Taimana

Ko te taimana he mahi toi o te wā āhuatanga, he mea hanga mai i ngā ngota waro parakore e mau ana ki roto i te whāriki tetrahedral mārō hei hanga i te matū māori tino pakeke me te tino kanapa i runga i te whenua.

Raraunga Kohuke Taimana
Tātai Matū	Kia ora! Kei te pai ahau, he kaiwhakamaori paetukutuku ngaio ahau. Tēnā, homai te tuhinga e hiahia ana koe kia whakamaoritia, ā, ka mahia e au ki te reo Māori (mi).
Rōpū Kōhuke	Ngā Huānga Taketake (Rōpū Waro)
Whakaaturanga	Tapawhā (Tapaono-okatahedra, rōpū mokowā Fd3m)
Te Tūturu Kupenga	a = 3.567 Å
Te tikanga karaihe	Ko te nuinga he okatahedra, dodekahedra, me ngā pūtoru; he maha ngā wā ka puta hei māhanga papatahi (macles), he papatipu kirikiri porotaka, kōpīpī rānei, he bort, he whakahiato kirikiri moroiti rānei (kāponādo).
Āhuatanga Whatu	Te Ahi me te Pīataata Whakaatu ana i te marara (ahi) motuhake me te kanapa mata teitei (pīataata) inā tika te whakatahataha. Ko ētahi tauira onge e whakaatu ana i te "kāmari" huringa tae rangitahi inā whakawerahia, i te pō roa rānei.
Āwhi Tae	Kore tae, kōwhai māmā, parauri rānei; ko ngā tae ātaahua ko te kōwhai kaha (canary), te parauri (cognac/champagne), te kikorangi, te kākāriki, te māwhero, te karaka, te whero, me te pango, i ahu mai i ngā hē o te hanganga, i ngā paru hautanga pēnei i te hauota me te pōro.
Te pakeke o Mohs	10.0
Te pakeke o Knoop	Ko te tikanga i te takiwā o 7000 – 10000 kg/mm² (te matū māori tino mārō e mōhiotia ana, ahakoa he tino rerekē te āhua me te ātete teitei rawa ki ngā mata {111}).
Rārangi	Mā (puehu taimana mai i te kuru whatunga ahumahi)
Te Tauākī Whakaata (RI)	n = 2.417 (i te 589.3 nm)
Pūāhua Tirohanga	Whakaōrite (e whakaatu pinepine ana i te whakakapinga rua pārūrū, ADR rānei, i raro i te marama pouara whakawhiti nā te rīkini whakatara ā-roto).
Pleochroism	Kore (Isotropic)
Whakamararatanga	Kaha (0.044), e whakaputa ana i te wehenga tae kotahi tino ora o te mārama mā ki ngā tae o te āwhiwhi.
Te Whakawhiti Wera	Tino tiketike, mai i te 900 ki te 2300 W/(m·K) i te pāmahana rūma mō ngā tauira Momo IIa; tino nui ake tērā i te parahi nā te whakawhitinga o ngā phonon i roto i te whakatakotoranga kovalentī tino mārō.
Te Whakahaere Hiko	Kaiwhakapuru hiko (hāunga ngā takawai IIb pūrua kahurangi e mau ana i te boron, e mahi ana hei p-ahuahua araihiko).
Tūāwhiora Whakauru	Ka whakaatu tūturu i ngā rārangi whakauru motuhake i runga i te momo hanganga; ko te Momo Ia (raupapa Cape) e whakaatu ana i te nuinga o te wā i ngā rārangi tātaritanga paerewa i te 415.5 nm, 451 nm, me te 478 nm i te tūāwhiorangi kitea.
Whitiā	Ka whakaatu i te rewharewha kikorangi mai i te iti ki te kaha i raro i te rama UV ngaru poto me te ngaru roa (te nuinga o te momo Ia); ka taea hoki te whakaputa i te whakamarama kōwhai, kākāriki, māwhero rānei i runga i ngā whirihoranga mokowā hauota-motuhake.
Te Taumaha Motuhake (SG)	3.51 – 3.53 (tino rite mō ngā tioata takitahi; ngā whakahiato carbonado ka heke ki 3.1 - 3.4 nā te micro-porosity).
Whakakā (Pōrihi)	Kohatu mārō (e whakaputa ana i te tīaho whakaata tino nui i runga i ngā mata whakakoi).
Māramatanga	Mai i te pūataata ki te pūataata mārama, me te tino pōuri (bort ahumahi me te carbonado).
Wehenga / Whatiwhati	Tino pai ki ngā aronga e whā e whakarara ana ki ngā mata oktāhedron {111} / Pakaru kongoida ki te pakaru taratara.
