Ko te Pentlandite he kohuke whanui konukawata-konumohe nui, ko tōna tātai matū ko (Fe,Ni)9S8. Koia te pūtake matua me te tino whai hua o te konumohe o te ao, he rawa e kore e taea te whakakapi mō te hanga kowiri tira, pākahiko waka hiko (EV), me ngā momo koranu kaha katoa. Ki te titiro, ko te pentlandite e mōhiotia ana mō tōna tae parāhe-kōwhai mārama ki te parāhe-kōwhai, he kanapa whakarewa, me te kiri parāhe-parauri mā. Ko tōna pakeke Mohs he 3.5 ki te 4, ā, ko tōna taumaha motuhake he 4.6 ki te 5.0. Ahakoa he rite tonu te āhua ki te pyrite (“te koura a te wairangi”) me te chalcopyrite, ka taea te wehewehe i te pentlandite mā tōna āhua kore aukume, he aukume tino ngoikore rānei, me tōna wehenga oktahedra, kaua ko te wehenga pono. I roto i te keri ahumahi, tata tonu ka kitea e piri pū ana ki te pyrrhotite me ētahi atu kohuke sulfide.
Ko te Pentlandite ka puta i ngā tukanga maaka e pā ana ki ngā toka ahi mafic me ultramafic. I te whakamātao o te wairewa i ahu mai i te koropuku i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, ka kī pea i te whanariki, ka puta he wai whanariki kore e whakauru ki te wairewa tioata huri noa. Ko ēnei wai whanariki e whai hua ana ki te whakakao i ngā konganuku pēnei i te nikera, te rino, te parahi, te kōpata, me ngā huānga o te rōpū konukawata. Nā te nui ake o te kiato, ka heke iho ngā whakaemi whanariki ki raro, ka kohi ki ngā turanga o ngā ruma wairewa, ngā awa rerewa, ngā tinana urutomo rānei, ā, ka puta he putunga whanariki nikera whai hua.
Engari, kaua e whakapakari tika mai i te whakarewa wera-nui tuatahi, ka tipu te pentlandite i ngā wā whakamātao o muri mai o te whakarewa pūngao kotahi. Ina heke iho te pāmahana ki raro i te 610°C (1130°F), ka wehe te pentlandite hei wāhanga kohuke motuhake, ka puta he whakaurunga kirikiri, he āhua mura ahi rānei i roto i ngā toka kaihautū pyrrhotite. He āhuatanga tēnei o te maha o ngā pūnaha nickel sulfide, ā, ka kitea whānuitia i roto i ngā whakaurunga mafic paparanga, ngā putunga e pā ana ki te komatiite, me ngā hanganga toka nunui e pā ana ki te pānga.
I whakaingoatia te kohuke nei ki a Joseph Barclay Pentland, he tohunga whenua me te tohunga taiao no Airihi i noho mai i te tau 1797 ki te 1873. I kohikohi me te ako a Pentland i te kohuke i roto i ngā rangahau whenua i te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, ā, i muri mai ka whakaahuahia ōkawatia, ka whakaingoatia hei pentlandite e te tohunga kohuke Wīwī a Dufrénoy i te tau 1856. Ahakoa i tīmatahia hei mea whakamīharo mō ngā kohuke anake, ka whai wāhi nui a pentlandite ki te ahumahi whai muri i te kitenga o ngā putunga nui o te konupūkawa whanariki i te Puna o Sudbury i Ontario, Kānata, i te wā e hanga ana i te reriwe i ngā tau 1880. Mai i taua wā, ko ngā putunga pentlandite i ngā rohe pērā i Sudbury, Norilsk-Talnakh i Rūhia, me te takiwā o Kambalda i Ahitereiria, kua noho hei puna nui o te konupūkawa me ngā konganuku e pā ana ki te ao, e whakamahia ana ki te hanga tīra kōrure, ki ngā whakaranu, me ngā hangarau pākahiko hou.
