Ko te Mārakahiti he kohuke konupūmā waro hauwai tuarua me te tātai matū Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂, e hanga tuatahitia ana i roto i ngā rohe whai hāora o ngā putunga konupūmā mā te whakawhitiwhiti o ngā wairewa konupūmā me te wai whenua kī tonu i te waro. Nō te pūnaha tioata monoclinic, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta hei whakahuihui papatipu, botryoidal, muka, stalactitic rānei, kaua ko ngā tioata nui takitahi. Ko tōna āhua kākāriki te āhuatanga o te kohuke, mai i te kākāriki kōmā ki te kākāriki pōuri, i runga anō i te kukū o te konupūmā, te hanganga o roto, me ngā tikanga tipu. Ina tapahia ka orohia, ka whakaatu te Mārākahiti i te whaipānga porowhita, te tauira porowhita, te hanganga ngaru whakahekeheke rānei i puta mai i te puranga kohuke hāneanea i te wā o te hanganga. Ko te ingoa “Mārakahiti” i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki molochītis, te tikanga “kohatu kākāriki mallow,” hei tohu ki te tae o ngā rau o te tipu mallow. Nā tōna pākākā iti, e 3.5–4 pea i te tauine Mohs, e kiia ana he kohuke ngāwari, ā, ka whakamahia nuitia ki ngā whakairo, ki ngā taonga whakapaipai, ki ngā cābochon, ki ngā pīpī, ki ngā mahi kōhatu whakapaipai, kaua ki ngā whakapaipai hangai (faceted jewellery).
Ka puta te Mākariti (Malachite) i ngā tukanga tuarua o runga ake (supergene) i ngā rohe kua waikurua o ngā putunga parahi, ā, ka tupu tata ki te mata o te whenua i reira te wai o raro, te hāora, me te wai whai warowāha e pāhekoheko ana ki ngā kohuke parahi whānariki o mua. Ka tupu te kohuke ina pā ngā tino parahi pēnei i te Kapopairaitī, te Pōnātī, me te Kakōpairaitī ki te huarākau matū me te waikuranga. I tēnei tukanga, ka whakarewahia ngā pūngota parahi e te wai o raro ki tonu i te hāora mai i te tinana o te putunga parahi, ā, ka kawea mā ngā whatianga, ngā toka kōpuku, me ngā hanganga whenua kua pakaruhia. Ina tūtaki ēnei wai kawe parahi ki ngā taiao whai warowāha—otirā ko ērā e pā ana ki te toka kōhatu māota (limestone) me ngā parataiao warowāha—ka whakaputaina te parahi he Mākariti. Ko te tukanga whakatupu e kaha pāngia ana e ngā taurangi taiao pēnei i te pH, te kaha waikuranga, te matū o te wai o raro, te whakakiitanga o te wai, te tere whakaeto, me te wāteatanga o ngā pūngota warowāha whakarewa. Nā te mea ka tupu te whakaputanga kohuke i roto i ngā wā takiwa roa o te whenua, ka whanake te Mākariti i ngā papa whakakapitia e puta ai ngā kōaro āpūhiko o te kohuke. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te kaha parahi, te whakaurunga o ngā paru, me ngā āhuatanga rere o te wai i te wā tipu ka waihanga i ngā papa tāwāhi o te kākāriki mārama me te kākāriki pouri, he maha ngā wā ka whakaritea ki ngā āhua porohita, kohu, ngaru rānei. I roto i te maha o ngā putunga, ka puta te Mākariti i te taha o ētahi atu kohuke parahi tuarua pēnei i te Ahuūraitī, te Kōropōkora, te Kūpiraitī, me te Parahi Māori, e whakaatu ana i ngā pāhekoheko matū uaua i roto i ngā rohe kua waikurua. Ko te āhua o te kohuke, ka tupu hei kiri e whakakapi ana i te mata o te toka, hei pōhatu pūrua e tau kau ana i roto i ngā kōhao, hei whakahiato kāpōpō, hei hanganga kohu kiato rānei i hangaia i ngā tioata hanga ngira tonu. Ko ēnei āhua tipu ka tino kitea i ngā whenua pākora, āhua pākora rānei i reira te whakaeto e whakanui ana i te whakaputanga kohuke e tata ana ki te mata. Nā te mea ka puta te Mākariti ki runga ake, ki te taha rānei o ngā tinana parahi nui, he tohu nui mō te matawhenua ōhanga me te torotoro kohuke. I ngā wā o mua, ko te kitea o te Mākariti e whakapara ana i ngā mata toka i te nuinga o te wā i ārahi i ngā kaihapu ki ngā putunga parahi whai hua e huna ana i raro i te whenua. Kua tuhia ngā putunga nui i te Kīngitanga o Kōngo Manapori, i Tāmpia, i Namīpia, i Ahitereiria, i Rūhia, me te tonga-mā-uru o te Hononga o Amerika, me ētahi atu rohe whakaputa parahi.
