He kohuke onge konupora borate whākōnuingia a Kurnakovite, ko tōna tātai matū ko MgB₃O₃(OH)₅·5H₂O. Nō te karaehe kohuke borate, ā, kua whakarōpūtia hei mema o te Rōpū Inderite, he rōpū o ngā kohuke konupora borate whākōnuingia e whakatipu ana i ngā taiao whakaeto e whai boron nui ana. Ko tētahi o ōna āhuatanga tino rongonui ko tōna hononga ki te kohuke inderite. Ahakoa he ōrite te hanganga matū o Kurnakovite me inderite, he rerekē ngā whakaritenga ngota o roto, nā reira ka tioata ki ngā pūnaha tioata rerekē. Ka tioata a Kurnakovite ki te pūnaha tioata triclinic, ko inderite he monoclinic, ka noho ngā kohuke e rua hei dimorphs mō tētahi ki tētahi. Nā tēnei hononga tioata kua noho a Kurnakovite hei kohuke nui mō ngā rangahau o te polymorphism kohuke me te matū tioata.
Kurnakovite he iti rawa atu te noho whenua i te nuinga o ngā kohuke pākawa e keria ana i runga i te tauine ahumahi. Kāore i rite ki ngā kohuke pēnei i te borax, te colemanite, te kernite rānei, e mahi ana hei puna boron hokohoko nui, ko Kurnakovite te nuinga ka puta i roto i ngā rahinga iti i roto i ngā putunga wairehu. Ko tōna uara nui ko tōna hiranga pūtaiao, ehara i te hiranga ōhanga. Ka rangahaua e ngā tohunga kohuke a Kurnakovite kia mārama ake ki te hanganga o ngā kohuke pākawa wairehu, ā, ka whakamihia e ngā kaikohi ngā tauira āhua pai mō te onge me ngā āhua karaihe tino ataahua. I runga i te wāhi takenga, ka puta pea te kohuke hei tioata paraka pūataata ki te mārama, hei whakahiato muka, hei papatipu tioata pūtoitoi rānei, me te kanapa karaihe ki te paku hiraka.
Nā te mea he wai te hanga, he ngāwari noa iho a Kurnakovite, he 2.5 ki te 3 te pakeke o Mohs, ā, he iti te tāwehenga motuhake inā whakaritea ki te maha atu o ngā kohuke borate. Nā tōna hanganga karaihe ngāwari me te nui o te wai, e kore e tika mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā whakapaipai, ngā kohatu utu, ngā whakairo rānei, nā te mea ka ngāwari te pakaru, te whara rānei o te kohuke. Engari, ko te nuinga o te wā ka kitea a Kurnakovite i roto i ngā kohikohinga whare taonga, ngā kohikohinga whakaako o te whare wānanga, me ngā kohikohinga kohuke motuhake hei tauira mō te kanorau o ngā kohuke borate wai. Ahakoa kāore i te tino mōhiotia ki waho o ngā porihanga kohuke, ka whakakite a Kurnakovite i te māramatanga utu nui ki ngā tukanga ā-papa e whakaputa ana i ngā putunga borate hāora, ā, ka noho tonu hei kaupapa rangahau whakamīharo i roto i te whaipara kohuke me te āhuakōrehu.
Te hītori me te kitenga o Kurnakovite
I whakaāhia tuatahitia a Kurnakovite i te tau 1940 mai i ngā putunga pākawa o te takiwā o Lake Inder i te rohe o Atyrau o Kazakhstan i nāianei, he rohe tonu e noho ana hei wāhi taketake o te kohuke. I whakaingoatia te kohuke hei whakanui i a Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov (1860–1941), he tohunga kemu me te tohunga kohuke Rūhia rongonui nāna i whai wāhi nui ki te matū tinana, ki te whakapapa kirikiri, me te rangahau i ngā rawa kohuke. Ko āna rangahau i whai wāhi nui ki te whakapiki i te māramatanga pūtaiao o ngā pūnaha kohuke i te Soviet Union o mua, nā reira ko te whakaingoa o Kurnakovite he whakanui i āna takoha pūmau ki te marama.