Koiora o te Pentlandite
Ko te Pentlandite e whakawhanake ana i roto i te pūnaha tioata isometric, cubic rānei, ā, no roto tonu i te roopu mokowā cubic anga-whānui Fm3m. Ko tōna hanganga ngota e whakaarotia ana he uaua i waenga i ngā kohuke sulfide nā te mea e whai wāhi ana ki te whakaritenga raupapa o ngā wāhanga whakarewa me te whanariki i roto i te whāriki kikī. Ko te anga hanganga e rangatira ana e ngā ngota whanariki kua whakaritea ki te whirihora cubic kikī, e hanga ana i te tuara matua o te tioata. I roto i tēnei anga whanariki, ka noho ngā ngota rino me te nikera ki ngā tūranga whakawhiti, ka tohatohahia i waenga i ngā wāhi whakarite tetrahedral me octahedral. I roto i te whakarite tetrahedral, e karapotia ana te ngota whakarewa e whā ngota whanariki, i te whakarite octahedral, e karapotia ana e ono ngota whanariki. Ko te noho tahi o ēnei taiao whakarite e whai wāhi ana ki te pūmau hanganga me te whanonga whakarewa o te kohuke. Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tioata tautuhi o te pentlandite ko te noho o ngā kāhui i titoa e waru ngā tetrahedra whakarewa-whānui e hono tapa ana. Ka hangaia e ēnei kāhui he tawhiti whakarewa-whakarewa poto i roto i te whāriki tioata, e hua ana i ngā pāhekoheko whakarewa kaha i waenga i ngā ngota rino me te nikera. Ko tēnei whakaritenga te take tika mō ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana nui, tae atu ki te kiato teitei o te kohuke, te ārahi hiko, me te kanapa whakarewa. Nā te mea ka taea e te nikera me te rino te whakakapi whānui tētahi i tētahi i roto i te hanganga, ka whakaatu te pentlandite i te ngāwari hanganga i te wa e pupuri ana i te pūmau hanganga katoa. Ahakoa no roto te pentlandite i te pūnaha cubic, he uaua te kitea o ngā tioata o waho e tino hanga ana i te taiao. Ko te nuinga o ngā putanga he whakahiato sulfide nui, kirikiri, marara, whakauru rānei e hono ana ki te pyrrhotite me te chalcopyrite. I raro i te tirotiro miihini, ka puta te pentlandite hei mura whakarewa, hei pūpuhi rānei i roto i te pyrrhotite, e whakaata ana i tōna hanganga i te wā o te whakamātao pōturi o ngā whakarewa sulfide. He mea nui tēnei kakano whakarewa i roto i te miihini kōhuke me te āhuatanga ōhanga nā te mea e āwhina ana i ngā kaimātai whenua ki te tautuhi i ngā pūnaha sulfide nikera magmatic me te hanga anō i te hītori wera o ngā putanga kōhuke. Ka whai wāhi nui hoki te matū tioata o te pentlandite ki tōna hiranga ōhanga. Ka whakauru noa te hanganga i ngā tohu iti o te cobalt, ā, i ētahi putanga, ngā pūhui rōpū platinum. Ka puta ēnei whakakapinga nā te mea ka taea e te whāriki tioata te whakamātau i ngā rerekētanga iti o te pūtoro katote me te taurite utu me te kore e whakapōrearea i te kohuke. Nā reira, ko te pentlandite te kohuke matua o te nikera, ā, he kaihautū hoki mō ngā whakarewa āwhina whai hua ōhanga i roto i ngā putanga sulfide magmatic puta noa i te ao.
Ngā Tāhu me ngā Āhuatanga Whatu
I roto i ngā tauira ringaringa, ko te pentlandite he tae kōwhai-parāone māmā, kōwhai-parāone, he tae konukura konganuku mākū rānei e rite ana ki te pyrite, ki te chalcopyrite rānei i te titiro tuatahi. Ko ngā mata kātahi anō ka whati ka whakaatu i te kanapa konganuku mārama me te kaha whakaata, engari ko te roa o te rongo ki te hau me te makuku ka pōuri te mata ki te parāone pouri, te kōwhai-parāone, te tae āniwaniwa rānei nā te whakawera. He tino pōuri te kohuke nā te mea kāore e taea e te mārama kitea te uru ki roto i tōna hanganga konganuku mātotoru, he āhuatanga e kitea ana i te nuinga o ngā kohuke sulfide. He kanapa konganuku tino mārama tā te pentlandite, e whakaputa ana i ngā whakaata kaha i raro i ngā rama māori me ngā rama horihori. He māmā ake, he mā ake ngā mata whakaata i ērā o te