Mai i ngā rau tau e whai ake nei, kua whakamahia te Malachite hei taonga whakapaipai me te pūtake o te parahi. Ko ngā taunakitanga whaipara tangata e tohu ana i ngā iwi tawhito, inarā i Īhipa me te Rawhiti Tata, i keri me te tukatuka i te Malachite hei whakapaipai, hei tae, hei amulet, hei tango parahi. I whakamahia nuitia te paura Malachite kua whakakahakaha hei tae kākāriki ki roto i ngā whakaahua pakitara, i ngā tuhinga, i ngā whakapaipai kanohi, me ngā toi whakapaipai nā te pūmau o tōna tae i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao noa. I ngā wā o muri mai, i whakamahia tonu te kōhatu nei ki ngā mahi toi whakapaipai, ki ngā whakairo whare, ki te mahi kōhatu. I ngā rautau 18 me 19, nā ngā putunga nui i kitea i ngā Maunga Ural o Rūhia i whakarato rawa mō ngā whakamahinga whakapaipai nui, tae atu ki ngā pou, ngā papa tēpū, ngīpu, me ngā papa whakairo whare i whakamahia ai te tikanga "mosaic Rūhia". I ēnei rangi, ka noho tonu te Malachite hei mea nui i roto i te mātai kōhatu, te mātai kōhatu whakapaipai, te mātai whenua ohaoha, te whaipara tangata, me te tiaki whare taonga nā tōna āhua motuhake, tōna hononga ki te whakaparahatia o te parahi, me tōna roa o te whakamahinga e te tangata.
Te Hanganga Karaihe me te Ahua Kōhatu
Ko te hanganga karaihe o te Malakita he monoclinic, e whakapakaritia ana i roto i te whakarōpū mokowā P2₁/a, he whakaritenga hangarite e whai ana i te maha o ngā kohuke konukura waro tuarua i hanga i raro i ngā tikanga o te mata o te whenua i te pāmahana iti. Ahakoa e taea ana e te kohuke te whakaputa i ngā karaihe takitahi e rite ana ki te āhua o te poro roa, he mea onge ēnei tauira euhedral i te taiao, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka herea ki ngā kōhao tiakina i roto i ngā putunga konukura whakamaroke. I te nuinga o ngā taiao āhua, ka tupu te Malakita hei whakahiato matatini, hei kirikiri botryoidal, hei tipu stalactitic, hei papatipu reniform, hei hanganga iraruke parahau tiwiri rānei. Ko ēnei āhua ka ahu mai i te whakaheke o ngā wairewa e mau konukura ana ki roto i ngā whati, i ngā kōhao, i ngā toka kaihauako mai i te wā roa o te whakarerekē waiariki me te huarere. Ko ngā whakahiato parahau he mea tito i ngā morokaraihe ngira-rite e piri tata ana, e whiti ana ki waho mai i ngā pokapū whakaturanga, e whakaputa ana i ngā hanganga tipu noho roto e kitea whānuitia ana i muri i te tapahi me te oro. Ko ēnei paparanga tipu ā-manawataki te take o te āhua rārangi e mōhiotia nuitia ana o te kohuke, e kitea ai hei porowhita kume, ngaru hangoi, āhua porowhita, hanganga rārangi whakarara rānei e ai ki te āhua o te whakatakotoranga me te rere wairewa i te wā o te hanganga kohuke. Nā te mea ko te Malakita te nuinga o te wā he whakahiato morokaraihe, kaua he karaihe kotahi nui, mārama, he tino onge ngā rauemi kounga karaihe e tika ana mō te whakahāngai. Engari, ko tōna hiranga ātaahua me āhua kohuke ka ahu mai i te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i tōna hanganga roto parahau, ngā kakano whakatakoto paparanga, me te urupare ā-whatu ki te oro, e uru tahi ana katoa ki tōna āhua whakapaipai motuhake.
