Ko te Cerussite he kohuke waro konupūmā, he pūtai matū ko PbCO₃. Ko tētahi o ngā kohuke konupūmā tuarua tino nui, ka puta mai hei hua o te tāoke o te galena (PbS), te kohuke matua o te konupūmā. Nō te rōpū kohuke waro, e mōhiotia ana te Cerussite mō tōna taumaha motuhake tiketike, te kanapa tīoriori, me ngā āhua karaihe kua tino whanake. Ko te ingoa i ahu mai i te kupu Latina “cerussa,” e tohu ana i te konupūmā mā, e pā ana ki te tae mā o te kohuke me tōna hononga o mua ki ngā pene konupūmā waro. Ahakoa he kore tae, he mā rānei te Cerussite, ka kitea ngā tauira māori e whakaatu ana i ngā tae hina, kōwhai, hina-puru, kākāriki, parauri rānei nā te paruparu, te whakaurunga rānei o ētahi atu kohuke. He whānui te tohatoha i ngā wāhi waikura o ngā putunga kohuke konupūmā huri noa i te ao, ka kitea ki runga ake o ngā putunga pūkōwhai tuatahi i reira ngā wai whenua e whai hāora nui ana e pāhekoheko ana ki ngā kohuke konupūmā. Nā ōna āhua karaihe motuhake me ōna āhuatanga whatu—pērā i te taupū pūāhua tiketike, te marara kaha, me te mārama o te karaihe—e tino whakanuia ana te Cerussite e ngā kaikohi kohuke, inarā ko ngā tauira e whakaatu ana i te pūtahi matatini, i ngā hanga rerekē rānei. Kāore i rite ki te maha o ngā kohuke waro noa pērā i te calcite, te aragonite rānei (e rua ko CaCO₃), kei roto i te Cerussite te konupūmā taumaha, e whai taumaha tiketike kē ai, e māmā ai te wehewehe i ērā atu kohuke waro mā.
Hītori me te Huakanga o Keruhīte
E mōhiotia mai i ngā wā tawhito mō te whakamahinga o te whakahītiki o te pūmatā o te waro i roto i ngā pēke mā, i te tuatahi e whakaāhuratia ana te cerussite i te rautau tekau mā waru o te whanaketanga o te mātai kōhatu, i te wā i timata ai ngā kairangahau ki te wehe i ngā momo kōhatu tūturu mai i ngā whakahītuki pūmatā i hangaia. Ko te ingoa hou "cerussite" i whakaurua i te timatanga o te rautau tekau mā iwa i te wā e whakamārama ana ngā tohunga mātai kōhatu i tōna hanganga matū me tōna hanga tioata, e wehewehe ana i te momo kōhatu pūmatā o te waro tūturu mai i ngā rawa horihori i whakamahia nuitia i roto i ngā peita me ngā mea whakapaipai. He mea nui i te hītori hei kōhatu iti o te pūmatā me te tohu matua o ngā tukanga huarere e pā ana ki ngā putunga pūmatā, ka puta te cerussite i te nuinga o te wā i te taha o ētahi atu kōhatu tuarua pēnei i te anglesite (PbSO₄), te mimetite (Pb₅(AsO₄)₃Cl), te pyromorphite (Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl), me te wulfenite (PbMoO₄). I roto i ngā rautau tekau mā iwa me te rua tekau, ko ngā tauira whakahirahira mai i ngā wāhi rongonui pēnei i Tsumeb i Namibia i whakamīharo i ngā whare taonga me ngā kaikohi mā te whakaatu i te mahi whakahirahira o te mahi tāruarua me ngā āhuatanga whatu whakamīharo o te kōhatu, e whakapūmau ana i tōna mana hei kōhatu kaikohi e tino rapuhia ana. I tēnei rā, ka noho tonu te cerussite hei kaupapa nui o te rangahau mātai kōhatu, e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga hōhonu ki te hanganga o ngā kōhatu tuarua, te whakawhākī i te rohe, me te whanonga matū matatini o te pūmatā i roto i ngā taiao tūturu.
