Ko te Olivenite he kohuke parahūhua konukura arsenate waikawa iti e kitea ana, me te tātai matū Cu₂AsO₄(OH). I roto i tōna hanganga, no te pūnaha tioata monoclinic (ahakoa he pseudo-orthorhombic) ā, ka hanga i te raupapa īsomorpika ki ētahi atu kohuke pēnei i te adamite (Zn₂AsO₄OH) me te libethenite (Cu₂PO₄OH). E tino whakanuia ana tēnei kohuke e ngā kaikohi mō te tino kanorau o ōna āhua tioata. Ka puta hei tioata prisma iti pīataata, hei kāhui ngira (acicular), hei kāhui porotaka, hei panuku huruhuru rānei. Ko tōna ingoa i ahu tika mai i tōna tae ā-oriwa kākāriki, ahakoa he whānui te whānuitanga o ōna tae, mai i te pango-kākāriki hōhonu, te kōwhai-parauri tae atu ki te hina-mā māreheka. I runga i te tauine pakeke Mohs, kei te 3 te pakeke o te olivenite, me tōna taumaha motuhake e rere ana i waenga i te 4.1 me te 4.5 i runga i ngā parahūhua matū.
Ko te Olivenite he kohuke taketake tuarua, ko te tikanga kāore e whakakoekoetia tika mai i ngā wai magmatic tuatahi, hydrothermal rānei. Engari, ka puta i roto i ngā rohe whakapouri o runga (e kīia ana ko te “gossan”) o ngā putunga parakawa konukura e tino whai rawa ana i ngā kohuke tuatahi e mau ana i te arsenic, pēnei i te enargite, tennantite, arsenopyrite rānei. Ka whiua ēnei parakawa sulfide tuatahi ki te huarere, ka wāwāhia e te wai meteoric whai hāora (wai ua), ka tuku i ngā katote konukura me te arsenic ki te wairewa. Ka kohu haere ēnei wai waikawa, kī kohuke i roto i ngā toka a tawhio noa, ka whakakore waikawa, ka whakaheke te olivenite i te wairewa ki roto i ngā kōhao, ngā whati, me ngā kōhao. Ka puta tahi me te huinga o ngā kohuke tuarua e pā ana, tae atu ki te malachite, azurite, conichalcite, clinoclase, me ngā waikawa rino pēnei i te limonite. He momo olivenite motuhake, pai muka, whiti—e kīia ana ko te “konukura rākau”—he rite ki te kākano o te rākau nā te herenga tae whakaniko i puta i ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē i te wā o tana whakahekenga pōturi.
Ko te hītori o te olivenite e hoki ana ki te wā kōura o te mātai kōhatu me te matū tātari Pākehā i te mutunga o te rau tau 1800. I te tau 1786, ko Martin Heinrich Klaproth te tohunga matū Tiamana rongonui—e mīharotia ana ko te matua o te matū tātari—i wehewehe, i tātari hoki i tētahi kohuke kākāriki-ōriwa auaha i keria mai i ngā maina o Carharrack me Wheal Virgin i te rohe o Cornwall i Ingarangi. I tuhia e ia mā te āhua whai tikanga hei “parāhi kua kōhuratia e te waikawa o te arsenic,” ahakoa kāore ia i whakaingoa ōkawa. I ētahi tau i muri mai, i te tau 1789, ko Abraham Gottlob Werner te tohunga whenua rongonui i whakauru ōkawa i te kohuke ki ngā tuhinga pūtaiao i raro i te ingoa Tiamana ko Olivenerz (kōhuka ōriwa), e whakaatu mārama ana i tōna tae motuhake. I te tau 1820, ka puta te whanaketanga nui whakamutunga o te ingoa i te wā i huri te tohunga kōhatu Kōtimana a Robert Jameson i te kupu a Werner, ka whakarerekē i te kūmuri ki te whakapūmau i te ingoa hou “olivenite.” I ngā wā o mua, ko te takiwā maina o St Day i Cornwall te puna matua mō ngā tauira tino pai, ahakoa kua kitea ētahi wāhi whakamīharo puta noa i te ao, ko te Tsumeb Mine i Namibia me te Tintic Mining District i Utah, USA.