Pakeke / Toa	Pākākā ki te pākākā-mārō (e taea ana te tapatapa, te wehe rānei i ngā taha e whā o ōna aronga papatoka tino tika, mēnā ka pāngia e ngā pānga koi, whakapae tonu).
Te Putanga Whenua	I hangaia i ngā hōhonu tino rawa o te kiripaku o te papa o te whenua i raro i te karaehe (150–250 km) i raro i ngā tikanga pēhanga teitei, mahana teitei; kawea ki te mata mā ngā paipa puia ultramafic hōhonu e kīia nei ko kimberlites me lamproites, ka whakaputua rānei ki ngā putunga parahanga awa tuarua.
Ngā whakaurunga	Ko ngā kiripiri kohuke syngenetic pērā i te kāreta pyrope chromium pōuri, te olivine kākāriki kanapa (forsterite), te diopside, te chromite, ngā sulfides, me ngā whatiwhati epigenetic, ngā rosette graphite, me ngā kapua tipu tuatahi.
Te rewa	Kāore e whakarewa, kāore hoki e urupare ki ngā waikawa me ngā kōpapa makariri, wera rānei; ka tātāwhia mārire e te pākano pākarapota waihāo, te waro konutai waihāo rānei i ngā pāmahana tiketike.
Pūmau	He pūmau noa iho i ngā pāmahana rūma me ngā pēhanga, ā, ka huri haere hei kāriki i roto i ngā wā whenua; ka wera i roto i te hāora parakore i te 700°C–800°C, ā, ka huri wawe hei kāriki i roto i te hau korekore i runga ake i te 1500°C.
Ngā kohuke e pā ana	Pyrope, Olivine, Chrome Diopside, Phlogopite, Ilmenite, Enstatite, Rutile, me Magnetite (ngā kohuke tohu i roto i ngā matū kimberlitic).
Maimoatanga Tikanga	Ko te keri laser hei tango i ngā kōkirikiri pōuri, ko te whakakī pakaru ki te karaihe mata tiketike hei whakapai i te mārama kitea, ko te whakamahana Pēhanga-Tiketike-Teitei (HPHT), me te hīraura irahiko/kāma hei whakaputa, hei whakarerekē rānei i te tae whakapaipai.
He Tauira Rongonui	Ko te Taimana Cullinan (3,106 karati taratara, i kitea i te tau 1905 i te Maina Premier, Awherika ki te Tonga, i puta mai ko te Whetū Nui o Awherika me te Whetū Iti o Awherika); ko te Taimana Hope rongonui (45.52 karati, kikorangi hōhonu, e rongonui ana mō tōna kanga pūrākau me tōna whakapūmārama whero kaha).
Etymology	I ahu mai i te kupu Kariki Tawhito Atamaha, ko te tikanga "e kore e taea te whakarerekē", "e kore e taea te wikitoria", ranei "e kore e taea te whakarata", e tohu ana i tōna pakari tinana teitei me te kore e taurite.
Whakarōpūtanga Strunz	1.CB.10a (Ngā Huānga/Konganuku/Whānau Waro-kirikona)
Ngā Wāhi Tūturu	Rūhia (Hōkio), Pōtowana, Te Manapori Tūhono o Kōngo, Āwherika ki te Tonga, Ahitereiria (Argyle), Kānata (Ngā Whenua ki te Raki-mā-uru), Paraihe, me Īnia (ngā maina tūturu o Golconda).
Te iririkitanga	Karekau (engari mena ka whitiāwhiwhia e te tangata mā roto i ngā tote radium irirangi motuhake i ngā maimoatanga whakakarakara o te timatanga o te rautau 1900).
Pāitanga	Kore paitini. Ko te puehu taimana pai ka puta i te wa e tapahi ana me te oro i ngā mahi ahumahi, ka whakapōrearea pea i te pūnaha manawa ki te kore e whakamahia he tikanga whakahaere hau me te whakahaere puehu e tika ana.
Tohu & Tikanga	Whakanuia ai i te taha meta-pūtaiao hei tohu tino o te mā, te aroha mutunga kore, te kaha kore, me te māramatanga wairua. E hono ana ki te tara o te karauna, e whakaponotia ana hei whakanui i te kaha whaiaro, hei whakakaha i te pono, hei whakapai ake i te maramatanga hinengaro, hei whakatenatena hoki i te pono tino i roto i te pēhanga hōhonu me te panonitanga.