Ko te kitenga o Kurnakovite i puta i roto i te wā o te piki haere o te hiahia pūtaiao ki ngā kohuke borate me ngā putunga evaporite. Ko ngā kairangahau e rangahau ana i ngā taiao matū motuhake o ngā roto tote me ngā riu whenua i tautohu i te tini o ngā borate whākōkī kāore i mōhiotia i mua, he maha i hanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua tino motuhake. I kukume a Kurnakovite i te aro nā te mea he momo borate konupora hou tērā me tētahi hanganga karaihe e rerekē ana i te kohuke inderite e ōrite ana te matū. I āwhina tēnei kitenga ki te whakaatu ka taea e ngā kohuke he ōrite ngā tikanga matū te whakakoeko i roto i ngā whakahaere hanganga rerekē, e whakarato ana i tētahi atu tauira o te dimorphism kohuke.
Mai i tōna whakaaturanga tuatahi, kua pūrongohia a Kurnakovite mai i ētahi rohe whakaputa borate huri noa i te ao, tae atu ki te United States, Turkey, Argentina, China, me ētahi wāhi atu i Āhia Waenga. Ahakoa kua whānui haere tōna tohatoha o te ao mā te torotoro whenua tonu, he paku tonu te kohuke ki te whakatairite ki ngā borate hokohoko nui. Ko ngā tikanga tātari hou pērā i te X-ray diffraction, te electron microprobe analysis, me te infrared spectroscopy kua taea e ngā kairangahau te mārama ake ki tōna hanganga karaihe, tōna titonga matū, me tōna pūmau i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē. I tēnei rā, e rangahaua tonutia ana a Kurnakovite hei mema nui o te rōpū kohuke magnesium borate kua whakamākūkū, ā, hei tohu mō ngā taiao evaporite e whai rawa ai te boron.
Te pēhea e hanga ai a Kurnakovite
Ka tipu te Kurnakovite i ngā taiao whakapāoho, ki reira e tino kitea ai ngā roto tote, ngā paraihe playa, me ngā rōpū whenua kōpaka o roto e roa ana te whakapāoho i raro i ngā āhuarangi maroke, āhuarangi āhua-maroke rānei. I a ia e whakapāoho haere ana te wai mata, ka kaha ake te kukū o ngā huānga kua memeha, pēnei i te boron, te konupora, te konutai, te konupūmā, me te konupā, i roto i te wairehe e toe ana. Ka tae rawa te wairehe ki ngā āhuatanga matū e tika ana, ka tīmata te whakakikorua o ngā kohuke pūhui boron haumākū i roto i tētahi raupapa e taea ana te matapae, ā, ka tipu te Kurnakovite i ngā wāhanga motuhake o tēnei hātepe whakapāoho. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whanake aua taiao mō ngā mano tau, ā, e piri pū ana ki ngā rohe e nui ana te pungarehu puia, ngā toka pūtake whai-boron rānei.
Ko te hanganga o Kurnakovite e whakawhirinaki ana ki te maha o nga ahuatanga whenua me nga matū whenua, tae atu ki te kukū o te konupora me te boron kua rewa, te matū wai, te pāmahana, te tere whakaetonga, me te hurihanga wai o raro. Ko nga rerekētanga iti i roto i enei tikanga ka pai ki te whakatoi i nga kohuke borate rereke, koira te take e kitea ai te Kurnakovite i te taha o nga kohuke penei i te inderite, te borax, te hydroboracite, te ulexite, me te colemanite. I etahi putunga, ka whakaawe pea te huringa o te houkura, o te matū wai ranei i muri i te whakatoi tuatahi i te pumau o nga borate whakamākū, ka taea ai e tetahi kohuke te whakakapi i tetahi atu, te noho tahi ranei i roto i te wā whenua.
