Ko te Mordenite he kohuke zeolite māori nui te tioata me te tātai matū whakaaro (Ca,Na₂,K₂)Al₂Si₁₀O₂₄·7H₂O. Nō te whānau anga konumohe-tioata, e tohua ana e te ōwehenga teitei o te silicon ki te konumohe, e whakawhiwhia ana ki a ia te pūmau wera tino pai me te ātete ki te taiao waikawa i te whakataurite ki ētahi atu zeolite.
I te āhua o te hanganga, ka tioata te mordenite i roto i te pūnaha tioata orthorhombic. I tōna āhua māori, he uaua te hanga i ngā tioata nui, motuhake; engari, ka whakahiatotia ki ngā papatipu muka, ngira-rite, pūwaiwai rānei. He pōre ēnei whatunga muka i te taumata rāpoi ngota, kei roto he awa whakarara e taea ai e te kōhuke te hopu me te whakawhiti i ngā cation motuhake (pērā i te konupūmā, konutai, me te pātahe) me ngā rāpoi ngota wai. Nā tēnei hoahoanga “rite-whare herehere” moroiti, ka waiho te mordenite hei mea whakapiri me te whakaōkawa tūturu tino whaihua, e tino rapua ana i te ahumahi petrokemika, te ahuwhenua, me te whakatikatika taiao.
Te hītori me te kitenga o Mordenite
Ko te hītori o te mordenite ka timata mai i te waenganui o te rautau 19 i te wa koura o te whakaahua i ngā kōhatu. I kitea tuatahitia te kōhatu nei ā, i whakaāhua mana i te tau 1864 e Henry How, he tohunga matū me tohunga kōhatu rongonui nō Peretānia-Kānata, he ahorangi hoki i te Kāreti o King i Nova Scotia.I kitea e How te kōhatu muka hou i te taha o ngā takutai pōhaku o Bay of Fundy. I tapaina e ia te ingoa "Mordenite" ki tōna wāhi tūāhua: Morden, he hapori takutai iti i Kings County, Nova Scotia, Kānata.Mō ngā tekau tau i muri i te kitenga, i noho tonu te mordenite hei mea whakamīharo mō te whenua—he tauira whakamīharo mō te ako ā-kura engari kāore he whakamahinga. Heoi, i te waenganui o te rautau 20, ka timata ngā kaimātai pūtaiao ki te wetewete i te hanga maihi-puta iti o ngā zeolites. I te kitenga o te ahumahi matū whakangao he āhei te anga nui o te mordenite ki te silica ki te ātete i ngā waikawa kaha o te ahumahi me ngā pāmahana tino tiketike, ka huri mai i te tauira whare taonga ki te taonga ahumahi e tino uaratia ana, e whakakī ana i ngā rangahau o te ao ki te kimi i ngā putunga nui māori.
Te Hanganga Whenua me te Putanga
Ko te hanganga o te mordenite he tukanga whenua uaua e piri kaha ana ki te mahi puia me te whakarerekē waiariki. Hei kohuke tuarua, kāore te mordenite e whakataetae tika mai i te tokarewa rewa. Engari, ka puta mā te whakarerekē o ngā toka puia karaehe i roto i ngā mano ki ngā miriona tau.
- Whakawhitiwhiti Waiariki o Nga Toka Puia: Ka kitea te mordenite i roto i ngā pūngao (ngā kohao hau) me ngā whatiwhati o ngā toka ahi pēnei i te basalts, andesites, me rhyolites. Inā wera rawa, ka puta te wai o te whenua e whai kohuke ana (wai wera) i roto i ēnei toka ahi e mātao ana, ka tauhohe ki te karaihe o te toka ahi. Ko te putanga matū e whakakīa haere ana ngā kohao ki ngā tioata mordenite, i te nuinga o te wā i te taha o ētahi atu kohuke tuarua pēnei i te quartz, calcite, me ētahi atu zeolites (hei tauira, heulandite, stilbite rānei).