He aha te Taimana?

Mai i te tirohanga whaipara mātātoa, he nui noa atu te taimana i te kohatu whakapaipai; koia te momo waro parakore tino kaha, tino pūmau hoki e kitea ana i te taiao. Ko te mea e whakamārama ana i te āhua whakamīharo o te taimana, ko tōna hanganga tioata tetrahedral e toru-ahu, i reira e herea ana ia ngota waro ki roto i te whāriki mārō, e toru-ahu nei, mā te here covalent kaha. Ko tēnei whakaritenga ngota motuhake te mea ngaro pūtaiao i muri i tōna tūnga rongonui hei matū māori tino pakeke rawa i te Ao, e whiwhi ana i te 10 tino mārama i runga i te tauine Mohs. Kāore i rite ki te nuinga o ērā atu kohuke he pūhui matū o ngā huānga maha, ko te parakore o ngā huānga o te taimana me te tino kaha o ngā ngota e taea ai e ia te ātete i te warowaru me te horo matū, pai atu i tētahi atu matū, e kore ai e waiho noa hei tohu aroha mutungakore mō ngā rā whānau o Paenga-whāwhā, engari hei taputapu tino nui hoki i roto i ngā tono hangarau me ngā tono pūtaiao tiketike.

Hītori o ngā Taimana: Mai i Inia Tawhito ki te Whakapaipai Hou

Ko te hītori o ngā taimana ka tīmata i ngā awaawa o Īnia tawhito, i reira i kitea ai ngā kohatu tuatahi i tuhia i runga i te toru mano tau ki muri. I te tuatahi i uaratia mō tō rātou pakeke rawa me te kaha ki te whakaputa i te rama, i whakamahia ēnei taimana tuatahi hei tohu whakapono me ngā taputapu whakairo, kaua hei whakapaipai i te tangata. I te rautau tuawhā BCE, kua noho ngā taimana hei taonga utu nui, ka hokona i te huarahi o te Hiraka tae noa ki Haina me te Mediterranean. He maha ngā rautau, ko Īnia anake te puna e mōhiotia ana o te ao mō ngā taimana, e whakaputa ana i ngā kohatu rongonui pērā i te Koh-i-Noor, i ahu mai i ngā maina o Golconda.

Peita hītori nā Veloso Salgado e whakaatu ana i te taenga mai o Vasco da Gama ki Calicut, Inia, te hui ki a Zamorin ki te whakatū i ngā ara hokohoko e whakahaere ai i muri mai te rerenga o ngā taimana Inia ki Ūropi. — Pikitia hītori nā Veloso Salgado e whakaatu ana i te taenga mai o Vasco da Gama’s ki Calicut, Inia, te hui ki te Zamorin ki te whakapūmau i ngā ara tauhokohoko e āwhina ana i te rere o ngā taimana Inia ki Ūropi i muri mai.

I roto i ngā wā o te Waenganui me te Renaissance, ka timata ngā taimana ki te heke ki roto i ngā whare taonga o ngā kīngi o Ūropi. Heoi, tae noa ki te rautau tekau mā whā, i timata ai te whanake o te toi tapahi taimana, e huri ana i ngā tioata oktahedra pūhōhā hei kōhatu whai mata ka taea te whakaatu i tō rātou pīataata o roto. Ko te kitenga o ngā taimana i Parīhi i te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau mā waru i whakawhiti poto i te rautuku o te ao i muri i te tiimata o ngā maina o Īnia ki te pau. Heoi, ko te ahumahi taimana hou e mōhiotia ana i tēnei rā i whānau pūmau i te mutunga o ngā tau 1860 me te kitenga o ngā putunga matua nui i Kimberley, Āwherika ki te Tonga. Ko tēnei kitenga i tohu i te panonitanga o ngā taimana mai i te kōhatu tino onge e rahuitia ana mō te rangatira tiketike ki te poutokomanawa o te mākete papai o te ao.

I te rautau rua tekau, i āta hangaia anō te kōrero mō te taimana e te hokohoko mātanga me te whakataunga ahumahi. Ko te whakaurunga o ngā C e whā—karati, tae, mārama, me te tapahi—e te Gemological Institute of America i whakarato i tētahi reo whānui hei aromatawai i te kounga o te taimana, e whakamārama ana i te tauhokohoko. I tēnei rā, kei te whanake tonu te ahumahi mā te whakauru i ngā tikanga whakapūtake matatika me te putanga mai o ngā kōwhiringa whakatōpū taiwhanga. Mai i ō rātou takenga hei taonga tapu i te wā Vedic tae noa ki tō rātou tūnga o nāianei hei tohu tino nui o te pono me te mahi toi, ka noho tonu ngā taimana hei whakawhitinga pūmau o te mīharo matawhenua me te hītori ahurea tangata.

Pēwhea te hanga o ngā taimana i te taiao?