Te tae me ngā waehanga tipu
Mo te tae, ko te Malachite e whakamāramatia ana e te whānuitanga o te kākano kākāriki e rerekē ana mai i te kākāriki-pūkepuke mā, ki ngā āhuatanga e rite ana ki te emerara, tae atu ki te kākāriki tino pōuri e tata ana ki ngā tae ngahere pango. E hono tika ana te tae ki te aroaro o ngā katote konupura rua (Cu²⁺) i roto i te whakatakotoranga tioata, e kuhu ai i ētahi wāhanga o te kāhui mārama e kitea ana mā ngā tikanga whakawhiti irahiko e pā ana ki ngā d-ōrangi o te konupura kua whakakīia. Kāore i rite ki te maha o ngā kōhuke tae māori e memeha ai te tae mā te roa o te rā, te kore pūmau o te wera, te whakawera rānei, he pūmau te tae kākāriki o te Malachite i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao noa, e whai wāhi ana ki tōna hiranga o mua hei tae kōhuke pūmau i roto i ngā whakairo tawhito me ngā whakamahinga whakapaipai. Heoi anō, he uaua te riterite o te tohatoha tae i roto i ngā tauira takitahi. Engari, e whakaatu ana te Malachite i ngā rārangi matatini i hua mai i ngā āhuatanga matū-kiko e rerekē haere ana i te wā o te tipu tioata, tae atu ki ngā rerekētanga o te kukū konupura, te pH, te mana whakawera, te matū o te wai whenua, me te aroaro o ngā paru tohu pēnei i te rino, te konutea, te konupūmā rānei. Ko ēnei rerekētanga taiao e whakaputa ana i ngā papa whakatakotoranga rerekē o te kiato me te hānga matū, e whāinga ana i ngā rārangi tino rerekē o te kākāriki mārama me te kākāriki pōuri. I roto i ngā wāhanga orohia, ka puta ēnei rārangi hei mōwhiti tāwhatiwhati, hei karu pōkai, hei ngaru papa, hei hanganga huruhuru, hei āhuatanga tīreiti matatini rānei. He maha ngā wā e motuhake ana te tauira o ēnei rārangi ki ia tauira, ā, he paearu nui tēnei mō te tautuhi tioata, te whakatau uara whakapaipai, me ngā rangahau takenga.