- Te Whakaputanga o te Pungarehu Puia i roto i nga Taiao Moana: Ko ngā pāpaku nui, whaihua hoki o te mordenite e puta ai i roto i te diagenesis—ko ngā panoni tinana me te matū e puta ana i te hurihanga o te parataiao ki te toka parataiao. Ina tau ngā paparanga matotoru o te pungarehu puia ki roto i ngā roto tote, kawakawa rānei, ki ngā taiao moana pāpaku, ka tauhohe te pungarehu ki ngā wai poka. I roto i te wā, i raro i ngā pāmahana iti me te pēhanga whakaōrite, ka huri matū ngā pāpaku pungarehu hei putunga nui o te mordenite tūhua parakore.
- Papa Waiariki: Ko te hanganga mordenite hou ka kitea i te mahi i ngā rohe waiariki e kaha ana, pērā i ērā i Tiorangi, i Aotearoa, me te uru o te Hononga o Amerika, kei reira ngā rōnaki waiariki tiketike e āki ana i te panoni tonutanga o ngā hanganga toka pāpaku.
Ngā Momo me ngā Tūmomo o Mordenite
Mordenite Taiao ki te Mordenite Hangahanga
I kitea i roto i ngā putunga whenua, ko te mordenite māori he maha ngā paruparu me ngā momo pūngao waireka kua mau (pērā i te konupūmā, te pākawa, me te konutai). Ahakoa he pai mō te ahuwhenua, ngā kaiwhakamahi matua, me te whakamahere wai, ko tōna āhua māori he whāiti ngā ara pōre.
Ka mahia i roto i ngā taiwhanga mā te whakahiato waiariki kore pararopi mā te whakamahi i ngā ranunga tika o Na₂O, SiO₂, me Al₂O₃He mordenite whakaputa e whakaatu ana i te pūngoi tino teitei me ngā ahua kirikiri ka taea te whakarite (hei tauira, whēuaua, rite-toko, nanosheets angiangi rānei), ka noho hei paerewa mō ngā whakaritenga whakakōkiri tino kaha i roto i te mātauranga matū.
Mordenite Pūaha Iti vs. Mordenite Pūaha Nui
He āhuatanga whānui o te mordenite māori. I roto i ngā momo taurangi iti, ka ārai wāhanga i ngā ara awa e ngā katira e puta māori ana, ngā para, ngā hapa whakaemi rānei. Ngā pūngota nui ake i 4.5 Å i te nuinga o te wā kāore e taea te uru ki ēnei pore.
Ko te nuinga o nga mordenite hangahanga e hangaia ana hei “large-port.” Ko nga hanganga awa e maama ana, e kore e arai, e taea ai te whakauru i nga ngota nui ake (tae atu ki te) ~7.0 Å) ki te kuhu, te tauhohenga, me te puta, e mahi ana hei tātari ngota tino whaihua.
Teitei-Silica vs. Iti-Silica
Te ōwehenga o SiO₂ to Al₂O₃ e whakatau kaha ana i ngā āhuatanga o te kōhuke. Ko te mordenite silica-tiketike (e whakatutukihia ana mā ngā maimoatanga matū pērā i te dealumination) e whakarato ana i te ātete waikawa tino pai me te pūmau whakamahana tino nui ki te whakataurite ki ōna hoa silica-iti.
Hanganga Pūtaiao me ngā Wāhi o te Ao
Ko te takenga ā-whaiaro o te mordenite māori he tukanga matatini, he maha ngā wahanga, e tino hono ana ki te whakarereketanga iti me te mahi puia. Hei kohuke tuarua, kāore te mordenite e whakapīoioio tika mai i te whakarewa maoa e mātao ana; engari, ka whanake whānui i roto i ngā puna wai kati, i ngā roto tote koraha, i ngā riu moana hoki mā te whakarerekē waiariki o ngā toka puia karaihe tino kiripākihi pērā i te rioraiti, te pūmice, te andesite, me te pāpātai. I roto i ngā mano ki ngā miriona tau, i te wā e kuhu ana te wai whenua wera nui, kikī i te kohuke, te wai poari tuawhenua rānei i roto i ngā rehu pungapunga wera e mātao ana, ngā hanganga toka ahi kiripākihi kua pakaru rānei, ka puta he panoni matū hōhonu. Ko tēnei hāputanga huringa whānui ka pakaru i te karaihe puia pīroiro, e whakaoho ana i te whakaheke matū pōturi o ngā anga aluminosilicate, ā, ka huri i ngā paparanga katoa ki ngā moenga nui, whakakotahi o te tūhua mordenite parakore.