Ko ngā taimana māori ka puta i te hōhonu o te aho o te whenua, i waenganui i te 150 ki te 250 kiromita ki raro i te mata, i reira te waro parakore e pāngia ana e te pēhanga e tae atu ana ki te 60,000 taiao (atm) me te pāmahana e neke ake ana i te 1,100°C. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga taumaha, ka akiakihia ngā ngota waro ki roto i tētahi whakatakotoranga mātātoka toru-ahu (tetrahedral) e mārama ana, e kīia nei he hanganga taimana huinga kūpapa (diamond cubic crystal structure), ka puta ko te matū māori pakeketanga e mōhiotia ana e te pūtaiao. Ka noho ēnei tioata i te aho mō ngā miriona, tae noa ki ngā piriona tau, tae noa ki te wā e kawea ai ki te mata e ngā hūnga puia onepu hōhonu, mā roto i ngā paipa kimberlite, lamproite rānei. Ka tere te pikinga taikaha nei, e whakamatao ana i te ngāwhā kia tino tere, kia kore ai ngā taimana e huri hei kawenga (graphite), i te mutunga ka tiakina tō rātou here ngota ahurei me tō rātou kanapa kore whakataurite.

He aha i tino pakeke ai ngā taimana hei rawa māori?

Ko te pakeke kore whakatairite o te taimana e ahu mai ana i tōna hanganga ngota ahurei me te āhua motuhake o tōna here matū. He momo waro parakore, e honoa ana ia ngota i roto i te taimana ki ētahi atu ngota waro e whā mā te here kovalent tino kaha, e hanga ana i tētahi pūtoru tētāheara toru-ahu, mārō. E whakapūmau ana tēnei hanganga tioata i te kaha o te kikī o te kohinga o ngā ngota, kāore e waiho ana he papa ngoikore hei whakawhiti māmā, hei warohia rānei.

I runga i te tauine Mohs o te pakeke kōhatu, kei te tūtū te taimana ki te tūnga 10, e tohu ana ka taea anake te warohia e tētahi atu taimana. Ehara tēnei pakeke nui i te hua anake o te huānga ake—ka kitea i roto i te kauwhata, he waro parakore anō tērā engari ko tētahi o ngā kōhatu māeneene rawa—engari nā te āhua o te whakaritenga o ngā ngota i raro i te pēhanga nui o te kōpaka o te whenua. Nā tēnei whakakotahitanga o te parakore huānga me te āhuahanga tuihono korekore, ko te taimana te rauemi tūturu tino pai mō ngā whakapaipai utu nui me ngā tono tapahi me te oro ahumahi taumaha.

Te Hanganga Karaihe Taimana kua Whakamāramatia

Ko ngā āhuatanga whakamīharo o te taimana, mai i tōna pakeke rawa ki tōna kawe wera teitei, ko te hua tōtika o tōna whakaritenga ngota matatini. I tōna pūtake, ko te taimana he āhua tioata o te waro parakore, e mau katoa ana ia ngota ki roto i tētahi whatunga mārō, ahu-toru, e mōhiotia ana ko te hanganga tioata pūtoi taimana.

I roto i tēnei whirihoranga, ka honoa ia ngota waro ki ngā ngota waro e whā e pātata ana, kei ngā kokonga o te tapawhārite auau. Ko ēnei hononga pūngota kei roto i ngā hononga matū tino kaha o te taiao, me whakapau kaha nui ki te whati. Kāore i rite ki te kākāriki, e whakarōpūtia ai ngā ngota waro ki ngā whārangi hononga korekore e taea te pahekeheke, ka honoa ngā ngota o te taimana ki ngā aronga katoa. Ko tēnei kāhui mātotoru, ōrite, e whakapūmau ana kāore he paparanga ngoikoretanga o te hanganga, nā reira ka taea te taimana te waru e tētahi taimana anake. Ko te hangarite o tēnei tukutuku tapawhārite he wāhi nui hoki ki te mahi whatu o te kohatu. Nā te mea he tino tika te whakarite o ngā ngota, ka whakaatahia, ka whakawhitia te mārama e kuhu ana ki te kirikiri, me te iti o te aukatinga, e taea ai te whakaata whakatairite me te marara e whakamārama ana i te kanapa o te taimana. Mai i te tirohanga whenua kōhatu, ko tēnei hanganga te whakaritenga tino pūmau me te kikokiko o ngā ngota waro e taea ana i raro i ngā āhua pēhanga tiketike, he tauira tino pai o te āhua o te āhuatanga ngota e whakatau ana i te hiranga kikokiko o te taumata nui.

Te Mārama ki ngā 4C o te Kounga Taima

Ko ngā 4Cs—Carat, Color, Clarity, me Cut—e tohu ana i te paerewa ao mō te tautuhi i te kounga me te uara o te taimana. I whakatūria e te Gemological Institute of America (GIA) i te waenganui o te rau tau rua tekau, i whakakapi tēnei pūnaha whakatau i te mākete hē o ngā kupu whakahē ki te reo pūtaiao rite tonu. Ko ēnei āhuatanga e whā e whakatau ana i te onge o te kōhatu whakapaipai, e tohutohu ana hoki i tana utu mākete o te ao.