Te Hanganga Kiripiri me te Hangarite
Ko te Olivenite he kohuke konukōrahu arsinite tuarua e tioata ana i roto i te pūnaha tioata monoclinic, ā, nō te akomanga tioata pararamata (2/m), me te rōpū mokowā P2₁/n. Ahakoa he monoclinic ōkawa, e whakaatu ana te kohuke i tētahi āhua pseudo-orthorhombic tino kitea nā te mea e tata rawa ana tana koki beta whakatakotoranga kiripiri ki te 90°, i te mea e tata ana ngā tawhā tuaka (a = 8.59 Å, b = 8.21 Å, c = 5.93 Å) ki ngā ōwehenga o te tukutuku orthorhombic. Nā tēnei hangarite-pseudo i uaua ai te whakamārama whakatakotoranga kiripiri i ngā wā o mua, ā, i whai wāhi ki ngā hē whakaingoatanga o mua ki ngā kohuke arsinite e pā ana. Heoi, ko te rerekētanga monoclinic he mea nui tonu i roto i te hanganga, ina koa e pā ana ki te raupapatanga o ngā polyhedra whakahonohono konukōrahu me ngā rōpū hauwai i roto i te anga.
I te tauira ngota, ko te hanganga o te olivenite e whakahaerehia ana e nga mekameka mutunga kore o nga oktahedra CuO₄(OH)₂ tiritiri tapa e toro atu whakarara ki te tuaka c whakatairite. Ko enei mekameka oktahedra he tuara mo te whakatakotoranga tioata, ā, e hono ana ki te taha e nga tetrahedra arsenate motuhake (AsO₄) me nga polyhedra konukura rima-whakarite e taea te whakaahua hei piramida tapatoru rua CuO₄OH. Ko te anga e puta mai ana he ahua kiato, he kaha te here, e whakamarama ana i te kiato teitei o te kohuke i waenga i nga arsenate tuarua. Ko nga whakakorikori hanganga e whakahaerehia ana e te pānga Jahn–Teller e hono ana ki nga katote Cu²⁺, e whakaroa ana i nga here konukura-hāora motuhake, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki te whanonga anisotropic whatu me te tinana e kitea ana i roto i te kohuke.
Kei a Olivenite hoki tētahi hiranga nui o te pūtake o te kōhatu, nā te mea e pā ana ki ētahi atu mema o te rōpū kōhatu adamite. Ka whakatakotoria e ia tētahi raupapa whakakotahitanga-mārika ki te adamite, Zn₂AsO₄OH, e whakakapihia ai te konutea mō te parahi i roto i te anga kirikiri. Ko ngā momo whakaurunga waenga e kīia ana ko te cuproadamite, e whakaatu ana i ngā panoni ā-wawe i te tae, te kiato, me ngā āhuatanga whatu. I tua atu, he dimorphous a olivenite ki te paradamite, arā, he rite tonu te hanganga matū o ēnei kōhatu tokorua, engari he rerekē te āhua o te whakatakotoranga anga. Ahakoa ka mau a olivenite ki tētahi anga monoclinic, ka whakakohatua te paradamite ki te pūnaha triclinic, e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga o te raupapa o ngā ngota me te hangarite e puta ai ngā momo kōhatu motuhake, ahakoa he ōrite te matū. Nā ēnei hononga ā-anga, he kōhatu tohutoro nui a olivenite i roto i ngā rangahau o te polimorphism, te whakakapinga ōrite, me te hanganga kōhatu iti-mahana o raro.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
I roto i te ahu matū, ka whakarōpūtia te olivenite hei konukura arsenate taketake me te tātai whaihua ko Cu₂AsO₄(OH). Ko tōna hanganga he nui te konukura, te arsenic, te hāora, me te hauwai, me te konukura e kore e tata ki te haurua o te katoa o te papatipu o te kohuke. Ko ngā whakakapinga iti o ngā pūmotu, inarā ko te konutea, te pūtūtaewhetū, i ētahi wā ko te rino, ka puta pea i roto i te wharewhatu, ā, ka taea te whakarerekē paku i te āhua tinana me ngā āhuatanga ine. Ko te kohuke ka puta i ngā rohe kua whakawera o ngā putunga konukura, i reira ka huri tuarua ngā kohuke waiariki e mau ana i te arsenic i raro i ngā tikanga tata ki te mata. Nā tōna matū arsenate, ka hono tahi te olivenite ki ētahi atu kohuke konukura tuarua pēnei i te malachite, te azurite, te adamite, me te conichalcite.
