Ko te Serpentine he rōpū kohuke phyllosilicate konupūmā whakamākū e puta mai ana i roto i te whakamākūtanga me te panonitanga metamorphic o ngā toka ultramafic, inarā ko te peridotite, te dunite, me te pyroxenite. Kāore i te tohu i te momo kohuke kotahi, engari ko te Rōpū Serpentine he maha ngā kohuke pātata e whai ana i ngā hanganga matū ōrite engari he rerekē te hanganga tioata me ngā āhuatanga tinana. Ko ngā mema matua e toru ko te antigorite, te chrysotile, me te lizardite, e tipu ana i ia i raro i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua rerekē, ā, e whakaatu ana i ngā tikanga rerekē mai i ngā whakahuihui matatini ki ngā tioata pereti me ngā āhua muka pīngore. Ko te tātai matū whakaarotau o ngā kohuke serpentine ko Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄, ahakoa kei roto i ngā tauira māori te nui o te rino, te nikera, te konupora, te konumohe, te chromium, me ētahi atu huānga whakapapa i roto i te whakakapinga katote. Hei mema o te akomanga phyllosilicate, kei ngā kohuke serpentine ngā hanganga tioata paparangi i titoa mai i ngā papa silica tetrahedral taurite me ngā papa konupūmā hauwai octahedral, he whakaritenga hanganga e whakatau ana i tō rātou ngāwari, te wāwāhitanga, me te whanonga tinana.
Ko te Serpentine tētahi o ngā kohuke whakarerekē tino whānui i roto i te lithosphere moana me te continental o te Ao, ā, he wāhi taketake tōna ki ngā tukanga ā-whenua e pā ana ki te pāhekoheko wai-kohatu. Ko te panonitanga o ngā toka ultramafic ki te serpentine, e kīia nei ko te serpentinization, tētahi o ngā tauhohenga waiariki tino nui e puta ana i roto i te kiriwhenua o te Ao me te kōpū o runga. I tēnei tukanga, ka tauhohe te wai ki ngā kohuke silikana e whai rawa ana i te konupora, pēnei i te olivine me te pyroxene, ka puta mai ngā kohuke serpentine me te brucite, te magnetite, me te haurehu hauwai. Ka pā tēnei tauhohenga ki ngā āhuatanga tinana me te matū o ngā toka mā te whakaiti i te kiato, te whakarerekē i te tere hū, te whakarerekē i te kaha mīhini, me te pā ki te rere wai i roto i ngā taiao tectonic. Nā reira, kua noho ko te Serpentine hei kaupapa rangahau nui i roto i te petrology whakarerekē, te tectonics papa, te geochemistry, te āhuatanga whenua moana, tae atu ki te astrobiology, e whakaarotia ana ko te serpentinization tētahi pūngao kaha mō te ora moroiti i roto i ngā taiao hōhonu o raro.
Hītori o Serpentine
Ko te ingoa Serpentine i ahu mai i te kupu Latin serpens, te tikanga “nake,” he tohu ki te kara kākāriki me ngā tauira kōpurepore o te kohuke e rite ana ki te kiri o te nake. Kua whakamahia tēnei ingoa whakaahua mō ngā rau tau, ā, e whakaatu ana i tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino mōhiotia o te rōpū kohuke. Ahakoa i whakamahia tuatahitia te kupu mō ngā kōhatu whakapaipai kākāriki, ko te ahu whakamua o te pūtaiao kohuke i whakaatu ko te serpentine ehara i te kohuke kotahi, engari he rōpū matatini o ngā silicates konupora haumākū e pātata ana, he rite ngā tītoa matū engari he rerekē te hanganga tioata. E mōhiotia ana e te whakarōpū kohuke hou ko te serpentine he rōpū kohuke i roto i te akomanga phyllosilicate, ko te antigorite, lizardite, me te chrysotile ngā momo matua. I tino mārama te wehewehenga i waenga i ēnei kohuke i te rautau tekau mā iwa me te rautau rua tekau i te mea ka whakawhiwhia e te crystallography, te optical mineralogy, te X-ray diffraction, me te electron microprobe analysis ngā tikanga tika ake mō te tautuhi i ngā hanganga kohuke me ngā tītoa matū.