Tapahia

Ko te tapahi o te taimana e kiia ana ko te mea tino nui o ngā 4C nā te mea e pā tonu ana ki te kaha o te kohatu ki te whakaata i te marama. Mā te tapahi e tika ana te ōwehenga, ka taea e te marama te uru mā te paparahi, te peke atu i ngā mata o roto, ka hoki mai ki te kanohi hei ahi me te korakora. Ki te tapahi he pāpaku rawa, he hōhonu rawa rānei te taimana, ka maringi te marama ki waho o ngā taha, o raro rānei, ka puta he āhua pūahoaho, he āhua "pōuri" rānei. Ko te karaehe tapahi e arotahi ana ki te mātauranga o te mahi whakapai i ngā mata, kaua ki te āhua o te taimana ake.

Te Aromatawai Taumata Tapahi Taimana

Kōwhirihia tētahi tohu kei raro nei hei whakaatu i te mahinga o te rama i runga i ngā paerewa GIA.

Te whakaata i te mahi marama o te taimana 'Pai' te tapahi.

Tika

Pai

Tino pai

Tino Pai

Pai

He tapahi kounga pai e whakaata ana i te nuinga o te marama e uru ana ki te taimana. He pai te toenga o te kanapanapa me te uara, e whakapai ana i te rahi me te pihapiha.

Tae

Ko te tae o te taimana tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino nui e whakatau ana i tōna onge me tōna uara mākete. E ai ki ngā paerewa o te ao i whakatūria e te Gemological Institute of America (GIA), ka whakatauritehia ngā taimana mā i runga i tētahi tauine mai i te D (kore tae) ki te Z (kōwhai māmā, parauri rānei). Ka whakahaeretia tēnei tukanga whakataurite i raro i ngā tikanga rama whakahaere mā te whakatairite i ia kōhatu ki tētahi huinga kōhatu matua. I te hekenga o te taimana i te tauine mai i te D ki te Z, ka mārama ake te kitea o ngā waitutu kōwhai, parauri rānei, ā, ka heke iho te utu o te kōhatu mō ia karati. Ahakoa ko ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā karaehe tata, pērā i te E me te F, e kore e kitea e te kanohi kāore i whakangungua, e tohu ana rātou i ngā taumata motuhake o te mā o te matū. Ko ngā taimana i te awhe D-E-F kua whakarōpūtia hei kore tae, ā, e whakanuia ana mō tō rātou pīataata hukapapa. Ko ngā kōhatu i te awhe G-H-I-J he tata-kore tae, ā, ka mā te kitea ina whakanohoia ki roto i ngā whakapaipai, e whakarato ana i tētahi taurite pai rawa o te ātaahua kanohi me te uara. Ki tua atu i te karaehe K, ka kitea te mahana o te kōhatu, e mīharotia ana e ētahi kohinga mō tōna āhua tawhito, ahakoa he nui ake ēnei kōhatu i te taiao ina whakatauritea ki ō rātou hoa kore tae.

Māramatanga

Nā te mea ka hangaia ngā taimana i raro i te taumahatanga tino nui i roto i te whenua, kei roto i te nuinga he tohu whānau motuhake e mōhiotia ana ko ngā kuhunga (o roto) ko ngā koha (o waho). Ko te mārama te inenga o te tokomaha, te rahi, me te tūnga o ēnei āhuatanga. Ko te tauine mai i te Harakore, e tohu ana kāore e kitea ngā kuhunga i raro i te whakanui 10x, tae atu ki te Kuhunga, ka kitea pea ngā āhuatanga e te kanohi tahanga. Ko te nuinga o ngā taimana ka taka ki ngā kāwai VS (Tino Ītiti te Kuhunga) me SI (Ītiti te Kuhunga), kāore e pā ngā kuhunga ki te pūmautanga hanganga, ki te ātaahua whānui rānei.

Whakarōpū Mārama Morotoiti

Tirohanga Whakatautau Whakanui 10x

SI2

SI1

VS2

VS1

VVS

FL/IF

Whakauru Paku 2

Ko ngā whakaurunga (tioata, kapua) he mea kitea, ā, he mea kitea mārire e te tohunga i raro i te whakanui 10x.

karāti

Ko te karate e tohu ana ki te taumaha o te taimana, ehara i te rahi tinana. Kotahi te karate ka tautuhia kia 200 mirikaramu tonu. Nā te mea ko ngā taimana nui, kounga teitei e kitea iti rawa atu i te taiao i ngā mea iti, ka piki haere te utu o te taimana i runga i te pūtaiao i te pikinga o te taumaha karate. Ko te tikanga, he nui ake te utu o te taimana e rua-karate kotahi i ngā taimana e rua kotahi-karate o te kounga ōrite, e whakaatu ana i te tino rerekētanga o ngā karaihe nui.