He kōhatu kōpura kua whakamākūtia, e rima ngā ngota wai o te hanganga, e whakaatu ana a Kurnakovite i ngā āhuatanga taiao i reira i te wā i hanga ai. Ko tōna hanganga tioata e mau ana i te wai e tohu ana i tupu ia i raro i ngā āhuatanga mata o te whenua i te pāmahana iti, kaua ki te hōhonu o te kirinuku o te whenua. Nā te mea he mea nui te whakamākūtanga mō tōna pūmau, ko te rongo roa ki ngā pāmahana tiketike, ki ngā taiao tino maroke rānei, ka pēheatia te āhua o te kōhatu. Nō reira, ko te putanga mai o Kurnakovite e whakarato ana i ngā kairangahau whenua he taunakitanga nui hei whakaora i te whanaketanga matū o ngā roto tai tote tawhito me te mārama ki ngā tukanga e whai wāhi ana ki te hanga o ngā putunga parakeke tāpoi.
Ngā momo o Kurnakovite
E mōhiotia ana a Kurnakovite he momo kōhatu kotahi e te International Mineralogical Association (IMA), ā, kāore ōna rerekētanga hanganga, momo iti, ingoa hokohoko rānei e whakamana ana. Kāore i rite ki ētahi rōpū kōhatu e whakaatu ana i te whakakapi matū whānui, i te maha rānei o ngā momo i roto i te raupapa whakarewanga totoka, kei te pupuri tonu a Kurnakovite i tōna hanganga matū pūmau o MgB₃O₃(OH)₅·5H₂O. Nā reira, ka whakarōpūtia e ngā tohunga kōhatu ngā tauira kua whakamanahia katoa ki raro i te momo kotahi ahakoa tō rātou wāhi, tō rātou āhua rānei. Ko ngā rerekētanga e kitea ana i waenga i ngā tauira, e pā ana ki te āhua tioata, te rahi tioata, te taumata whakatioata, me ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao whenua i puta ai te kōhatu, kaua ki ngā rerekētanga matū.
Ahakoa kāore he momo tūturu o Kurnakovite, ko ngā tauira i kohia mai i ngā puta pūkawa rerekē, ka puta pea he rerekētanga kitea i ōna āhua tinana. Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tere o te tipu karaihe, te hanganga o te wai tote huri noa, te wāhi wātea mō te whakatautokatoka, me te whakarerekētanga whenua i muri mai, ka awe katoa i te whanaketanga o te kohuke. He uaua noa iho ngā karaihe pai te hanga, ko te nuinga o ngā putanga he papatipu kāpia, he papatipu whakaranu rānei e hono ana ki ētahi atu kohuke pūkawa wai. Ko ēnei rerekētanga he whai hua mō te tautuhi tauira me te kohikohi, engari kāore e tohu i ngā momo kohuke motuhake.
Ko ngā āhua karaihe me ngā āhua e kitea nuitia ana, ko:
- tioata piriti māramarama – Ko te āhua tino hiahiatia e ngā kaikohi kōhatu, he kōwhatu roa mārama ki te mārama pūataata me te kanapa karaihe.
- Huihuinga tioata mā – Ko ngā kāhui o ngā kiripiri iti maha e tipu tahi ana e whakaki ana i ngā rua, e puta ana rānei i roto i ngā pūranga pākawa.
- Rauemi kirikiri nui – Ko ngā papatipu mātotoru māro i hangaia i ngā kirikiri kohuke pai me te iti o te whanaketanga kiripata e kitea ana.
- Ngā whakahuihui evaporete whaiāipo, pāpā rānei – He rawa ririki, he muka ranei i hanga i roto i nga parataiao whakaetonga, he maha nga wa e hono tata ana ki etahi atu pākawa konupora waiwhakauru.