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga matū e whakamārama ana i te olivenite ko tōna pāhekoheko ki ngā waikawa. Ka whakarewa noa te kohuke ki te waikawa haumāota me te waikawa pūkawa, me te tuku i ngā katote konukura me te arsenic ki te otinga. He tino rerekē tēnei whanonga i te kaha atete matū e kitea ana i te nuinga o ngā kohuke pākahu, e whakaatu ana i te ngoikore o te hononga o ngā rōpū arsenate i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa. He mea nui tēnei whakarewatanga i ngā taha kohuke whenua me te taiao, nā te mea ka taea e ngā kohuke e mau ana i te arsenate te whakawātea i te arsenic ki roto i ngā taiao maina e hāora ana. He iti noa iho te pūmau pārū; i raro i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka whakamaroke, ka pirau rānei te olivenite ki ētahi atu wāhanga konukura arsenate.
Mai i te tirohanga tinana, e kiia ana he ngawari te olivenite, he 3 te pakeke o Mohs. He pakarukaru te kohuke, he koretake te whati, ā, he āhua porowhita te whati ina pāngia e te pēhanga, e tohu ana i te iti o te ātete ki te panoni ā-tinana. He mārama te wehenga ahakoa kāore i te tino tika, inarā i te taha o ngā papa kiriko {120} me {010}, i reira ngā ngoikoretanga hanganga i waenga i ngā mekameka polyhedral e hono ana. Ko te taumaha motuhake e 4.1 ki te 4.4 te nuinga, e whakaata ana i te kaha o te whai wāhi mai o ngā ngota parahi me te arsenic taumaha ki te hanganga kiriko. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te kiato e hono ana ki ngā whakakapinga hanganga, inarā ko te whakakapi i te parahi ki ngā katote konutea māmā ake. Whai āhua, ka puta te olivenite hei tioata pūāhua poto, hei whakapapa pūhoi, hei kiri pōtai, hei papatipu ngira whiti rānei, ā, ko te āhua o te tioata e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga matūwhenua o te waihanga.
Tae me ngā Āhuatanga Ā-aro
Ko te āhua tino mōhiotia o te olivenite ko tōna tae kākāriki-oriwa, i ahu mai ai te ingoa o te kōhuke nei. I ahu mai tēnei tae i te nuinga o te wā i ngā panonitanga whakawhiti-ā-hiko o ngā pūtoru parahi whakarua (Cu²⁺) kei roto i ngā pokapū tūhono kōpeketia. Ko te taunekeneke i waenga i te mārama tūpono me ngā a-orbital e kī ana i ētahi wāhanga o te parahi e whakaputa ai i te whakarerenga tīpakonui i te awhi mārama kitea, e whakaputa ai i ngā kākāriki motuhake e pā ana ki te kōhuke. Heoi anō, kei te whakaatu te olivenite i te whānuitanga tino whānui o ngā tae, i runga anō i te āhua o te tioata, ngā parakore, me te taumata o te panoni. Ko ngā tioata pōitoātia pai te hanga he kākāriki-oriwa hōhonu ki te pango tata, ā, ko ngā momo muka-rite, koeko-rite rānei ka puta he kōwhai-pākākā, he kōwhai-kākāriki, he kākāriki pūahoaho rānei. Ko ngā whakahiatotanga muka-rite pai, e mōhiotia ana i mua he "parahi rākau", ka taea hoki te whakaatu i ngā tae hina-mā me te tae kākāriki iti noa iho.
Ko te kōwae o te olivenite he kākāriki oriwa ki te parauri, he āhuatanga tautohu whai hua i roto i te tautohu tauira-ringa. He rerekē te kanapa i runga anō i te āhua o te karaihe me te āhua o te mata. Ko ngā mata karaihe hou e whakaatu ana i te kanapa karaihe, i te kanapa karaihe hoki, engari ko ngā whakahiatotanga kiato e whakaatu ana i te kanapa pīataata tata atu ki te tiaho rite ki te taimana. Ko ngā tauira muka e whakawhanake ana i te kanapa hīraka, te kanapa peara rānei, nā te marara o te marama puta noa i ngā muka karaihe whakarara. Ko te māramatanga mai i te māramarama i roto i ngā karaihe angiangi ki te mārama āhua, te pōuri rānei i roto i ngā whakahiatotanga papatipu, ina koa ka noho mai ngā parakore, ngā whakaurunga moroiti rānei.