Ko te Serpentine tētahi o ngā kōrero tawhito rawa atu mō te whakamahi a te tangata i waenga i ngā kōhatu whakapaipai. E whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga whaipara tangata i tāraitia, i whakakanohitia hoki e ngā iwi puta noa i Ūropi, Āhia, Āwherika, me ngā Whenua o Amerika i ngā mano tau ki mua, hei hanga i ngā taonga kawa, i ngā hīri, i ngā mata, i ngā ipu, i ngā whakapakoko, me ngā whakapaipai whare. I whakanuia e ngā Ihipiana tawhito, ngā Kariki, me ngā Rōmana te serpentine kākāriki mō ngā take whakapaipai nā tōna ātaahua me te māmā o te tārai ki te whakatairite ki ngā kōhatu tārake ake. I Haina, he maha ngā momo serpentine i whakamahia hei hanga i ngā taonga kawa, i ngā whakapakoko, i ngā whakakai, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakamahia hei whakakapi utu iti mō te pounamu nephrite nā te ōrite o ōna tae me ōna kākano. Puta noa i ngā Wharekarakia me te Renaissance, i whakamahia tonutia te serpentine ki roto i ngā whare karakia, i ngā whare rangatira, i ngā whare tūmatanui hoki hei kōhatu whakapaipai mō ngā pou, mō ngā pātai pakitara, mō ngā papa, me ngā whakauru whakapaipai. He maha tonu ngā whare tawhito puta noa i Itāria me ētahi atu wāhanga o Ūropi e tiaki ana i ngā serpentine whakakanohitia e whakamahia ana hei kōhatu whare, e whakaatu ana i tōna pūmau me tōna ātaahua whakamīharo i roto i ngā rautau o te whakapā.
Ko te hiahia pūtaiao ki te kererūwhitiki i piki whakaharahara i te rautau rua tekau i te tāpiripiri o te tohunga whenua e mōhio ana ki tōna hiranga ki te whakamārama i ngā tukanga kōhuru me te papa tōrara. I kitea e ngā kairangahau ko ngā kohuke kererūwhitiki e puta mai i te whakamaurutanga o ngā toka kōiwitanga tuao, hei tohu matua mō te whakawhiti wai-wera me te taunekeneke wairewa-waenga i te rohe o te papa tōrara moana me ngā wāhi whakamihi. Ko te tukanga whakamauru kererūwhitiki i tino whāia e te rangahau whenua nā te mea e whakaawe ana i te kiko toka, ngā āhuatanga rū, te whakaputanga hauwai, te hurihanga waro, me te whanonga aunoa o ngā papa tōrara. Nā tata ake nei, kua whiwhi te kererūwhitiki i tōna hiranga anō i te pūtaiao taiao me te whenuatī me te tūāpapa, i reira e rangahaua tōna hanganga hei taunakitanga o te mahi wai o mua i runga i ngā tinana ātea pērā i Mars, ā, hei tikanga pea mō te whakapuru waro hauhā mō te wā roa mā te whakamauru kohuke. I tēnei rā, ka noho tonu te kererūwhitiki hei rōpū kohuke nui i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao me ngā kohinga whare taonga, e hono ana i ngā marau o te mātai kohuke, te mātai toka, te matū whenua, te matawhenua taiao, me te hītori o te mahi whakairo toka whakarākei.
Te Hanganga o Serpentine
Ko te hāngai o te nakahi i te nuinga o te wā mā tētahi tukanga ā-papa e mōhiotia ana ko te whakawhanaunga nakahi, he tauhohenga whakamākūtanga e whakarerekētia ana ngā toka ultramafic e ki ana i te konupora me te rino e te wai e rere ana i roto i ngā whatianga me ngā wāhi ngoto i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua me te kōpū o runga. Ko ngā toka matua e whakamahia nuitia ana ko te peridotite, te dunite, te harzburgite, te lherzolite, me te pyroxenite, ko ēnei katoa e whai ana i te olivine me te pyroxene. Inā pā atu ēnei kohuke ki ngā wai wera i raro i ngā āhuatanga pēhanga me te mahana e tika ana, ka noho kore pūmau te whakapūtau, ka tauhohe ki te wai hei whakaputa i ngā kohuke nakahi me te brucite, te magnetite, te talc, te chlorite, me ētahi atu wāhanga tuarua. Ka puta tēnei panonitanga i te nuinga o te wā i te mahana mai i te 150°C ki te 500°C, i runga anō i te pēhanga, te hanganga o te wai, me te whakaranu kohuke motuhake, ahakoa he rerekē te awhe pūmau i waenga i ngā momo nakahi rerekē. Ka whakaputa hoki te tauhohenga i te hauwai mā te whakapā hepara o te rino ferrous, e waiho ana te whakawhanaunga nakahi hei tino tauhohenga wai-toka i roto i te lithosphere o te whenua.