Ngā Āhuatanga Whatu me ngā Āhuatanga Mata
Mai i te tirohanga whatu, ka whakarōpūtia a Malachite hei kohuke pōrākau, arā, ko te nuinga o te marama e taka ana ka uru ki roto, ka whakaatahia rānei, kaua e puta i roto i te puranga karaihe. Ahakoa rā, ka kitea te mārama i roto i ngā tapa kāpia tino angiangi, i ngā wāhanga moroiti rānei i raro i te whakamarama kaha. He tohu whakaata te kohuke i waenga i te 1.65 me te 1.90, engari he uaua te ine whatu tika nā te hanganga whakahiato me te pōrākau. Ina whakawhanakehia, ka puta te kanapa hiraka ki te kanapa iti i raro i te kanapa, nā te whakaata o te marama i ngā taha o ngā kāpia karaihe whakarara. I ētahi tauira onge, ka tino whakarahia ngā karaihe kāpia, ka puta te ahua ngeru, he āhua whakaata e neke ana i te mata ina huri te tirohanga. Ka puta tēnei āhua nā te whakaata o te marama mai i ngā whakaurunga kāpia whakarara, i ngā huarahi hanganga rānei i roto i te matū. Ahakoa kāore a Malachite i te marara, te mārama, me te kanapa o roto e kitea ana i ngā kōhatu whakawhanake marama pērā i te taimana, te hapira, te tūrama rānei, ko tōna ātaahua ka puta mai i te tākaro o te kanapa o te mata whakawhanake, te kākano kāpia, te rārangi porowhita, me ngā rerekētanga o te tae. Nō reira, ko Malachite e whakanuia ana hei kōhatu whakapaipai me te kōhatu whakairo i roto i ngā kāpōtō, ngā whakairo, ngā whakaurunga, ngā pīpī, me ngā whakamahinga whakapaipai, engari kaua hei kōhatu whakapaipai whakawhanake.
Te Hanganga Matū me ngā Āhuatanga Tinana
Ko te Malakite, i runga i te tirohanga matū, e whakarōpūtia ana hei pākawa waro konukura māota me te hauwaiwā, me te tātai i ahu mai i te Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂, e whakanoho ana ia ki roto i te rōpū kohuke pākawa waro, ā, e motuhake ana i waenga i ngā kohuke konukura tuarua i waihangatia i roto i ngā taiao whakaoraora. Ko tōna hanganga e whakaata ana i te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i ngā waiora konukura-ā-wai, ngā katote pākawa waro, me ngā wai e mau ana i te hauwaiwā i roto i ngā tukanga whakarerekē i runga ake i te mata o te whenua. Ko te kohuke he pānga matū, ā, e kitea ana tōna aro ki ngā taiao waikawa. Ina whakapā atu ki te waikawa haukara kawakore, ki ētahi atu waikawa ngāwari rānei, ka pirau te Malakite me te pūhia o te haurehu karawaru mā te whakaputanga kōpūpū kitea, i te mea e tukuna ana te haurehu karawaru mā ngā tauhohenga pirau pākawa waro. He wāhanga rewa hoki ki te haukini, ā, ka pāngia e te whakarerekē ātaahua ina whakapā atu ki ngā āhuatanga waikawa o te rangi, ki ngā parakino ahumahi rānei mō te wā roa. Nō tōna hanganga pākawa waro hou, he pāmahana kore pūmau te Malakite i te nuinga o ngā kohuke taimana silicā, ā, ka pōuri, ka whati, ka pirau rānei ina whakapāngia ki ngā pāmahana tiketike. Nā tēnei aro, ka whakarawea te kohuke ki ngā taputapu horoi whare, ngā waiora waikawa, ngā taputapu horoi ororongo, te maimoatanga kōhu, me te whakapā roa ki te wera nui. I runga i te taha tinana, e 3.5 ki te 4 te pakeke o te Malakite i runga i te tauine Mohs, e tohu ana i te iti o te ātete ki te waruhia ina whakaritea ki ētahi atu rawa taimana pēnei i te kiripaka, i te korundum rānei. E whakaatu ana te kohuke i te māwāwā tino pai i roto i tētahi aronga karaihe, ahakoa he uaua te kite tika i tēnei āhuatanga nā te mea ko te nuinga o ngā tauira he whakahiato kirikiri-ā-ngaro, he whakahiato muka rānei, kāore i te karaehe motuhake. Ko tōna whati he ōrite ki te kāpia, he māwherangi rānei, inarā i roto i ngā kahui muka. Ko te taimaha motuhake mai i te 3.6 ki te 4.0 g/cm³, e whakaata ana i te taumaha ngota teitei o te konukura me ngā rerekētanga i puta mai i te pongatanga, ngā parakino, me te kaha o te hanga. Ko ēnei āhuatanga matū me tinana e whakatau ana i te Malakite he rawa ngāwari, he aro matū, engari he kohuke motuhake, ā, e tūhonotia ana ōna āhuatanga ki tōna takenga mai hei kohuke pākawa waro konukura tuarua i waihangatia i roto i ngā taiao whenua tata ki te mata.
