Ko te nephrite he whakakotahitanga o nga kohuke wahanga silicate, no te raupapa totoka tremolite-actinolite i roto i te roopu amphibole. Koia tetahi o nga momo kohuke motuhake e rua e kiia ana he pounamu, e wehewehea ana e te whakaritenga honohono, pera tonu me te kakano o nga muka microcrystalline, kaua ko te hanganga karaihe kotahi. Na tenei whirihoranga motuhake o roto ka whakawhiwhia te taonga ki te kaha whati me te pakari, e kaha ake ana ki te aukati i te pa mai i te maha o nga kohuke e kaha ake ana te pakeke. Ahakoa e whakaingoatia ana ki te pounamu me te jadeite, he rereke te nephrite i te taha o te kohuke, he ngoikore ake te kanapa o te hinu me te kiato rereke ki tona hoa pyroxene. Ko ona ahuatanga tinana e whakamaramatia ana e te whatu matotoru, whakamaene o nga karaihe moroiti, e taea ai te whakairo whakapaipai me te hanga taputapu pumau puta noa i te hitori.
Te Hiranga o te Hītori me te Taonga Tuku Iho o te Pounamu
Ko te hītori o te pounamu e toro atu ana ki te whitu mano tau, e tohu ana koinei tētahi o ngā kōhatu whakapaipai tawhito rawa atu i whakamahia e te ao tangata. I Haina o mua, ko te pounamu i whakanuia hei “Kohatu o te Rangi,” e whakatinana ana i ngā tikanga a Kunetū o atawhai, pono, me whakaaro nui. I whakamahia nuitia i te wā o ngā ahurea Liangzhu me Hongshan o te Kōhatu Hou ki te mahi i ngā taputapu karakia pērā i te kōpae bi me te ngongo cong, hei piriti i te ao kikokiko me te ao wairua. I tua atu i tana mahi karakia, nā tona pūmau rawa i whakamahia ai i te “Te Wā Kōhatu” ki te mahi i ngā māra toki, toki whakapuru, me ngā mata kounga teitei. Ka kitea hoki tēnei hītori mahi i ngā tikanga a te iwi Māori o Aotearoa, e kīia nei e te iwi Māori ko te pounamu. I whakamahia e rātou te kōhatu mō ngā patu whakamate, pērā i te mere, me ngā whakapaipai tapu pērā i te hei-tiki, ka tukuna ki ngā whakatipuranga hei taonga tūpuna.
Ko te ingoa “nephrite” tonu e mau ana i tētahi taonga tuku iho hauora, i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki “nephros,” te tikanga he whatukuhu. I ahu mai tēnei i te whakapono o te rautau 16 o Ūropi, e ai ki a rātou, ka taea e te kōhatu te whakaora i ngā mate o ngā whatukuhu me ngā hope ina pēhia ki te tinana. Puta noa i ngā kāhui rangatira o Āhia, ko te nephrite tonu te matua rawa mō ngā hīra ariki, ngā taonga a te tohunga, me ngā whakapaipai whakairo tae noa ki te rautau 18, i te taenga mai o te jadeite nō Pāma ki te mākete o Haina. Ahakoa ka rongonui ētahi kohatu hou, i mau tonu te mana o te nephrite nā tōna āhua “mahana” motuhake me ōna pūtake ahurea hōhonu, e noho tonu ana hei tohu mō te roa o te ora me te paruru puta noa i ngā ahurea o te ao i tēnei rā.
He kohatu taimana a Nephrite?