Te Whakaaweawe o te Āhua o te Taimana i te Hoahoa me te Whakamahinga Whakapaipai

I roto i te ao o ngā taimana whai mana, ko te āhua o te taimana te taketake e whakatau ana i te āhua o te whakapaipai, tōna āhua, me te whakamāramatanga o te kōrero toi. Ahakoa te whakatau i te āhua o te tapahi e whakatau ana i te mātātika o ngā taha me te hokinga mai o te mārama, ko te āhua te hangarua toi e hopu ana i te āhua whaiaro o te kaimau, nā reira ko te kōwhiringa he piriti matua i waenga i te pūtaiao toi me ngā whakapaipai mau. Ko te tapahi Round Brilliant te āhua rongonui rawa atu me te tino kua whakapakarihia i roto i te pāngarau, he mea hanga ki ngā taha 57, 58 rānei hei whakaputa i te mārama me te kakara, me te huna tonu i ngā kakara iti o roto. Mō ngā hoahoa e aro ana ki te māramatanga o te āhua, ko ngā taimana tapahi-taahirau pērā i te Emerald me te Asscher e tuku ana i te āhua "hall-of-mirrors" mā ngā taha tapawhā roa e whiti mai ana i te mana whakahaumako. Ko ngā āhua whakahirahira, pērā i te Princess hou me ngā whiringa roa pērā i te Oval, te Pear, me te Marquise, e tuku ana i te whakaputanga auaha nui, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te nui o te kohatu ki te taumaha karati. Ko ngā āhua motuhake pērā i te Heart me te Cushion e whakarato ana i ngā wāhi aroha me ngā wāhi tawhito, e whakarite ana i te whakamahinga o ia āhua taimana hei whakataurite i te mārama, te mauroa, me te pānga kitea.

Tūhura i ngā āhua taimana

Porotaka Kanapa

Ko te āhua tino rongonui, i hangaia mō te ahi me te kanapa kore whakataetae.

Porowhita

Porotītī

Emerald

Urunga

pea

Whiti

Prinihē

Māriki

Ahia

manawa

Taimana Tūturu ki te Taimana Taiwhanga

Ko te whakatipu i ngā taimana i roto i te whare taiwhanga, mā ngā tukatuka hangarau matatini e whai hua ai ki te whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga tino taumaha e kitea ana i roto tonu i te pāpaku o te whenua. E rua ngā tikanga matua hei hanga i ēnei kohatu: te Pēhanga Tētē Nui, Mahana Tētē Nui (HPHT) me te Whakapūtoru Matū Korehau (CVD). I roto i te tikanga HPHT, ka whakanohoia he purapura taimana iti ki roto i tētahi puna waro, ka pāngia ki te pēhanga me te mahana tino nui—e neke atu ana i te 1,400°C—mā te whakamahi i ngā mīhini taumaha pērā i ngā pēhi porowhita, pēhi tāora rānei hei whai i ngā tūpana whenua māori. Ko te tikanga CVD, ko te whakanoho i tētahi purapura taimana ki roto i tētahi rūma korehau kua whakakiia ki ngā hau waro nui, kātahi ka whakahaweatia kia pūwai; ka morohe ngā ngota waro, ka tāheke ki runga i te purapura, e tupu ana te karakona paparanga i te paparanga. Nā te mea ka hua mai i ēnei tikanga e rua he rauemi e ōrite ana ngā āhuatanga matū, āhua, me te whātuitui o te marama ki ngā taimana māori, ka kīia ngā kohatu waihanga he taimana tūturu, kaua hei whai.