pyrrhotite, e taea ai e ngā tohunga kohuke wheako te wehewehe i ngā kohuke e rua i roto i ngā tauira ōkiha whakakoi. He ngoikore, he kore mārama rānei te wehenga, ā, ko ngā mata whati he koretake, he āhua anō ki te anga, me te kanapa konganuku whakaata. I raro i te karu whakaata whakaata, ko te tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te ako i ngā kohuke ōkiha pōuri, ka whakaatu te pentlandite i te tae kirīmi-kōwhai mārama ki te mā-parāone māmā. Ko tētahi o ōna āhuatanga whatu tino nui mō te tātaritanga ko tōna whanonga isotropic. Nā te mea no te pūnaha tioata cubic te pentlandite, ka noho ōrite te kohuke i ngā ahunga tioata katoa. I raro i ngā whakaata whakawhiti i roto i te karu whakaata whakaata, ka noho pōuri te kohuke i te wā e huri ana te atamira, ā, kāore e whakaatu i te bireflectance, i ngā huringa tae anisotropic rānei. Ko tēnei āhuatanga isotropic e āwhina ana ki te wehewehe i te pentlandite mai i te maha o ngā sulfide e pā ana e whakaatu ana i te anisotropic. He nui te whakaata o te pentlandite i te mārama kitea, mai i te 40% ki te 50% te nuinga, i runga i te roangaru me te hanganga. Kāore ngā whakaata o roto nā te pōuri o te kohuke me te here konganuku. I roto i ngā wāhanga whakakoi, ka puta te pentlandite e piri ana ki te pyrrhotite i roto i ngā kakano rite mura ahi, kirikiri rānei i puta i te wā o te exsolution. He mea nui ēnei kakano i roto i te petrography ōkiha nā te mea e whakaatu ana i ngā hītori whakamātao me ngā hononga wāhanga sulfide i roto i ngā pūnaha ōkiha magmatic. Mai i te tirohanga kohuke, e piri tata ana ngā āhuatanga whatu o te pentlandite ki tōna hanganga hiko me te here konganuku. Ko te pāhekoheko i waenga i ngā irahiko neke noa me te mārama tāpoko e whakaputa ana i tōna whakaata konganuku me te pōuri. Ko ngā rerekētanga i te ōwehenga nikera-ki-rino, te taumata whakawera, me ngā āhuatanga huarere ka pā ki te tae me te whakaata, ahakoa ka mau tonu te pentlandite i tōna āhua parāone māmā e mōhiotia ana i te nuinga o ngā taiao whenua.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ko te Pentlandite he kohuke pākōhatu sulfide pakarukaru, he mārō āhua, ā, he teitei te kiato. I runga i te tauine mārō o Mohs, ko te nuinga mai i te 3.5 ki te 4, arā, ka taea te waruhia e te mata rino, ā, he mārō ake i te nuinga o ngā kohuke silicate noa. Nā tōna pakarukaru, ka whati te pentlandite, kāore e pīoioi ina pāngia e te taumahatanga. Ko ngā mata whati he koretake, he āhua porotaka rānei, ā, he iti te wehenga, kāore rānei. Ko ēnei āhuatanga tinana e whakaata ana i te here ngota konganuku me te hanganga sulfide kikī o te kohuke. Ko te taumaha motuhake o te pentlandite mai i te 4.6 ki te 5.0, he nui ake i te nuinga o ngā kohuke silicate hanga toka. Nā te nui o ngā konganuku whakawhiti taumaha pērā i te rino me te nikera i roto i te whakatakotoranga tioata tēnei kiato teitei. I roto i ngā putunga kōreko, ka noho tahi te pentlandite me te pyrrhotite, te chalcopyrite, me ētahi atu sulfide, e hanga ana i ngā whakaminenga sulfide maaka e keria ana mō te nikera me ngā konganuku e pā ana. Mō te autō, ko te pentlandite parakore he kore autō, he āhua ngoikore rānei, inā whakaritea ki te pyrrhotite, he kaha te autō. Heoi, ka puta pea he whanonga autō iti nā te tipu tahi moroiti me ngā wāhanga sulfide autō. Ko te kiri o te pentlandite he parāone parāone mā, he parāone pango māmā rānei, ā, ka mau tonu te āhua konganuku ahakoa he paura. Mō te matū, ka whakarōpūtia te pentlandite hei sulfide rino–nikera me te tātai whakaaro (Fe,Ni)₉S₈. He rerekē te ōwehenga rino-ki-nikera i runga i te taiao āhuwhenua me ngā tikanga hanga, ahakoa he ōrite te nui o ngā huānga e rua i roto i ngā tauira māori. He maha ngā wā ka uru te kōpata ki te