Ko te Pounamu (Nephrite) e whakatauhia ana hei kohatu whakapaipai, ahakoa he motuhake tōna wāhi i roto i te rangahau kohatu whakapaipai hei kohatu whakairo, kaua ki te kohatu whakapaipai tūturu e tīhore ana. Kāore i rite ki te taimana, ki te hapaira rānei, e whakanuia ana mō te kanapanapa me te mura, engari ko te Pounamu e whakanuia ana mō tōna mārama, tōna kiko, me tōna tae. I roto i te tauhokohoko whakapaipai, ka whakarōpūtia hei tētahi o ngā pounamu pono e rua. Kua whakapūmau tōna mana hei kohatu whakapaipai nā te onge o mua me te taumata tiketike o te mahi toi e hiahiatia ana hei mahi i tōna hanga mārō, kiko kōaka. Ahakoa ko ngā tauira tino pai, pērā i te pounamu hīkaka mā te pūrua mai i te rohe o Hotana, ka taea te utu e whakataetae ana ki ngā kohatu utu nui, he wātea anō te rawa i roto i ngā momo kākāriki, hina, pango hoki e whakamahia ana mō ngā pīpī, ngā pōtaka, me ngā whakairo nunui.
Kei tua atu i tōna ātaahua titiro, ka tutuki te pounamu i ngā paearu matua e toru mō te kōhatu whakapaipai: te ātaahua, te pūmau, me te onge. Ka kitea tōna ātaahua i roto i tōna wherū hinu me ngā tae hōhonu, tīwatawata, ā, ko tōna pūmau he tata kore e rite nā tōna mārōrō mātāmua. Ahakoa ka kitea ngā putunga pounamu puta noa i te ao ki ngā whenua pērā i Kānata, i Rūhia, i Aotearoa hoki, he wero tonu ki te hunga kohikohi te rapu i te rawa e tika ana te tae kaha me te kore ngā kōkapu. I ēnei rā, he mea nui tonu i roto i ngā whare whakapaipai matatau me ngā whare mahi toi tuku iho, e hono ana i te wā i waenga i te taonga tawhito me te āhua o te kōhatu whakapaipai hou.
| Wāhanga | Momo / Rerekētanga | Ngā Āhuatanga Matua | Tirohanga |
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| Whakarōpūtanga mā te tae |
Pounamu Hinu Hipi (Mā) | He mā tino me te kanapa “hinu” motuhake. Ko tēnei momo he tino māramarama, ā, he iti rawa ngā poke rino. I whakaarohia i ngā wā o mua me te arumoni hei momo tino nui rawa o te Nephrite. |
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| Pounamu Kākāriki Kōkihi | Ko te momo tino whānui, mai i te kākāriki “rau rākau” māmā ki te kākāriki hōpiani hōhonu. Ko tōna tae i ahu mai i te chromium, i te rino rānei. E mōhiotia ana te pounamu spinach Rūhia he iti rawa ngā whakauru pango. |
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| Pounamu Kōwhai | He momo onge me te tino kohikohi e whakaputaina ana te tae e te whakangao o ngā kohuke, te noho mai rānei o ngā katote pērā i te ferric iron. Ko ngā tae mai i te rēmana kōwhai ki te honi koura hōhonu. |
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| Pounamu Pango | Ko te take o tēnei momo ko te nui o te warou, te mākete rānei, he pūkoro noa iho, he pango ki te kanohi. Ko ētahi wāhanga ka whakaatu pea i te pūataata kākāriki pouri, kōwhai rānei ina whiti kaha mai te rama i muri. |
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| Huka Pounamu | E whakaatuhia ana e te tae whero-parauri ki te tae āmiro wera, e rite ana ki te huka parāone. Ko tēnei tae ‘kiri’ motuhake nā te poke o te waikura rino mai i ngā kohuke taiao huri noa i roto i te wā āhuatanga whenua. |
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| Āhuahua te tūponotanga |
Rauemi Purapura (Zi Liao) | Ka kitea i roto i ngā awa, kua kawea, kua horoia e te wai mō ngā mano tau. E rongonui ana mō tōna kākano kore hē, tino maeneene, me te kākano kiato, he maha ngā wā he kiri karakara. |