I te taumata o te ao, ko ēnei taiao āhuatanga whenua uaua kua puta he putunga nui, timata mai i te wāhi taketake o te hītori i Kanata, i reira i kitea tuatahitia ai te mordenite, ā, i tuhia ōkawatia i te tau 1864 i roto i te hapori takutai o Morden, Nova Scotia. I konei, ko te kohuke i te nuinga o te wā ka puta hei whakakīi ngāwari i roto i ngā pūngao hau o ngā rerenga rangitoto basaltic tawhito i runga i ngā pari tūātea o te Bay of Fundy. I tua atu i tēnei wāhi Kanata hītori, ko te United States e whakahīhī ana i ngā putunga nui, e whai hua ōhanga, me te tino whakawhāiti o te tuff zeolitic e whai mordenite ana, e keri kaha ana puta noa i ngā whenua kōraha o te uru, tino rongonui puta noa i ngā rohe puia o Nevada, Idaho, me California. Putanga noa i te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ko Hapani e manaaki ana i ētahi o ngā rahui mordenite māori tino nui me te tino parakore o te ao, e whakauru mārire ana i te rawa kua keria ki roto i ōna rāngai tātari taiao me te ahuwhenua o roto. I taua wā, ko te whenua o Ūropi e tuku ana i te horahanga kohuke momo, e tohuhia ana e ngā putunga o te taumata ahumanga kounga teitei me ngā tauira whare taonga tino ātaahua, e tuhia āta ana puta noa i ngā whenua puia o Itāria, Hungāria, me Rūhia, tae atu ki roto i ngā rangitoto vesicular parakore o Tiorangi e rongonui ana te ao.
Te Hanganga Tioata me te Anga
Ko te hangahanga moroiti matatini o te mordenite te mea e tino whakamīharotia ai e te pūtaiao, hei poutokomanawa hoki mō te mahi miihini rāpoi ngota hou. Kua whakatauria e te International Zeolite Association te tohu anga momo ahurei ko MOR, ā, ko tōna whakatakotoranga tioata e mahi ana i te taumata ngota hei ōpuku moroiti tino raupapa, hei tātari rāpoi ngota mārō rānei i hangaia hei hopu motuhake i ngā katike motuhake me ngā haurehu pūkōwhai, engari ka tuku noa atu i ētahi atu pūhui kia puta kore ārai. Nō te pūnaha tioata orthorhombic tēnei hanganga matatini, porohitatia hoki, ā, ko tōna anga matua i hangaia mai i te kupenga matatini o ngā tetrahedra silicate me te aluminate e whakawhiti hono ana, e whakarite ana i a rātou ki ngā mekameka āwhio e rima ngā mowhiti.
Kaore i rite ki te maha o ētahi atu zeolite noa e whakaatu ana i ngā ara whakawhitiwhiti e toru-ahu, he mea motuhake te anga MOR e te pūnaha pongarehu kotahi-ahu (1D) te nuinga. Ko te huarahi matua mō te tōhau ngota he mea hanga mai i ngā ara matua nui, raina hoki, i hangaia e ngā mowhiti hāora tekau mā rua, e whai ana i te whānui porotaka o roto e 6.5 × 7.0 Å, e rere whakarara tonu ana ki te tuaka-c o te tioata’s. Ko ēnei ara matua whānui, e whakawhitiwhititia ana e ngā mowhiti hāora iti ake, e waru ngā mema, e 2.6 × 5.7 Å te rahi, e hanga ana i ngā kōhanga hangahanga whāiti e mōhiotia ana i roto i te matū matatau hei “ngā pukoro taha.” Nā te mea ka mutu wawe ēnei pukoro taha kuiti, kāore e taea te whakawhitiwhiti katoa i ngā ara matua whakarara, kāore e taea e ngā ngota e haere ana te karo i ngā ārai hangahanga mā te neke ki te taha; engari, ka takoha kia haere i runga i te tikanga raina tika, i roto i ngā pongarehu kotahi-ahu matua, e whakawhiwhi ana i te mordenite ki tōna āhua motuhake o te whiriwhiri āhua whakaawe.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ko te Mordenite e tū motuhake ana i roto i te whānau kohuke zeolite whānui nā tōna pūmau tinana whakahirahira me tōna pūmau matū i raro i te taumahatanga taiao tino nui. Ko tēnei pūmau taketake e whakataungia ana e tōna tātai matū whakaaro, (Ca,Na₂,K₂)Al₂Si₁₀O₂₄·7H₂O, e whakaatu ana i te ōwehenga tiketike o ngā ngota silicon ki te konumohe i roto i tōna anga taketake. Nā tēnei ihirangi silica tiketike e whakawhiwhia ai te kohuke ki tōna tatai matū tino pūmau, e whakarato ana i te kaha hanganga ahurei e hiahiatia ana hei ora i ngā taiao pāwera, pirau rawa e whakakore, e whakaheke katoa rānei i ngā kohuke aluminosilicate tino tairongo. I te taha tinana, e whakaatu ana i te pakeke o te 4 ki te 5 i te tauine Mohs—e whakaatu ana he pakeke ake, he iti ake te pakaru i te nuinga o ngā zeolite māori—ā, e mau ana i te taumaha motuhake iti me te kiato āhua 2.1 g/cm³ nā tōna maiengi ā-roto whānui.