Ko te whakamātaratara he mea whānui rawa i te taha o ngā hiwi waenga moana, ngā huringa pararau o te moana, ngā rohe tukunga whenua, ngā pūhui ophiolite, me ngā tinana ultramafic whenua kua pakaru hōhonu e taea ai e te wai moana, te wai whenua rānei te kuhu ki roto i ngā toka i ahu mai i te kiripaka. I roto i ngā taiao moana, ka kuhu te wai moana ki roto i te lithosphere moana hou i roto i ngā pūnaha pakaru whānui, e tīmata ai te whakarerekē waiariki o ngā peridotite kiripaka i raro i te papa moana. Ka pērā anō ngā tukanga i roto i ngā pae maunga whenua, kei reira ngā kongakonga o te kiripaka moana tawhito me te korowhā o runga, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā ophiolite, kua whakawhitinga tikanga ki runga i ngā tahataha whenua. I te piki haere o te whakamākū, ka whakakapia haeretia ngā kohuke kore-wai taketake e te serpentine, e piki ai te rahi o te toka kāinga, i te wa e heke iho ana te kiato me te kaha miihini. Ko ēnei panoni ā-tinana e whakaawe nui ana i te whanonga hapa, te whakapapa ngaru rū, te heke wai, me te whanaketanga roa o ngā rohe papa tectonic. Nā te mea he ngoikore ake te kaha miihini o ngā toka kua whakamātaratara i ngā peridotite hou, he maha ngā wā ka whai wāhi nui ēnei ki te whakauru i te whakahuringa i roto i ngā rohe papa whakakōtui me te huringa.
Ko ētahi mema rerekē o te Rōpū Serpentine ka hua i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāpapa whenua paku rerekē, e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te whakakētanga, me te matū o te wai. Ko te Lizardite ka puta i te wā o te whakarerekētanga pāmahana iti e tata ana ki te mata o te whenua, ā, ka kitea nuitia i ngā serpentiniti kāore i tino whakakē. Ko te Chrysotile, te mema muka o te rōpū, ka whakatioka i te nuinga o te wā ki ngā whatiwhatinga me ngā iaka e rere ai ngā waiwaro wera i roto i ngā toka ultramafic i raro i ngā āhuatanga e whakatairanga ana i te tipu o te muka. Ko te Antigorite, he rereke, he pūmau ki ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei ake i ērā atu kōhatu serpentine, nō reira he tohu mō te metamorphism ā-rohe me ngā taiao e pā ana ki te tāheke, i reira ka noho tonu ki te hōhonu neke atu i te tekau mā rua kiromita i mua i te pakaruhanga ka huri hei huihuinga kōhatu mātotoru ake. Ko ēnei rerekētanga o te pūmau ka waiho ngā momo serpentine takitahi hei tohu uara mō ngā āhuatanga metamorphism me te kunenga ahuwhenua. Mā te tautuhi i te kōhatu serpentine kei roto i tētahi toka, ka taea e ngā kaimataiwhenua te whakahou i tōna hītori waiariki, te whakatau i te taumata metamorphism, me te mārama ake ki ngā tukanga ā-papa whenua i pā ki tētahi rohe i roto i ngā miriona tau.
I tua atu i tōna hiranga i roto i te petrology metamorphic, kua kukumehia te aro nui o te whakawhanaunga i roto i te geochemistry hou, te pūtaiao taiao, me te torotoro ao. He mahi nui tēnei tikanga i roto i te huringa waro me te hauwai hōhonu o Papatūānuku’s, e whakaawe ana i te matū o ngā punaha hydrothermal, e tautoko ana i ngā hapori moroiti ahurei e whiwhi pūngao mai i te hauwai i hangaia i roto i ngā tauhohenga wai-kohatu, kaua mai i te rā. Hei taapiri, kua tohua te whakawhanaunga hei natura
Momo Pōhaku Āwhiowhio
Ko te Rōpū Serpentine he maha ngā momo kohuke e ōrite ana te whakaurunga matū, engari he rerekē te hanganga tioata, te āhua, me te putanga whenua.
- Antigorite – Ko te kohuke nīkawari tino pūmau i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanatanga teitei. He maha ngā wā ka puta hei hui pāpāhia, whārangi, mōwai rānei, ā, koinei te momo nīkawari tino nui e kitea ana i roto i ngā toka panoni a rohe me ngā taiao rohe whakatō.
- Rīhariti – Ko te mema tino nui me te whānui o te Rōpū Serpentine. Ka puta mai i te whakarerekētanga waiariki iti-mahana o ngā toka ultramafic, ā, ka kitea hei whakahiatotanga kirikiri pai, paparua, kriptokirikiri rānei.
- Chrysotile – He momo muka o te serpentine e whakakoekoe ana i roto i ngā uaua me ngā whatiwhati i roto i te serpentinite. Ko ōna muka ngāwari, hiraka i whakatau ai hei pūtake matua mō te asbestos mā, ahakoa kua tino heke te whakamahinga arumoni nā te āwangawanga hauora e pā ana ki ngā muka e rere ana i te hau.