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| Rauemi Maunga | Ko ngā putunga tuatahi o te pounamu i keria tika mai i ngā uaua toka. He nui ake te rahi i ngā rawa kākano, me ngā āhua koki, ā, i ētahi wā, he nui ake ngā pakaruhanga o roto. |
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| Ngā Pūtakenga Matua | Hetian, Haina (Xinjiang) | Ko te paerewa koura o mua mo te nephrite, ina koa te Rawa Pua. He rongonui te hono ki te kakano nui ‘hinuhinu’, te rahinga kirikiri pai, me te hiranga ahurea hohonu. |
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| Nephrite Rūhia | E mōhiotia ana mō te whakaputa i ngā mā tino mā i roto i ngā putunga tuatahi (te kounga hinu hipi) me ngā kākāriki ‘pūhā’ mākahi me te mārama tiketike. He maha ngā wā he iti ake ngā pango i te pounamu Kanata. |
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| Pounamu Kanata (BC) | Ko British Columbia te puna nui o te ao mō te nephrite kākāriki pīataata, pūmau, e whakamahia ana puta noa i te ao ki ngā whakapaipai, whakairo, me ngā wāhanga hoahoanga o nāianei. |
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| Pounamu Aotearoa | He mea tino nui ki te ahurea Māori o Aotearoa. E kitea ana i Te Waipounamu, ko te tikanga he rerekē te tae mai i te kākāriki mārama ki te pūngohe pouri, kapua. Ka tino whakanuia mō ngā whakairo. |
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Ngā Puna Matua me Ngā Pātengi o te Ao o te Nephrite
Ko ngā putanga nephrite ka kitea i roto i ngā taiao matawhenua maha puta noa i te ao, i te nuinga o te wā i hua mai i te panonitanga o ngā toka e whai kiko ana i te konupora, i te taunekeneke rānei i waenga i te wai e whai kiko ana i te silica me te dolomite. Ko te puna tino rongonui, tino whai tikanga hoki i te hītori ko ngā Maunga Kunlun i te rohe o Xinjiang i Haina, inarā i te taha o te tāone o Hotan. Ko tēnei rohe e rongonui ana mō te whakaputa i te “pounamu hinu hipi”, e kitea ana hei “pounamu maunga” e tangohia tika ana mai i ngā putanga tuatahi, me te “pounamu awa” (pounamu uri) i kohia mai i ngā awa tawhito i reira ngā kohatu e whakatarapi ana, e whakakānapanapa ana mō ngā mano tau. I tua atu i Haina, ko Rūhia tētahi kaiwhakarato nui o te nephrite kounga teitei o te ao. Ko ngā putanga i ngā rohe o Sayan me Baikal o Siberia e rongonui ana mō te whakaputa i te nephrite tino mā, tino kākāriki hoki e tata ana e whakataetae ana ki te rawa Haina i te māramarama me te mā. Ki te Tukutuku Uru, ko British Columbia, Canada, kei reira ētahi o ngā putanga nephrite nui rawa atu o te ao. E mōhiotia ana i te arumoni ko “Polar Jade” ko “Canadian Jade,” ko tēnei rawa e tohua ana e ōna kākāriki koi, ā, he mea tino whakamahia mō ngā whakairo nunui me ngā whakapaipai hou.
Ko ētahi atu puna nui o te ao ko Te Waipounamu o Aotearoa, kei reira te kohatu e tiakina ana, e whakaaro nui ana te iwi Māori hei Pounamu. Kei Ahitereiria anō he putunga nui i te tonga o Ahitereiria, e mōhiotia ana mō ōna momo kākāriki pai rawa atu. He putunga iti ake engari rongonui kei Taiwana, Kōrea ki te Tonga, Pōrana, me te Hononga o Amerika (arā, Wyoming me Alaska), e whai wāhi ana ki te kanorau o te ao o ngā tae, mai i te mā kirīmi me te kōwhai whenua, tae atu ki te kākāriki hōhonu, rite ki te kōkihi.
Ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te Nephrite me te Jadeite
Ko te Nephrite ehara i te mea orite ki te jadeite, ahakoa e kiia ana e nga tikanga tuku iho me nga tikanga arumoni kei raro i te kupu whanui “jade.” I roto i te ahurea Hainamana, e kiia ana te nephrite he “jade ngawari” (软玉), ko te jadeite e mohiotia ana he “jade pakeke” (硬玉) ranei “Fei Cui” (翡翠). Ahakoa he rite te ahua ki te kanohi kore whakangungu, he momo kohuke motuhake ratou no nga roopu kohuke rereke katoa.(Pounamu)
Ko te rerekētanga matua kei roto i te hanganga matū me te hanganga kirikiriata. Ko te Nephrite he waikawa amphibole, he kohuke nui-makonihi me te hanganga kaitoro, whakakotahi e rite ana ki te wūru katoa. Ko te Jadeite, i tētahi taha, he kohuke pyroxene i hangaia mai i te konutai konumohe waikawa me te hanganga kirikiriata totohu, whakakotahi. Ko tēnei rerekētanga hanganga e whakamārama ana i ō rātou āhuatanga tinana rerekē; he pakeke iti ake te jadeite (6.5 ki te 7.0 i te tauine Mohs) ā, ka taea e ia te tino mārama, te māramatanga karaihe, i te mea he paku ngāwari ake te nephrite (6.0 ki te 6.5) engari he tino kaha ake, he nui ake tōna ātete ki te whati.Whatu, he rerekē ngā kanapa me ngā tae o ēnei kōhatu e rua. Ko te Nephrite e whakaatu ana i te kanapa mākū, hinu rānei, hāware rānei, ā, e rongonui ana mō ōna mā kirīmi me ōna kākāriki “parakihi” hōhonu. Ko te Jadeite e tino paingia ana mō ōna tae kaha, kanapa—ko te mea tino rongonui ko te “Imperial Green” mārama—me tōna kaha ki te whiti mātotoru, rite whakaata. I tua atu, he rerekē te kiato; he taumaha ake te jadeite, me te kaha motuhake e 3.33, i te 2.95 o te nephrite. I roto i te hītori, ko te nephrite te pounamu tuku iho o Hainamana tawhito, i te mea ko te jadeite i rongonui noa i te rautau 18 i muri i te kawenga mai i Burma.
Ngā Whakamahinga Ōnāianei me te Ahumahi o te Pounamu
Ahakoa e mōhiotia whānuitia ana te pounamu mō tōna wāhi ki ngā toi whakairo kohatu me ngā whakakai, ko ōna āhuatanga miihini ahurei i āwhina i te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga mahi i ngā wā o mua. Nā tōna pakari pakaru tino nui—he hua nō tōna hanganga moroiti kiripapa honohono—i whakamahia ai te pounamu hei rauemi matua mō ngā taputapu pānga nui pērā i ngā toi, ngā toki, me ngā waru i mua i te whakamahinga whānui o te mahi whakarewa. I roto i ngā kaupapa hou, ko tēnei pūmau te mea e tohu ana i tōna whaihua. I tua atu i ngā whakairo whakapaipai me ngā kāpōhō, ka whakamahia noa iho te pounamu i ētahi wā i ngā wāhi ahumahi motuhake e hiahiatia ai ngā rauemi hei ātete i te tāmitanga miihini tino nui me te ngawiu me te kore e whati mārō.
I roto i te mākete kohatu whakapaipai motuhake, ko te pounamu te arai matua mō te whakairo whakamīharo nui me te whakauru whare, e taea ai e tōna kiko tōtika te hoahoa whānui, uaua e kore e taea e ngā kohatu mārō ake. Ka whakamahia hoki ki te hanga taputapu tika me ngā taonga noho ora papai, pērā i ngā wāhanga mataaratanga tiketike me ngā taputapu tuhituhi, e whakanuia ana tōna āhua "hinuhinu" me tōna ātete ki te pakaru. I ngā mahi mātauranga, kei te noho tonu te pounamu hei kaupapa ako i roto i te pūtaiao rawa mō ōna "pūnaha whakapakari," e whakarato ana i te tauira māori mō te whakawhanake i ngā uku tāitoa hangarau me ngā rawa whakahiato e pee ana i tōna hanganga o roto hei kano, ātete ki te kapiti.