I te tirohanga matakite, he kohuke e rua ngā tuaka o te olivenite, he tiketike rawa ngā taupū whakaata (α = 1.772, β = 1.820, γ = 1.863), ko ēnei uara e whakaata ana i te pāhekoheko kaha o te rama ki tōna anga konukura-arsenate matotoru. Ka whakaatu te kohuke i te whakaata-rua e kitea nuitia ana (δ = 0.091), e whakaputa ana i ngā tae pokanoa mārōrō ina tirohia i raro i te rama whiti-whiti i roto i te wāhanga angiangi. Ko tētahi āhuatanga matakite rongonui ko tōna pleochroism kaha: i runga anō i te takotoranga kiripēke, ka rerekē pea te rama tukutuku mai i te kōwhai-kākāriki ki te hōhonu tae-verdigris-mātomato. Ko tēnei panoni tae ā-arahi tino kaha e pāngia tika ana ki te horonga anisotropic i puta mai i te taiao whakarite whakararu o te konukura. I raro i te tirotirohanga petrographic, ko ēnei whanonga matakite e whakarato ana i ngā paearu mātau hei wehewehe i te olivenite mai i ngā kohuke konukura tuarua e rite ana te āhua, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki tōna hiranga i roto i te rangahau mineralogical me te kiripēke.
Ngā Whakamahinga, Te Hiranga Pūtaiao, me te Tika mō Ngā Whakapaipai
Ahakoa kāore he whakamahinga arumoni nui mō te olivinite nā te mea he onge, he pākākā, ā, he arsenic tōna, he nui tonu tōna wāriu i roto i te matawhenua, te matūwhenua, me te rangahau rauemi matatau. I te mākete kōhatu arumoni, ko ngā tauira tino whakapioioia—otirā ko ērā e whakaatu ana i ngā kōpuku tapatoru motuhake, i ngā rerekētanga hanganga ahurei rānei pēnei i te “wahie wahie” kiriweti e kīia ana mai i ngā wāhi rongonui pēnei i Cornwall me Tsumeb—e tino whakanuia ana e ngā whare taonga o te ao me ngā kaikohi motuhake mō tōna hiranga ā-ātaahua, ā-hanganga matakite. I te taha mātauranga, he tohu matūwhenua tino nui te olivinite mō te tūhura i ngā whenua, e tohu ana i te noho mai o ngā pūranga parahi sulfide tuatahi hōhonu ake. I tua atu, nā te mea ka whakapūmau tōnā i ngā whakarewa paitini i roto i tōna anga karaihe kotahi-kiko i raro i ngā āhuatanga tata-ki-te-mata motuhake, ka rangahaua e ngā tohunga matawhenua taiao tōna pūmau me tōna whanaketanga hei aroturuki i te rerenga wai waikawa o ngā maina, hei whakawhanake hoki i ngā rautaki whakaora wai whenua. I tua atu, nā tōna hangarite pseudo-orthorhombic uaua, tōna ruruku parahi hanganga, me tōna hononga whakakotahi-tūmārō ki te adamite, he kaupapa nui tēnei mō te wetewete hanganga whakatairite i roto i te rangahau karaihe.
Mai i te tirohanga aahua me te ahupūngao, kāore te olivenite e tika ana mō ngā whakapaipai tikanga, ahakoa i ētahi wā ka tapahi ngā tioata mārama hei kohinga mīharo mā ngā kaikohi. He iti tōna pakeke Mohs e 3 anake, he māwherangi koretake ki te whatianga ā-papa, me te mārō pakupaku, ka māmā te waru me te wāwāhi o te maina, ka tino whakaraerae ki te kino o te mau me te whakamahi i ia rā. Ko te mea nui ake, ko tōna hanganga matū he konukura wahingā whākawa, Cu₂AsO₄(OH), e whakauru ana i ngā whakaaro haumaru tino; ko te tukatuka lapidary e hiahia ana kia kaha te whakahaere puehu hei ārai i te horonga o ngā matū whakamate arsenic. Nā reira, ko te whakapā kiri roa tika e whakahēhia ana, ā, ko tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā whakapaipai tangata e herea ana ki ngā wāhi toi haumaru, iti-whakapā, ki ngā whakapaipai tauira whakaatu anake. Waihoki, ahakoa ko ngā tikanga ahurea me te whakapono taiao e tohu ana i tōna tae kākāriki-oriwa me ngā kaupapa o te taurite kare-ā-roto, te panonitanga rānei, ko ngā kaimahi hou e mau ana i te olivenite hei taonga whakaaroaro, whakaatu rānei, e aro nui ana ki ngā tikanga haumaru i runga i tōna paitū matū.