- Nākahi Tapa-Maha – He momo hanganga tino onge e tohua ana e ngā whakaritenga tioata ngongo taparau. Ka kitea i te nuinga o te wā mā ngā rangahau kiripiriaki me te moroiti irahiko, kaua mā te tauira ringaringa.
- Chrysotile Tapa Maha – He āhua whakawhiti onge, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga hanganga kei waenganui i te chrysotile tikanga me te serpentine tapatoru. Ko te nuinga he mea whai pānga pūtaiao mō te mārama ki ngā tikanga tipu karaihe o ngā kōhatu serpentine.
Te Putanga me te Tohatoha
Ko Serpentine tētahi o ngā rōpū pūkohu metamorphic e whānui whakahirahira ana i te Ao, ā, ka puta ki ia whenua i te taha o ngā toka ultramafic kua whakamākūtia me te panoni waiariki. Nā te mea ka puta a Serpentine mā te hurihanga o ngā toka i ahu mai i te korōro, kaua mā te whakatōtō tika mai i te magma, nō reira he nui rawa atu i roto i pōhaku tāwharu, he toka metamorphic e titoa ana e te nuinga o ngā kohuke serpentine. Ka kitea nuitia ngā tinana serpentinite whānui i roto i ngā huinga ophiolite, i rekoata e ngā kongakonga o te kirinuku o te moana tawhito me te kōpū o runga kua whakanohoia ki runga i ngā taitapa o te whenua. Ko ēnei horopaki ā-āhuatanga e tiaki ana i ngā pūkete utu nui o ngā tukanga papa tectonic, te whanaketanga o te papa o te moana, me te hihiko o te kōpū, nā reira ko ngā toka kei a rātou te serpentine he mea nui ki te rangahau ā-āhuatanga. I tua atu i ngā ophiolite, ka kitea nuitia te serpentine i roto i ngā rohe whakahekeheke, ngā rōpū huringa alpine, ngā pūnaha waiwera e hono ana ki ngā hiwi i waenganui moana, me ngā papatipu peridotite kua panonitia e te whatianga, te hikitia rānei. Kua tuhia ngā putunga nui o te serpentine puta noa i te ao. I Itāria, ka kitea nuitia te serpentinite i ngā Maunga Alpine me ngā Maunga Apennine, ā, kua whakamahia hei kōhatu whakapaipai mai i ngā wā o Roma. Ko Switzerland, Austria, me France hoki kei a rātou ngā putanga nui o te serpentinite Alpine e hono ana ki te huringa ā-rohe. Ko ngā papatipu ultramafic nui i Norway, Finland, Greece, me Turkey e whakapūtea ana i te serpentine i hanga i ngā wā o mua o te ao. I Russia, he nui ngā toka kei a rātou te serpentine i roto i ngā Maunga Ural me ngā rōpū ultramafic Siberian, i reira ka kitea tahi me ngā putanga chromite, talc, me magnetite. I Ahia, ka kitea ngā putanga rongonui i Haina, Hapani, Īnia, me Pakitāne, i reira ka hono te serpentine ki ngā rōpū ophiolite, ngā whenua huringa, me ngā papatipu ultramafic kua panonitia e te waiwera. He maha ngā putanga serpentine whakapaipai a Haina kua whakairohia hei whakapakoko, hei taonga whakapaipai, hei rauemi hanga whare, ā, kei a Hapani ētahi wāhi matarohia kua whai wāhi nui ki ngā rangahau ā-mineral o te Rōpū Serpentine.
I te Raki o Amerika, ka kitea whānuitia te serpentine i te uru o te Hononga o Amerika, tae atu ki Karipōnia, Orekona, Wāhingatana, me ētahi wāhi o Araka, i reira e kitea ai ngā pūhui ophiolite nunui me ngā toka hāpua kua tāwhangia. E rongonui ana a Karipōnia mō ōna hanganga serpentinite whānui, e piri pū ana ki ngā Rangi Takutai me te pūnaha hapa o San Andreas. Ka kitea hoki te serpentine i Vermont, Maryland, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, me ētahi porowini o Kānata, inā rā a Piripaneana Kolomipia, Kuipeka, me Nukufenua. I te Tuakoki ki te Tonga, ka kitea ngā rōria serpentinite whakahirahira i Ahitereiria, Aotearoa, Parīhi, Āwherika ki te Tonga, me Timuwawe, e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha o ngā toka ultramafic puta noa i ngā taiao tectonic tawhito me ērā o nāianei. Ko ēnei putanga whānui e whakaatu ana ko te serpentinization tētahi tukanga pūmau o te whenua e mahi ana i roto i ngā momo taiao tectonic puta noa i te hītori o te Whenua’s.