Taimana Māori vs Taimana i Tipu ki te Whare Pūtaiao: He Whakatairite Whānui

Inenga	Taimana māori	Taimana Tipu Whare
Te takenga mai i te whenua	I hanga tata ki te 150 ki te 250 kiromita te hohonu i roto i te kiriwhenua o te Ao i raro i te pēhanga nui me te wera mō ngā piriona tau.	Ka mahia i roto i ngā taiao taiwhanga whakahaere mā te whakamahi i te hangarau HPHT, CVD rānei hei whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga māori i roto i ngā wiki.
Hanganga Matū	He mea hanga mai i te waro parakore kua whakaritea ki roto i te whāriki tioata tetrahedral; he maha ngā wā kei roto he tohu iti o te hauota, o ētahi atu kōhuke o te whenua rānei.	He mea hanga mai i te waro parakore me te toronga karaihe tapawhā rite; e whakaatu ana i te parakoretanga o ngā huānga teitei ake nā te tipu whakahaere.
Pūmau Tinana	Ko te rawa tūturu tino mārō e mōhiotia ana e te pūtaiao, e whiwhi ana i te 10 tino tika i te tauine Mohs me te kanapa pēnei i te taimana.	He rite tonu te kaha tinana ki nga kohatu maori, e 10 te whika i te tauine Mohs me te rite o te atete ki te karawarawa.
Te Pīataata Ororangi	Kei roto i a ia te taurangi whakaata o 2.417 me te reiti marara o 0.044, e whakaputa ana i te ahi me te whitiwhiti motuhake.	Ka whakaatu i te tauranga whakaata ōrite o 2.417 me te mararatanga o 0.044, ka puta mai ngā āhuatanga kitea e kore e taea te wehewehe i ngā kohatu kua keria.
Te Korenga o te Maakete	He rawa taiao mutunga, kore e whakahou, me te whakarato e whāititia ana e te kitenga ā-papa me te tangohanga maina.	He hua hanga me te mekameka whakawhiwhi e taea ana te whakarahi; ko te whakaputanga ka herea anake e te kaha hangarau me te wa whakamātautau.
Uara Ahumahi	Whakahau i ngā utu mākete teitei ake me te pupuri i te uara hokonga anō nui hei taonga papai me te kohuke kohikohi.	Ka tukuna i te utu iti ake, te tikanga he 30 ki te 70 ōrau iti iho i ngā kōhatu māori, e aro ana ki te wātea me te kōwhiringa a te kaihoko.
Whakataunga Mana	Kua whakamanahia e te GIA, e te IGI rānei he taimana māori nō te takenga mai i te puia, kua whakatūturutia mā te tātaritanga o te ao pūhiko o ngā taumata hauota.	Kua whakamanahia e te GIA, IGI rānei hei taimana i whakatipuhia i te whare taiwhanga, i te nuinga o te wā e whai ana i te tuhi ā-kiro whakaahua iti hei whakapūmau i te mārama.

E ai ki te Gemological Institute of America (GIA) me te Federal Trade Commission (FTC), he ōrite te taha matū, te taha tinana me te taha whatu o ngā taimana whakatipu-ā-tinihanga ki ngā taimana māori. Ahakoa he ōrite te hanganga karaihe me te wherū, he rerekē te takenga mai me te tūnga mākete o ēnei e rua i roto i ngā momo kōhatu whakapaipai. He taonga ā-whenua onge ngā taimana māori i waihangatia i te 150 ki te 250 kiromita te hōhonu ki roto i te kōpū o te whenua i roto i te kotahi ki te toru piriona tau. E ai ki te Smithsonian Institution, kawea mai ēnei kōhatu ki te mata e ngā pūkōhua puia onge, nō reira he rawa māori mutunga kē. Heoi, he mea whakaputa ngā taimana whakatipu-ā-tinihanga i roto i ngā taiao whakahaere mā te whakamahi i te Pēhanga Tino Nui, te Pāmahana Tino Nui (HPHT) rānei, te Whakaheke Kōrehu Matā (CVD) rānei. Ka tāruarua ēnei tikanga i te kaha o te wera me te pēhanga o te whenua, engari ka oti te huringa whakatipu i roto i ngā wiki, kaua i ngā tau e kore e mutu. Ko te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ēnei e rua kei roto i te ongonga me te uara mō te wā roa. E whakaatu ana ngā pūrongo a ngā kaitātari ahumahi matua pērā i a Bain & Company, ka ahu mai te uara o ngā taimana māori i tō rātou ongonga me te mekameka rawa urunga ao matatini e hiahiatia ana hei tango mai. Nā tēnei ongonga māori e taea ai e ngā taimana māori te pupuri i tētahi uara hokohoko teitei ake me te tūnga hei rawa papai. Ko ngā taimana whakatipu-ā-tinihanga, he hua nō te whakaputa tauine, kua kite i te heke haere o ngā utu whakaputa i te mea e ahu whakamua ana te hangarau. Nā tēnei, he kōwhiringa pai rawa atu mō ngā kaihoko e aro nui ana ki te rahi me te mārama i te utu e taea ake ana, ahakoa kāore e mau i te uara mākete tuarua ōrite ki ngā kōhatu keria i te whenua i te wā roa.

