he pūahoaho rānei tōna kanahau, ā, he maunga mā tōna māwhero. He tino whakahāngai te wehenga o te kohuke ki te aronga kotahi, e taea ai te wehe atu hei kōpīpī angiangi, ko tōna whatinga i te nuinga o te wā he kōpīpī, he kataha rānei. He iti te kīanga o te talc, i te nuinga o te wā he 2.7–2.8 g/cm³, ā, i te nuinga o te wā he mārama ki te whakatairite i ngā wāhanga angiangi. Ko tōna kiri maheni, te iti o te waku, me tōna kaha ki te whāki i te mākū ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga tinana e mōhiotia whānuitia ana o te talc.
Ko te talc, i te taha matū, he konutai pākōwa me te konupora me te pūtahi o te Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂. Kei roto ko te konupora, te konutawa, te hāora, me ngā rōpū waihāora i whakaritea i roto i tētahi hanganga paparanga pūmau. E whakaarotia ana te talc he kōhuke pūmau matū, ā, e tū atu ana ki te maha o ngā tauhohenga matū i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao noa. He iti tōna kawe hiko, he nui te ātete wera, ā, he teitei tōna ira whakarewa, e tika ana mō ngā whakamahinga ahumahi e hiahia ana ki te pūmau wera me ngā āhuatanga whakamatao. Kāore te talc e pāngia e te wai i te nuinga o te wā, ā, he iti noa te tauhohenga ki ngā waikawa ngoikore, ahakoa ka pēnei pea te whanonga matū o ngā poke i roto i ngā tauira māori. Nā ēnei āhuatanga tinana me te matū, ka whakamahia nuitia te talc ki roto i te mahi uku, kirihou, peita, pani, hanga pepa, mahi rāpia, rongoā, me ētahi atu mara ahumahi.
Ngā tono me ngā whakamahinga o te tāke
Ko te talc he kohuke whakarewa nui e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi maha nā tōna ngāwari, tōna pūmau matū, tōna ātete ki te wera, te iti o te waku, me tōna kaha ki te whakapai i te kakano me te mahi o ētahi atu rauemi. Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga rongonui o te talc kei roto i te ahumahi mea whakapaipai me te tiaki tangata, i reira te talc kua oti te tukatuka pai te whakamahi i ngā paura, ngā mea whakapaipai kanohi, me ngā hanga tiaki kiri nā tōna kakano maeneene me tōna kaha ki te tango makuku. I ēnei whakamahinga, ka āta tukatuka, ka āta arotake te talc kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa kounga me te haumaru motuhake.
I roto i te ahumahi uku, ka whakamahia te talc hei rawa mata nui ki te hanga i nga taera, te porcelain, te taputapu horoi, me te uku hiko. Ka awhina ki te whakapai ake i nga taonga wera, te whakaiti i te hekenga i te wa e tahu ana, me te whakanui ake i te kaha me te mauroa o nga hua uku. Ka whakamahia nuitia hoki te talc hei whakakī me te ake ake ki roto i nga kirihou, rapa, peita, me nga paninga. I roto i nga kirihou, ka taea te whakapai ake i te pakeke, te pūmau o te rahi, me te atete ki te wera, i roto i nga peita me nga paninga ka awhina ki te whakarite i te mata maeneene, te uhi pai ake, me te whakapai ake i te mauroa.
Ka whakamahia te toka e te ahumahi pepa hei āpitinga kohuke mahi hei whakapai ake i te maeneene o te pepa, te kanapa, me te kounga tā. I roto i te hanga rapa, ka mahi te toka hei āwhina tukanga, ā, ka āwhina i te ārai i te piri o ngā rauemi i te wā whakaputa. Nā ōna āhuatanga whakamatao hiko me tōna ātete ki ngā wera tiketike, ka whakamahia hoki te toka ki ngā wāhanga hiko me ngā rauemi ahumahi motuhake. Hei āpiti atu, ko ngā toka whai toka pēnei i te tiaki kōhatu kua whakamahia mō ngā rau tau ki te whakairo, ki te whakapakoko, ki ngā papa tāpapa, me ngā taonga whakapaipai nā tōna ngāwari me te māmā o te whakaahua. Nā ēnei whakamahinga kanorau, ko te toka tētahi o ngā kohuke ahumahi e whakamahia nuitia ana puta noa i te ao.