Ko te Serpentine e kitea ana i te nuinga o te wā i te taha o ngā kohuke metamorphic me hydrothermal maha e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga pēhanga-pāmahana me te waiū o roto. Ko ngā kohuke e kitea whānuitia ana ko te magnetite, brucite, talc, chlorite, tremolite, actinolite, olivine, pyroxene, calcite, dolomite, magnesite, chromite, me te antigorite anō i roto i ngā huinga serpentinite whakauru. I roto i ngā uaua hydrothermal, ka puta hoki te serpentine i te taha o te quartz, calcite, prehnite, epidote, me ngā momo kohuke sulfide. Ko te huinga kohuke tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga o te toka ultramafic taketake, ki te matū o ngā waiū e kuhu ana, me te hītori pēhanga-pāmahana i pākia i te wā o te panoni. Ko ēnei hononga e whakarato ana i ngā kaimātai whenua ki ngā mōhiohio whai hua hei whakaara i te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha hydrothermal tawhito me te mārama ki te panoni metamorphic o ngā toka i ahu mai i te kahu o Earth’s.
Hanganga Karaihe
Ko ngā kohuke nāku (serpentine) nō te karaehe phyllosilicate, arā, he papa silikara, ā, kei a rātou tētahi o ngā hanganga kiripara paparua tino motuhake i waenga i ngā kohuke silikara. Ko tō rātou pōporo whakatūnga taketake he papa tetrahedral silica (Si₂O₅) me ngā papa octahedral konupūmā hauwai [Mg₃(OH)₄] e tauwhiti ana, e hono tahi ana hei hanga i tētahi hanganga paparua 1:1 e tāruarua ana. Ahakoa he rite tēnei whakarite ki ngā kohuke paraka pērā i te kaolinīte, he rerekētanga iti i waenga i ngā ine o ngā papa tetrahedral me octahedral ka whakaputa i te taumaha hanganga ā-whare. Ka kore e noho papatahi tonu, ka piko, ka kōpiko, ka nukunuku rānei ngā papa hei whakatutuki i tēnei rerekētanga, e whakaputa ana i ngā hanganga kiripara tohu e kitea ana i ngā momo nāku rerekē. Ko ēnei rerekētanga hanganga āhua īnaki te take o ngā āhua tinana me ngā tikanga kiripara rerekē o te antigorite, te lizardite, me te chrysotile ahakoa he tata rawa te rite o ō rātou hanganga matū. I waenga i ngā momo matua e toru, ko te lizardite te hanganga kiripara māmā rawa, he papa paparua e takoto ana i tētahi whirihoranga tata-papatahi. Ka whakaputa i ngā kohinga pararau tino pai rawa atu, papatahi rānei, ā, ko te kohuke nāku tino nui i roto i ngā serpentinite mahana iti. Ko te chrysotile, he rerekē, ka whanake inā ka puta te rerekētanga hanganga ka huri ngā papa takitahi ki roto i ngā porotaka moroiti, e whakaputa ana i ngā muka tuwhera tino pai. Ko tēnei hanganga kiripara ngongo e hōmiro ai te chrysotile i tōna ngāwari me tōna kaha kukume, ngā āhuatanga i whakamahia whānuitia ai ki te ahumahi hei asbestos mā. Ko te antigorite te hanganga uaua rawa o te rōpū, me ōna papa e huri haere ana i te huarahi ngaru, e hanga ana i ngā papa kōwikawika e kaha ana ki te noho pūmau i raro i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga tiketike rawa atu i te lizardite me te chrysotile. Ko tēnei uauatanga hanganga e whakamārama ai te noho rangatira o te antigorite i te maha o ngā taiao metamorpi pēhanga tiketike e pā ana ki ngā rohe whakaheke.