Ki te kanohi tahanga, ahakoa he tohunga pounamu rangatira, e kore e taea te wehewehe i te taimana tipu taiwhanga mai i te taimana māori. Ko te tautuhi pūtaiao e hiahia ana ki ngā taputapu whīwhiwhi motuhake e whakamahia ana e ngā whare taiwhanga nui pēnei i te GIA, i te International Gemological Institute (IGI) rānei. Ka kitea e ēnei taputapu ngaio ngā tauira tipu pakupaku me ngā huānga tohu, pērā i ngā taumata hauota motuhake i roto i ngā kohatu māori, i ngā toenga rere o te konganuku rānei i roto i ngā taimana HPHT. Hei whakapūmau i te mārama ki ngā kaihoko katoa, ka tuhia ki te taiaho ngā taimana tipu taiwhanga rongonui katoa ki tētahi tau pūrongo ahurei me te kīanga Laboratory-Grown, me tētahi pūrongo whakatau ōkawa mai i tētahi rōpū whai mana e whakaatu mārama ana i te takenga o te kohatu.

Ngā Tikanga Pūtaiao mō te Tautuhi Taimana

Te wehewehe i waenga i ngā hanganga taiao me ngā hanganga whakatipu taiwhanga mā te mātauranga kōhatu matatau.

Tātari Whakahiatotanga Hauota

Ko te tikanga o ngā taimana māori, he ngota hauota kei roto e whakakao ana ki ētahi kāhui motuhake i roto i ngā piriona tau i roto i te korowai o Papatūānuku. Kāore e kitea nuitia tēnei āhuatanga i roto i ngā taimana whakatupuria i te whare taiwhanga, e mahia ana i roto i te wā poto ake, ka puta mai he ngota hauota motuhake, he kore noa iho rānei o ngā parakete hauota, e kitea ana i roto i ngā kōhatu Momo IIa.

Te Āhua Tipu Tioata

Ko te āhuatanga o roto o te taimana e whakaatu ana i tōna taiao tipu. Ka tipu ngā taimana māori ki ngā āhua oktahedra i raro i te pēhanga isotropic. Hei rereke, ka whakaatu ngā taimana HPHT i ngā tauira tipu cuboctahedra me te kakano motuhake, i te wā e tipu ana ngā taimana CVD i roto i te āhua paparua, he mea papa, ka waiho i ngā waitohu miihiniiti e kitea ana mā te atahanga motuhake anake.

Whitiāwhio me te Whitiāwhio Roa

I raro i te rama ultravioleta ngaru poto, he maha nga taimana whakatipu taiwhanga e whakaatu ana i nga tae korikori ahurei, i te whakamarama toto kaha ranei (he kanapa tonu i muri i te tangohanga o te puna marama) e kore e kitea i roto i nga taimana tae kore maori. Ko enei tauhohenga e hono ana ki nga whakakōripori konganuku motuhake, ki nga kaiwhakarato matū ranei e whakamahia ana i te tukanga whakahiato.

Āhuatanga Whakaurunga

Ko te tirotirohanga moroiti e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaurunga whakarewa flux i roto i ngā taimana i tipu-a-HPHT, e āhei ana te aukume i ētahi wā. Heoi, kei ngā taimana māori he maha ngā whakaurunga kōhuke o te whenua pērā i te kāreti, te oriwi, te kauwhata rānei, hei tohu āhuarangi o ō rātou takenga mai i te papa hōhonu o te whenua.

Ahakoa e whakarato ana ēnei tohu hangarau i te pūtake pūtaiao mō te rerekētanga, e whakapūmau ana te Gemological Institute of America (GIA) ko te manatoko tūturu e hiahiatia ana ki ngā taputapu taiora whakaata hihiko. Ka noho te tiwhikete ngaio te parenga tuturu anake mō ngā kaihoko me ngā kaikohi anō.

Me pēhea te horoi haumaru i te taimana

Ko te tiaki i te kanapanapa o tō taimana e hiahia ana kia horoi mārie i ia wā, kia tangohia ai te whakapūkete o te hinu me te para e kohi noa mai i te mau o ia rā. Hei horoi i tō taimana i te kāinga, whakaurua te whakapaipai ki roto i te wairewa o te wai mahana me ētahi pata ruarua o te horoi ipu ngāwari, kore-kakara, mō te 20 ki te 30 meneti. Whakamahia he paraihe niho hou, whāiti-puputu, hei horoi mārie i ngā mata me te tae ki ngā wāhi uaua ki raro i te whakanoho, nā te mea ko konei te wāhi e kohikohi ai te nuinga o te paru. Whai muri i te horoi, horoia te wāhi ki raro i te wai mahana e rere ana — kia ūkui te tāpae — ka whakamaroke mārie ki te kākahu kore-pūwai. Karo i te whakamahi i ngā matū kaha pēnei i te whakamā pū kanapa, ngā horoi hākari rānei, nā te mea ka tūkinotia te whakanoho whakarewa, ka whakaiti rānei i te kanapanapa māori o te kōhatu. Mō ngā kōrero whānui ake, tirohia mai ā mātau Aratohu horoi kohatu mākutu.

Pukapuka Whakamārama Kohatu

Kohatu whānau