hanganga i roto i ngā rahinga iti, ā, kei reira pea ngā huānga rōpū konukawata i roto i ētahi pūnaha kōreko. Ko te ngāwari o te whakatakotoranga tioata e taea ai ēnei whakakapinga me te kore e raru nui te hanganga, e waiho ana te pentlandite hei kawe nui o ngā konganuku whai hua ōhanga. He pūmau te pentlandite i raro i ngā tikanga āhuwhenua hōhonu, engari ka kore e pūmau i te taha o te mata o te whenua. Ko te whakapā atu ki te hāora, te wai, me ngā taiao waikawa huarere ka whakapirau haere te hanganga sulfide, e huri ana te kohuke ki ngā kohuke nikera tuarua pērā i te violarite, te millerite, te garnierite, te limonite, me ngā waikura rino nui nikera. Ka taea e tēnei tukanga huarere te whakarerekē i te kohuke o ngā putunga nikera i roto i te wā āhuwhenua, ā, ka arahi pea ki te hanga o ngā rohe whakarangatira tuarua i ngā āhuarangi pārūrū, tino whakapirau rānei. Mai i te tirohanga ahumahi, ko te hanganga matū o te pentlandite te mea nui rawa atu o ngā kohuke kōreko tuatahi o te nikera puta noa i te ao. Ko te nikera i tangohia mai i te pentlandite e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i te hanga kowiri tira, ngā superalloy wera teitei, te whakakikorua hiko, ngā whakaō, me ngā hangarau pākahiko whakakaha. Nā te mea kei roto pea i te pentlandite te kōpata me ngā huānga rōpū konukawata, he nui te uara ōhanga o ngā putunga maha i tua atu i te nikera anake.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Pentlandite
Ko te Pentlandite e mōhiotia ana ko te kohuke matua nui rawa atu o te nikera, nā reira he mea tino nui ki te ahumahi hou me te mahi whakarewa o te ao. Ka keria nuitia te kohuke mō tōna nikera, e tino hiahiatia ana mō te hanga maitai kōrehe, superalloys, pākahiko whakahou, me ngā rawa ahumahi ātete waikura. Ko te nikera i tangohia mai i te pentlandite e whai wāhi nui ana ki te hangarau pākahiko lithium-ion e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā waka hiko me ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao whakahou. I tua atu i te nikera, kei roto i ngā putunga pentlandite te nui o te kōpata, te parahi, me ngā huānga o te rōpū konukura, e whakanui ana i tō rātou hiranga rautaki i roto i te rāngai keri. Ko ngā putunga sulfide nui e mau ana i te pentlandite e hono ana ki ngā pūhui toka mafic me ultramafic, i reira ka tukatukahia te kohuke mā ngā tikanga whakamāunu me te whakarewa hei whakahoki mai i ngā rawa konganuku mō te mahi hangarau tino pai, te aerospace, me ngā whakamahinga hiko.
Ko te tikanga metaphysical o te Pentlandite
I roto i ngā tikanga metaphysical, e whakaarohia ana te Pentlandite hei kōhatu o te kaha o roto, te panonitanga, me te kaha o te pūngao. E whakapono ana ngā kaimahi he kawe te kōhatu i ngā pūngao whakapūmau me te whakapūmau i te mea e kaha ana tōna hononga ki te rino me te nikera, e rua nei e hono tohu ana ki te manawanui, te whakatau, me te whakamarumaru. I ētahi wā ka whakamahia te Pentlandite i te wā o te whakaaroaro hei whakatenatena i te māia, te mārama o te hinengaro, me te tuku i ngā ārai kare-ā-roto, ina koa i ngā wā o te panonitanga whaiaro, te whanaketanga whaiaro rānei. Ka hono ētahi kaiwhakaora kiripia i te kōhatu ki te whakapakari i te hihiri, te whakataurite i te pūngao kare-ā-roto, me te whakakaha i te hononga o tētahi ki te whakatau whai tikanga. Ko tōna kanapa whakarewa me tōna tae parāuri hōhonu e whakaarohia ana hei tohu i te pūmanawa huna me te kitenga o te uara o roto i raro i te pēhanga o waho. Ahakoa e pūtake ana ēnei whakamārama metaphysical i ngā whakapono wairua me ngā whakapono ahurea, kaua i te taunakitanga pūtaiao, ka noho tonu te pentlandite hei mea whakanuia e ngā kaikohi kōhatu me ngā kaingākau kiripia mō tōna onge ā-āhuwhenua me tōna tikanga tohu.