Ko te matū tioata o te serpentine e whakaaturia ana e te whakakapinga katote whānui, e taea ai te whakakapi i te konupora ki te haeana, te nīkaro, te manganihi, te konūma, te konumohe, me ētahi atu huānga, me te kore e whakarerekē i te anga tioata. Ko ēnei whakakapinga e whakamārama ana i te rerekētanga nui o te tae, te kiato, ngā āhuatanga autō, me te hanganga matū o ngā tauira māori i kohia mai i ngā horopaki āhuahanga rerekē. Ka whakaurua te wai ki roto i te anga tioata hei pūhui hauwai, e waiho ai te serpentine hei kōhuke haumākū e taea ana te kawe i ngā rahinga nui o te wai herea ki roto i te whenua i te wā o te rohenga. I te pikinga o te pēhanga me te pāmahana i te tanumanga hōhonu, ka noho koretake ngā kōhuke serpentine, ka pirau hei kōhuke mārō atu, me te tuku wai e whai wāhi ana ki te whakarewanga o te kāhui me te pahūtanga o te puia i runga ake i ngā rohe rohenga. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he mea nui anake te hanganga tioata o te serpentine mō te tautuhi kōhuke, engari he wāhi nui tōna ki ngā tukanga āhuahanga nui e pā ana ki te huringa wai o te whenua, te hihikotanga o te kāhui, me te nekehanga papa.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ko te kōhatu nākahi e whakaatu ana i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana nā te mea he rōpū kōhatu, ehara i te momo kōhatu kotahi. Ko te nuinga o ngā kōhatu nākahi he kākāriki te tae, ahakoa ka puta ētahi tauira māori he kākāriki-kōwhai, he kākāriki-puru, he kākāriki pōuri, he kākāriki oriwa, he parauri, he hina, he pango, he tata ki te mā rānei i runga i te hanganga matū me te tohu panoni. Ko ngā momo e nui ana te rino, he pōuri ake ngā atarangi, ko ngā tauira e nui ana te konupora, he māmā ake te kākāriki. He maha ngā kōhatu nākahi nunui e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira kotingotingo, whaka-uaua, tāpoi rānei i hangaia e te tipu tahi o ngā momo kōhatu nākahi me ngā kōhatu e hono ana, e tino ataahua ai hei kōhatu whakapaipai. Ko te kōhatu he tikanga he kanapa ware, he kanapa hinuhinu, he kanapa hiraka, he kanapa karaihe rānei i runga i te hanga karaihe, ā, ko ngā tauira orohia ka puta he āhua maeneene, he rite ki te pounamu. Ko te kōhatu nākahi he mārōmāro i ngā tapa angiangi engari ka rere mai i te mārama i ngā karaihe moroiti onge ki te pōuri katoa i ngā whakahiato nunui mātotoru.
Ko te pakeke o te serpentine i te nuinga o te wā kei waenga i te 2.5 ki te 5.5 i te tauine Mohs, ahakoa he rerekē te ātete ki te werohanga o ia momo. Ko Chrysotile, nā tōna hanganga muka, kei roto i ngā mema ngāwari ake o te rōpū, engari ko te antigorite he pakeke ake, he kōpū ake. Ko te taumaha motuhake e taka ana i waenga i te 2.4 me te 2.8, e whakaatu ana i te hanganga nui o te konupora o te kohuke me te iti o te kiato ki te whakataurite ki ētahi atu kohuke silicate. He rerekē te wehenga i runga i te hanganga tioata, engari i te nuinga o te wā he tino pai ki te pai ki tētahi aronga nā te whakatakotoranga paparanga o ngā rau silicate, ko te whati he ōrite, he māwhaiwhai, he muka rānei i roto i ngā momo papatipu me te hanga asbestos. Ko te nuinga o ngā kohuke serpentine he ngāwari, he māmā te whakairo, e whai wāhi ana ki tō rātou hītori roa hei kōhatu whakapaipai me te whakapaipai. Ko tō rātou hanganga tioata paparanga ka puta mai he ngāwari ngāwari i ētahi momo muka, ahakoa ko ngā serpentine papatipu e noho kōpura ana ina pāngia e te auaha kaha.
I te taha matū, ko te serpentine he phyllosilicate konupora wai me te tātai whakaaro Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄, ahakoa ko ngā tauira māori he maha ngā whakakapinga nui o te rino, te nikera, te manganihi, te konumohe, te chromium, me ētahi atu huānga tohu. Ko ēnei whakakapinga ka whakaputa i ngā rerekētanga āhua i te tae, te kiato, ngā āhuatanga autō, me te pūmau i waenga i ngā momo rerekē. Ka whakauruhia te wai ki roto i te punga tioata hei rōpū hydroxyl, kaua ko ngā rāpoi wai kore here, e whai take ana te serpentine hei puna wai here i roto i te Earth’s crust me te kōpuku o runga. I raro i te pikinga o te pēhanga me te pāmahana i te wā o te takanga ā-rohe, ka kore e pūmau te serpentine, ka whakamākūkūhia, ka tuku wai e whai wāhi ana ki te whakaputa magma i runga ake i ngā rohe tāpiri. Ko tēnei tukanga whakamākūkū he tino wāhi nui ki te nekehanga papatu o te ao me te huringa wai hōhonu o Papatūānuku, e whai take ana te serpentine hei kōhuke wai tino nui ahakoa tōna hanga matū māmā.