Ko ēnei āhua e whakaatu noa iho ana i ngā rerekētanga o te tipu karaihe me ngā tikanga whakaheke. Ahakoa te āhua, ko ngā tauira katoa he ōrite te pūtaiao karaihe, ā, ka whakarōpūtia hei momo kohuke Kurnakovite.
Hanganga Karaihe
Ka whakatahuri te Kurnakovite i roto i te pūnaha tioata takitoru, e tohu ana i te itinga o te ōritetanga i waenga i ngā pūnaha tioata e whitu e mōhiotia ana i roto i te mātai kōhatu. I roto i te pūnaha takitoru, he rerekē te roa o ngā tuaka tioata e toru, ā, kāore i te 90 ngao te koki e hono ai. Nā tēnei itinga o te ōritetanga, ka puta mai ngā tioata he roa, he hianga, he paku kōpīpī rānei ina whakatauritea ki ngā kohuke nō ngā pūnaha tioata ōrite ake. Ahakoa he uaua te kite i ngā tioata tino pai, ka kitea pea i ngā tauira āta tiakina he āhua kōtaha motuhake e whakaata ana i te hanganga takitoru o te kohuke.’
Ko te hanganga karaihe o Kurnakovite he mea whakarite ki ngā katote konupora e hono ana ki ngā rōpū borate uaua me te maha o ngā ngota wai herea hanganga. Ka honoa ēnei wāhanga mā te whatunga o ngā here matū me te here hauwai e whakapūmau ana i te tūhononga karaihe mākū. Ko te noho o ngā ngota wai e rima i roto i te hanganga he wāhi nui ki te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga tinana o te kohuke, tae atu ki tōna kiato iti, tōna ngāwari, me tōna pūmau i raro i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua tata ki te mata. Nā te mea ko te mākūtanga he mea nui ki tōna hanganga karaihe, ka pāngia pea te kohuke e ngā panoni taiao pēnei i te whakamahanatanga roa, te whakamākūkūtanga rānei i roto i te wā.
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga whakakitenga tino nui o Kurnakovite ko tōna hononga ki te inderite. He rite te tātai matū o ēnei kohuke e rua, ko MgB₃O₃(OH)₅·5H₂O, engari he rerekē te pūnaha whakakitenga i runga anō i te rerekētanga o te whakatakotoranga o ngā ngota. Ko Kurnakovite te dimorph triclinic o te kohuke monoclinic inderite, nā reira ko tēnei tokorua he tauira nui o te polymorphism kohuke. Ko tēnei hononga te kaupapa o ngā rangahau whakakitenga maha nā te mea e whakaatu ana i te āhua o ngā hanganga whakakitenga rerekē e puta mai i ngā hanganga matū ōrite i raro i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua rerekē. Nā reira, kei te noho tonu a Kurnakovite hei kohuke tohutoro nui i roto i ngā rangahau e pā ana ki ngā borates whakamākū, te matū whakakitenga, me te hanganga o ngā kohuke whakaetonga.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ko te Kurnakovite he kore tae, he ma rānei i te nuinga o te wā, ahakoa ka kitea ētahi tae hina paku, kirīmi paku rānei i ētahi wā nā te paru, nā ngā kōmeas rānei mai i te toka manaaki a tawhio noa. He mārama ki te māramarama te kohuke i runga i te kounga o te tioata, ā, whakaatu ana i te kanapu karaihe i ētahi wā ka puta he kanapu peara ki ētahi mata tioata. Ko ngā tioata takitahi he roa, he poroprisma te āhua, engari i ētahi wāhi ka puta te Kurnakovite hei huinga muka, hei papatipu kirikiri, hei rauemi tioata kiato rānei e tipu tahi ana me ētahi atu kohuke pākati waiwai. Nā te mea kāore e tino kitea ngā tioata āhua pai, he maha ngā tauira e kitea ana i ngā kohinga he rauemi whakahuihui, kaua ko ngā tioata wehe.