Ko te mordenite, mā te tikanga matū, e whakahīhī ana i te ahua o te pūmārō o te wera e kore e whakatauritea, e āhei ana i tōna anga kirikiri ngota mārō ki te tū haumaru ki ngā pāmahana tukatuka ahumahi kaha tae atu ki te 800°C me te kore e taka te hanganga, te pāheketanga rānei nā te whakamaroketanga. I tua atu, nā tōna hanganga hiwha-kōmaka e tino ātete ana ki ngā whakaeke waikawa kino, he āhuatanga whakahaere whai take inā whakamahia te kohuke ki ngā tauhohenga petrokemika taumaha me ngā taiao wai para waikawa. Ina kitea i tōna āhua māori, he kore tae te mordenite, he mā tonu, he kōwhai āhua pūahoaho rānei. Engari, kaua e whakaputa i ngā tioata tārata nui, motuhake, āhua pai, ka puta noa iho hei kāhui kiko whakahirahira, kāpōpō o ngā rārangi ngira kiko, hei puputu kohuke kātene rānei e tau ana ki roto i ngā ana toka tiaki.
Ngā Whakamahi Ahumahi Hou
Nā te rahi o ōna kōhao, te kaha o te whakapākao totoka, me te pūmau o te hanganga, e mōhiotia ana te mordenite—e kīia nuitia ana ko MOR zeolite i ngā wāhanga arumoni—ko tētahi o ngā rawa matua i roto i te ahumahi o te ao. Kua huri mai i te mea pākiki whenua noa ki te poutokomanawa o te matū kākāriki me te parahanga hinu.
- Whakatāwhitanga Pētoro Matū: Ko te mordenite whakahiato e whakamahia nuitia ana ki te pākahikaro i ngā hinu wahie taumaha, ki te whakatairite i ngā aromatika, me te whakahurihuri i ngā alkane māmā, he mea nui tēnei ki te whakaputa i te penehīni teitei-octane, e tahu mā ake ana.
- Wehenga Hau (Hangarau PSA): Mai i tana mahi hei tātari ngota tika, ka whakamahia te mordenite i roto i ngā pūnaha Whakawhiti Pēhanga hei wehe i te hāora me te haukawa mai i te hau āwhiowhio, e whakaputa ana i te hāora tino parakore mō te rongoā me te ahumahi.
- Whakatikatika Taiao Ko tōna kaha whakawhiti katote e whakaputa ana i a ia hei kaiwhakamiri tino pai mō te whakamahere i te wai para ahumahi. Ka hopu ia i ngā konganuku taumaha paitini (pērā i te mata) ā, ka mau hoki i ngā momo irirangi morearea (pēnei i te cesium me te strontium) mai i te para karihi.
- Ahuwhenua me te Ahu Kararehe Mordenite tūturu kua kōtoretia ka tāpiritia ki te kai kararehe hei whakapai i te nakunaku me te whakauru i ngā pāwai harore kino o te puku. Ka mahi hoki hei papa pūrepo tōpū, hei whakatikatika oneone whai hua mō te whakahaere makuku.