Mai i te tirohanga tautuhi, ka raru te tangata ki te whakapōhēhē i te serpentine ki te pounamu, ki te kloraiti, ki te nephrite, ki te maramara kākāriki, ki te kohatu hopi, ki ētahi atu kowhatu whakapaipai kākāriki hoki nā tōna āhua rite. Heoi, he ngohengohe ake i te pounamu, ā, he āhua hinuhinu, he āhua ware rānei tōna kiri e mōhiotia ana e ngā tohunga mātai kowhatu whai wheako. Ko te tautuhi taiwhanga he whakamahi i te whakapae hihi-X, te rama Raman, te rama pōkākā, te moroiti karapa hiko, me te tātaritanga microprobe hiko, inarā ki te wehewehe i waenga i te antigorite, te lizardite, me te chrysotile. Nā te mea he ōrite te tātai matū o ia momo engari he rerekē te hanganga tioata, ko ngā tikanga tioata te huarahi tino pono mō te tautuhi tika. Ko ēnei āhua ā-tinana me ā-matū kāore anake e tautuhi ana i te serpentine hei rōpū kohuke, engari e whakamārama ana hoki i tōna hiranga i roto i te rangahau matawhenua, te whakarōpū kohuke, me te mātai kohuke ahumahi.
Pounamu hākinakina ki te Pounamu
Ahakoa he rite tonu te āhua o Tangiwai me Pounamu nā te kara kākāriki me te mata pīataata, he rerekē rawa atu rāua i te hanganga kōhuke, te pakeke, te mārō, te hanganga karaihe, me te takenga ā-whenua.
| Taonga | Whēnga | Pounamu |
|---|---|---|
| Rōpū Kōhuke | He rōpū o ngā kohuke konupora whaiwai kirikiri, tae atu ki te antigorite, te lizardite, me te chrysotile. | E pā ana ki ngā kohuke motuhake e rua: Nephrite (amphibole) me Jadeite (pyroxene). |
| Te Waihanga Matū | Te nuinga he Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄ me ngā rahinga rerekē o te rino, te nikera, te manganihi, te kromium, me te konumohe. | Ko te Nephrite he silikāti konupūmā, konupūme, rino, engari ko te Jadeite he silikāti konutai, konumohe. |
| whakataunga | Ka puta mai mā te whakapiripiri, te panonitanga waiariki o ngā toka tino mātaratara pēnei i te peridotite me te dunite. | Ka hanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakarerekē pēhanga tiketike e hono ana ki ngā rohe whakaheke. |
| Hanganga Karaihe | Te hanganga phyllosilicate papapapa me ngā silicate whariki. | Te hanganga kirikiri whakawhitiwhiti muka (nephrite) kirikiri rānei (jadeite) e whakarato ana i te pākari tino nui. |
| Te pakeke o Mohs | 2.5–5.5 | Pounamu: 6.0–6.5 Jadeite: 6.5–7.0 |
| toitū | He āhua pūmau engari he nui ake te whakaraerae ki ngā karawhiu, te whakapākoko, me te kino i te pānga. | He tino pakari, he tino aukati hoki ki te pānga, nā reira koinei tētahi o ngā rawa kohatu tino toitū. |
| Āhua | Ko te nuinga he kākāriki me te kanapa ware, he kanapa hinu rānei, he maha tonu te whakaatu i ngā tauira pūrei, i ngā tauira uaua rānei. | Ka whakaatu te nuinga i te kanapa hinuhinu maeneene me te tae ōrite ake me te mārama ake i roto i ngā tauira kounga pai. |
| Ngā Tae Noa | kākāriki, kākāriki kōwhai, kākāriki oriwa, parauri, pango, hina, me ngā huinga purepure. | Kākāriki, mā, lavender, kōwhai, pango, karaka, whero, me ētahi atu tae onge e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo kōhatu. |
| Māramatanga | I te nuinga o te wā, he pōuri ki te mārama. | Mai i te pūataata ki te haurua pūataata i roto i te matū kounga teitei. |
| Ngā whakamahinga noa | Whakairo, whakairo, cabochons, pirepire, taonga whakapaipai, kōhatu whare, me whakapaipai whakapaipai. | Ngā whakapaipai pai, ngā whakairo papai, ngā taonga ahurea, ngā kohinga, me ngā kohatu tāonga utu nui. |
| Uara Arumoni | He utu ngāwari, ā, e wātea whānui ana. | I te nuinga o te wā he nui ake te uara, otirā ko te jadeite tino kounga me te nephrite tino pai. |
| Tautuhi | Ka taea te rerekētia mā te whakamātautau pakeke, te taupū whakaata, te whakamātautau Raman, te whakamātautau pōhihi, me te whakamātautau whakataunga X. | Ko te whakamātautau tohunga-kohatu e whakapūmau ana i te nephrite, i te jadeite rānei mā ngā tikanga whatu me te tātai hikoihiko. |
Ngā Whakamahinga o Serpentine
Kua whakanuia te pounamu mō te hiranga o te whenua me ngā whakamahia whaihua mō ngā mano tau. I ngā wā o mua, kua whakamahia nuitia te pounamu nui hei kōhatu whakapaipai me te whakapaipai nā te ataahua o tōna kara kākāriki, te māeneene o te mata, me te māmā o te whakairo. Ko ngā kaiwhakairo, ngā kaihoahoa whare, me ngā ringatoi kua hanga i te pounamu hei whakapakoko, hei whakairo, hei tāwai, hei ipu, hei whakapaipai, hei pīpī, hei hīra, hei kōpaki, hei pānui whakapaipai mai i ngā wā tawhito. He maha ngā whare tūturu i Ūropi, otirā i Itāria, e whakaatu ana i te pounamu kua whakakōratoria hei kōhatu whare mō ngā pou, ngā papa, te whakapiri pātū, me te whakapaipai i roto. Nā te mea ka tino rite ētahi momo ki te pounamu i muri i te whakakōratoria, kua hokona hoki te pounamu i raro i ngā ingoa tauhokohoko pēnei i a “new jade,” “Korean jade,” “Suzhou jade,” me “olive jade.” Ahakoa e whakamahia nuitia ana ēnei ingoa arumoni i te tauhokohoko pounamu, he rerekē ake te pounamu i te taha o te pounamu tūturu ā-kaupapa kōhatu, ā, he iti ake te pakeke me te mauroa.