I runga i ngā āhuatanga tinana, he kōhatu ngāwari a Kurnakovite, ko tōna mārō o Mohs e āhua 2.5 ki te 3, nā reira ka ngāwari te waruhia e ngā taputapu whakarewa noa. Ko tōna taumaha motuhake e tata ana ki te 1.85, e whakaatu ana i te nui o te wai herenga hanganga kei roto i tōna whata tioata. He ngoikore, he kore mārama rānei te wehewehenga, ko te whatiwhatianga he auaha ki te āhua kikorangi, ā, e kiia ana he pākuru te kōhatu. Nā te iti o tōna mārō me te tāora o tōna hanganga tioata, me āta whakahaere ngā tauira kia kore e waruhia, kia kore e whati, inarā ki te tiaki i ngā tioata tino pai mō ngā kohinga whare taonga, rangahau rānei.
Mā te matū, ko Kurnakovite he pākawa konupora haumākū i titoa mai i te konupora, te pākawa, te hāora, te hauwai, me e rima ngā pūngota wai e whakaurua tika ana ki tōna hanganga karaihe. He pūmau i raro i ngā āhua mata noa engari ka memeha haere i roto i ngā waikawa, ka mate rānei i te whakamaroketanga ki te wā e pā ana ki ngā pāmahana teitei, ki ngā taiao tino maroke rānei mō ngā wā roa. Ko ngā rangahau whatu e whakaatu ana i ngā taurangi whakaata iti me te tītaha whatu āhua, e āhei ai te wehewehe i te kohuke i raro i te mārama tītaha i te wā o te tirotiro pōro. Nā te mea he ōrite te āhua o Kurnakovite ki ētahi atu pākawa konupora haumākū, ko ngā tikanga taiwhanga pēnei i te Whakamaringiringi hihi X (XRD), ko te Raman spectroscopy, me te tātaritanga matū e hiahiatia ana mō te tautuhi tūturu, ina koa i te wehewehe i a ia mai i tōna dimorph inderite, i ētahi atu kohuke pākawa rānei e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūtanga whakaetonga kotahi.
Ngā Wāhi Kurnakovite
Ko Kurnakovite he iti noa te tohatoha ki te ao, ā, e kiia ana he kohuke kāore i te noa ki te whakatairite ki te maha atu o ngā pāporo māori. Ka kitea tuatahitia i roto i ngā putunga pāporo-waiwaro e nui ana te pāporo i hanga i ngā rohe maroke, i ngā rohe āhua maroke rānei i reira ngā roto tote me ngā ipu parataiao katinga i pāngia e te whakaetonga roa. Nā te mea ka whanake te kohuke i raro anake i ngā āhuatanga matū motuhake e pā ana ki te nui o te konupora me te pāporo, ko ōna putanga he mea here ki te iti o ngā takiwā pāporo e āta rangahaua ana puta noa i te ao. Ko te nuinga o ngā wāhi e hono ana ki ngā raupapa pāporo-waiwaro nui e mau ana hoki i te maha atu o ngā kohuke pāporo-waiwaro whakamaota.
Ko te wāhi tūmomo o Kurnakovite ko ngā putunga borate e karapoti ana i te roto o Inder i te rohe o Atyrau o Kazakhstan, i reira i kitea tuatahi ai te kohuke me te whakamārama. Mai i tōna kitenga, kua tuhia ētahi atu putanga i roto i ētahi whenua whai rawa borate nui. I te United States, kua pūrongotia a Kurnakovite mai i ngā putunga borate rongonui i Boron i Kern County, California, tae atu ki ngā taiao evaporite i roto i te Death Valley National Park. Ko ētahi atu putanga nui ko te rohe borate o Kırka i Turkey, te putunga borate o Tincalayu i te Porowini o Salta, Argentina, me ngā roto tote e whai boron nui ana i te Tepara o Tibet i Haina. Ko ēnei rohe e tohu ana i ētahi o ngā taiao whakaputa borate tūturu tino nui o te ao, ā, kua puta mai he momo kohuke borate whakamākūkū whānui.