Te Putanga me ngā Pūtake Matua o te Mākaraiti
Ka puta te Malachite ki te ao katoa i ngā rohe waikura o ngā putunga konukura, ā, e tino hono ana ki te whakainu whenua tuarua o runga i te mata o te whenua. Nā te mea ka tipu mai mā te panoni matū o ngā kohuke konukura pūkōwhai tuatahi, e tata ana te tohatoha o te Malachite ki ngā rohe e whai ana i ngā pūnaha konukura nui. He maha ngā wā ka kitea te kohuke nei me te Azurite, te Chrysocolla, te Cuprite, te Konukura Māori, me ētahi waikura rino i roto i ngā taiao hārawerawe e kua maoa. He tino noa te putanga ki ngā rohe mārō me te mārō-tahi, i reira ngā tukanga waikura me te huringa wai o raro e whakatairanga ai i te whakaheke o ngā waro konukura tuarua. Ko ētahi o ngā puna nui o nāianei o te Malachite ko ngā rohe konukura-nui o te Whenua o te Kongo Manapori me Zambia, inarā i te Whitiki Konukura o Awherika Waenganui, i reira e mahia ana te nui o te rauemi whakapaipai whakahekeheke me ngā tauira kohuke. E mōhiotia ana ēnei putunga mō te whakaputa i te Malachite botryoidal nui, ngā whakaranu kakawe, me ngā tauira e whakaatu ana i te whakahekeheke porohita pai. Ko Namibia hoki tētahi kaihanga nui, inarā i te rohe maina o Tsumeb, i whakaputa i ngā tauira kohuke kounga teitei i ngā wā o mua, e hono ana ki ngā pūnaha konukura-mata-konutea matatini. I Rūhia, ko ngā Maunga Ural tētahi puna nui o te Malachite whakapaipai i ngā wā o mua, inarā i ngā rautau 18 me 19, i tukua ai e ngā putunga nui ngā rauemi mō ngā mahi whakapaipai whare me ngā toi kōhatu. Ahakoā kua pau kē te nuinga o ēnei putunga tawhito, he mea nui tonu te Malachite Rūhia i roto i ngā horopaki kohuke me te whakapaipai.
Ko ētahi atu putanga ka tuhia ki Ahitereiria, Mehiko, Tirene, Wīwī, Iharaira, me te tonga-hauāuru o te Hononga o Amerika, inarā ki ngā rohe keri parahi o Arizonā, New Mexico, me Nevata. I ēnei rohe, ka puta te Malachite hei kiri, hei whakakī i ngā whāiti, hei papatipu pīoro, me te uhi ana i ngā rua i roto i ngā tinana oka parahi kua whakapara. Ko ētahi putanga iti ake e mōhiotia ana mai i ētahi atu wāhi maha puta noa i te ao, e whakaata ana i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua whānui e puta ai ngā kohuke parahi tuarua. Ko te kounga, te kaha o te tae, me ngā tauira whakahekeheke o roto o te Malachite ka tino rerekē i runga i ngā āhuatanga matū-ā-rohe, te hanganga o te toka kaiwhakaruruhau, me ngā tukanga motuhake e pā ana ki te whakaputanga kohuke.