I roto i te ahuwhenua me te kohuke, ko te serpeneine tētahi o ngā kohuke tohu tino nui hei tautohu i te whakawetiweti wai o ngā toka ultramafic me te whakahou i ngā tukanga tectonic. Ko te noho o te serpeneine i roto i ngā huinga ophiolite, ngā rohe whakaheke, me ngā toka i ahu mai i te kahu papa e whakaatu tika ana kua puta ngā tauhohenga whakamākū, e taea ai e ngā kaimātai whenua te whakamaori i te hītori pēhanga-pāmahana o tētahi rohe me te mārama ake ki te whanaketanga o te kiri moana tawhito. Ka āta akona ngā toka e mau ana i te serpeneine i roto i te petrology metamorphic, te āhua whenua hanganga, te matū whenua, me te ahupūngao whenua nā te mea ka whakaaweawe nui te serpeneization i te kiato toka, te tere ngaru seismic, te miihini hapa, me te hekenga wai i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua. I tua atu, ko te kaha o te kohuke ki te kawe i te wai herea hanganga ki te kahu papa kua waiho hei mea matua ki te rangahau hou mō te nekehanga papa me te hurihanga wai o te ao.He nui haere te hiranga o te serpeneine i roto i te rangahau taiao me te ahumahi. Nā te mea ka taea e te serpeneine e whai rawa ana i te konupora te tauhohenga māori ki te hauhā ki te whakaputa i ngā kohuke waro pūmau, kua aro nui mai hei rauemi pea mō te hopu waro me te whakakohatu waro, he hangarau hou e whai ana ki te rongoa tonu i te CO₂ o te takiwā. Kei te whakatewhatewha tonu ngā kairangahau i ngā tikanga hei whakateretere i ēnei tauhohenga hei āwhina ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga haurehu kati mahana me te whakamāmā i te huringa āhuarangi. Ka akona hoki te serpeneine hei puna konupora mō ngā whakamahinga ahumahi, hei rauemi mata pea i roto i ētahi hua parekura, uku, me ētahi rauemi hanga motuhake, ahakoa he iti noa iho ēnei whakamahinga ki te whakataurite ki ngā kohuke ahumahi nui ake.
Ko tētahi mema o te rōpū Serpentine, ko te chrysotile, e tika ana kia āta whakaarohia nā tōna hiranga o mua me ngā mōrearea hauora e pā ana. I kerihia nuitia te chrysotile ā, i whakamahia hei asbestos mā nā tōna tino ngāwari, te kaha o te tō, te ātete wera, te pūmau matū, me ngā āhuatanga whakamatao. Puta noa i te nuinga o te rautau rua tekau, i whakaurua ki roto i ngā rauemi hanga whare, te whakamatao, ngā hua tuanui, ngā kapi parai, ngā kākahu, me ngā wāhanga ahumahi maha. Heoi, i kitea e te rangahau pūtaiao ko te kaha o te whakahā i ngā muka asbestos e rere ana i te rangi ka puta he mate huango kino, tae atu ki te asbestosis, te mate pukupuku pūkahukahu, me te mesothelioma. Nā reira, kua tino taiaha te keri me te whakamahi arumoni o te chrysotile, kua aukatia rānei i ngā whenua maha. He mea nui kia whakanuia ko te nuinga o ngā serpentine whakapaipai nui e whakamahia ana mō ngā whakairo, ngā kohatu māpuna rānei, kāore e whakaatu i te taumata ōrite o te mōrearea ki te asbestos chrysotile pakarukaru, ahakoa me mahi tonu ngā whakatūpato tika ina tapahi, oro, tukatuka rānei i ngā rauemi whai serpentine kei roto pea ngā kohuke muka.