Ko te Kurnakovite e hono ana ki ngā kohuke pēnei i te inderite, te borax, te colemanite, te hydroboracite, te kernite, te ulexite, te gypsum, te halite, me te calcite. Ko tōna putanga ki te taha o ēnei kohuke e whakaatu ana i te whakapāhotanga haere o ngā wai tote e whai boron ana me te hurihanga o ngā āhuatanga matū i roto i ngā punaha roto tote i roto i te wā. Ahakoa kua kitea te kohuke mai i ētahi whenua maha, kāore e tino nui, ā, he onge tonu ngā tauira tino whakapakari. Ko te nuinga o ngā tauira e wātea ana i ngā kohinga whare taonga me ngā kohinga kohuke takitahi e ahu mai ana i te iti o ngā wāhi borate matarohia i reira ngā āhuatanga whenua i pai ai te tipu me te tiaki o ngā tioata kounga teitei.
Ngā whakamahinga o Kurnakovite
He iti rawa te uara arumoni o Kurnakovite nā te mea he onge, he iti noa te putanga, me te hanganga waikore. Kāore i te pērā i te borax, te colemanite, te kernite rānei, e kena nuitia ana hei pūtake ahumahi o te pākura, kāore a Kurnakovite e whakaarotia hei kohuke tino hua ōhanga. Nā tana iti rawa o te nui me tana āhua ngāwari o te tinana, kāore e tika ana mō te tangohanga ahumahi nui, ā, kāore e kitea i waho o ngā taiao matawhenua motuhake. Heoi anō, he nui te uara pūtaiao me te mātauranga o te kohuke e whai tikanga ana i roto i ngā mahi pūtaiao o te kohuke me te matūwhenua.
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga matua o te Kurnakovite ko te rangahau pūtaiao. Ka ako ngā tohunga pūtaiao whenua i tōna hanganga karaihe, i tōna hanganga matū, me tōna hononga ki te inderite kia pai ake ai te mārama ki te polymorphism o ngā kohuke, ki te matū o ngā pākati wai-hāora, me te hanganga o ngā putunga evaporite. Nā te mea ka puta te Kurnakovite i raro i ngā tikanga taiao motuhake, he tohu kohuke whai hua hoki hei whakatikatika i te hītori takiwā o ngā roto tote tawhito me ngā ipu parataiao nui o te pākati. Ko ngā tikanga tātari hou pēnei i te X-ray diffraction, te Raman spectroscopy, te infrared spectroscopy, me te electron microprobe analysis kua waiho te Kurnakovite hei kaupapa nui i roto i ngā tirotirohanga karaihe me te geochemistry.
Ko te Kurnakovite he mea whai take hoki ki ngā kaikohi kohuke, ki ngā whare taonga, ki ngā whare wānanga hoki. Ko ngā tioata mārama pai te hanga mai i ngā wāhi tawhito e rapihia ana e ngā kaikohi e tohunga ana ki ngā kohuke borate onge, ahakoa kāore i tino kitea ngā tauira kounga teitei. Ka whakauru ngā whare taonga me ngā whare mātauranga i a Kurnakovite ki roto i ngā kohinga kohuke whai tikanga hei whakaatu i te kanorau o ngā borate whakamakū, i te ariā o te dimorphism kohuke, me ngā tukanga matawhenua e whakaputa ana i te hanganga kohuke whakaeto. Ahakoa kāore he whakamahinga mahi o te kohuke ki te whakapaipai, ki ngā taonga whakapaipai rānei, nā tōna ngāwari me tōna pāpuku, ka noho tonu hei tauira whakahirahira mō te rangahau, te whakaako, me te tiaki i te kanorau kohuke.