Ngā whakamahinga o te malakiti
Kua whakamahia a Mārakāiti i ngā wā o mua me ngā wā hou mō ngā take whakapaipai, ahumahi, toi, pūtaiao hoki. Nā ōna tauira rīpeka motuhake me tōna pakeke āhua ngāwari, ka whakamahia nuitia hei kohatu whakapaipai ki ngā whakairo, ki ngā cabochon, ki ngā pirepire, ki ngā whakapakoko, ki ngā whakaurunga, ki ngā tepu, ki ngā uwhi whare, me ngā taonga whakapaipai. I roto i ngā whakamahinga kohatu, ka tapahia te kohuke nei hei cabochon, ka orohia rānei hei āhua whakapaipai, kaua hei kohatu whakapaipai matau, nā te mea kāore e tautokona e tōna hanga pūruru me te kōtaota te mahi matau tikanga. I ngā wā o mua, i mahi anō a Mārakāiti hei whenua parahi iti me te tae kākāriki māori. I whakamahia te paura Mārakāiti kua whakapoto ki ngā peita whare tawhito, ki ngā tuhinga, ki ngā whakapaipai kanohi, me ngā tae toi i mua i te whanaketanga o ngā tae kākāriki horihori. I roto i te matawhenua me te mātai kohuke, ka noho tonu te kohuke hei mea nui hei tohu o te whakangao parahi tuarua, ā, ka rangahaua nuitia e pā ana ki ngā tukanga whakarei runga me ngā putunga parahi hāora.
Te Pākanga me te Haumaru o te Malakaita
Ko te malachite he nui te kukū o te parahi, nō reira me manaaki tika, inarā i ngā tukanga tapahi, oro, whakapīata rānei. Ko ngā tauira malachite mārō, kua whakapīatatia, e whakamahia ana ki ngā whakapaipai, ki ngā mea whakapaipai rānei, e kiia ana he haumaru mō te whakahaere noa; engari ko te whakapāoho, te horomi rānei i te puehu malachite ka kino pea nā te mea ko ngā matūriki e mau ana i te parahi ka whakapā i te whakapākū, te paitini rānei ina whakauruhia ki te tinana i roto i ngā rahinga e tika ana. Mō tēnei take, ko ngā mahi lapidary e pā ana ki te malachite e hiahia ana ki te whakawhiti hau tika, te whakatikatika puehu, me ngā taputapu whakamaru. Kaua e kai a roto i te kohuke, e whakamahi rānei i ngā whakarite wai mō te horomi. I te taha matū, he tairongo hoki te malachite ki ngā waikawa, te āmonia, ngā kai horoi whare, me ngā pāmahana tiketike nā te mea he kāwarawata tōna hanga. Ko te whakapā atu ki ngā matū waikawa ka pēheatia he kino ki te mata, he tuku rānei i ngā pūhui parahi mā te whakawehe matū. I te mea he kohuke ngāwari, he tauhohenga hoki, ko te malachite e horoia ana ki te hopi ngāwari, te wai, me ngā rawa kore-whakauru hei whakaiti i te pōraruraru ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki i roto i te wā.
Ngā Tikanga Wairua me ngā Hononga Ahurea o te Maikaraiti
I roto i te hītori, kua honoa te Malachite ki ētahi whakamāramatanga tohu, ahurea, me te whakapakoko. I whakamahia nuitia te kohuke e ngā iwi tawhito ki ngā amulet, whakapaipai, me ngā taonga karakia, he maha ngā wā e kīia ana he tikanga whakamarumaru, wairua rānei mō tōna kara kākāriki me ōna tauira motuhake. I ngā tikanga ahurea o te wā o te Waenganui me ngā wā o muri mai, i whakaarohia te Malachite i ētahi wā he kowhatu whakamarumaru e whakaponohia ana hei ārai atu i te aituā, i ngā awe kino rānei. I roto i ngā tikanga whakapakoko hou me ngā tikanga whakaora tioata, e honoa nuitia ana te kohuke ki te panoni, te taurite kare-ā-roto, te whakamarumaru, me ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki te tipuranga whaiaro. Nā tōna tae kākāriki, e honoa hokia ana ki te ngākau me te taiao. Heoi, he whakamāramatanga ahurea me te wairua ēnei whakapono, kāore i te pūtaiao, ā, kāore he taunakitanga pūtaiao e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga haumanu, tipua rānei e pā ana ki te kohuke.