Te Hanganga me te Putanga Ā-whenua o Cerussite
Ko te Cerussite te nuinga he kohuke tuarua e whakatupu ana mā te whakawhanake me te whakarerekē o ngā kohuke sulfide matū, inarā ko te galena, i roto i ngā wāhanga kua whakamaoritia o ngā putunga kohuke mata, i reira e pakaru ana ngā sulfide tuatahi i te whakapā atu ki te wai o raro e whai hāora ana. I roto i tēnei tukanga hurihanga matū, ka tangohia te whanariki mai i te galena taketake (PbS) i te wā e tauhohe ana te mata ki ngā wē whai kāwariki i runga ake i te papa wai hei whakaputa i te cerussite (PbCO₃) me ētahi atu kohuke mata tuarua. Nā reira, ka puta noa te cerussite i roto i te hononga tata ki ngā kohuke i whakatupu i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao rite, tae atu ki te galena, anglesite, mimetite, pyromorphite, wulfenite, smithsonite, malachite, calcite, quartz, me limonite. Ko te taiao āhuatanga ā-rohe e kaha awe ana i tōna whanaketanga hanganga whakamutunga; ko ngā rua tuwhera me ngā whati i roto i ngā toka kaitautoko e whakarato ana i te wāhi e tika ana hei tipu mō ngā tioata pai, mārama, i te wā e whakawhāitihia ai ngā wāhi ka puta he hanganga nunui, kirikiri, kiripaka rānei. Ko ēnei putanga he nui rawa atu i roto i ngā putunga kohuke waiariki, inarā ko ngā putunga kohuke e noho ana i te toka pākōhatu, ngā toka kāwariki, me ngā uaua e hono ana ki te whakawhiti konganuku.
Ngā Momo me ngā Rerekētanga o Cerussite
- Ngā tauira tioata mārama: He tino hiahiatia, he wai-mārama, he rite ki te kōhatu tāwhai e whakaatu ana i te kanapa kaha o te adamantine, ā, hei kōhatu tātai kōwhiri, hei kohinga taonga utu nui rānei.
- Cerussite Takirua: Ngā whakahiato karaihe whakahirahira e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira whakaurunga motuhake, tauira mahanga huringa rānei, e honohono ana i te nuinga o te wā ki te hanga i ngā āhuahanga hukarere rongonui e rite ana ki te whetū, ki te ripeka, ki te kupenga rānei.
- Cerussite Pāhī: He kāhui tioata ngāwari, rite ki te ngira, he rehu rānei e hanga ana i ngā whatunga piri whakawhitiwhiti i roto i ngā rua toka tuwhera.
- Cerussite Pūkenga: Ngā whakaurunga kikī, kirikiri pai, whenua rānei kāore e kitea ngā mata tioata takitahi, e hanga ana i ngā rohe kōriki ahumahi kikī, i ngā kiri taimaha rānei.
- Cerussite tae: Ko ngā tauira e mau ana i te paru iti, i ngā whakaurunga kōhatu rānei e whakapūango ana i te anga kore tae māori ki ngā ātanga motuhake o te hina awakeri, te kōwhai māmā, te parauri hōhonu, te kākāriki ngāwari rānei.
Te Hanganga Karaihe o Cerussite
Kei te whakamātauhia e Cerussite i roto i te pūnaha tioata orthorhombic, kei a ia he anga ngota o roto e piri tata ana, e rite ana ki te hanganga o te aragonite, he kohuke waro orthorhombic rongonui anō. I roto i tēnei anga hanganga, ka hono pūkoro ngā ngota mata taimaha ki ngā rōpū waro papa, ka puta he whakaritenga āhua uaua, mātotoru, e whakamārama tika ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana whakamīharo o te kohuke’s. Ko tēnei hangarite orthorhombic motuhake e taea ai e te cerussite te whakawhanake i te tini o ngā āhua tioata motuhake, e puta noa ana he tioata porohita roa, papa papata, he tioata āhua ngira ngāwari rānei i runga i ngā āhuatanga tipu matū whenua.
Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino whakamīharo me te kitea e te āhua o tēnei hanganga āhuahanga, ko te putanga auau me te whakamīharo o te kohuke hei whakatipuranga matatini. Ka rite te whakatipu a ngā tioata cerussite i ngā whakatipuranga urutomo me te huringa, e whakatipu tahi ai ngā tioata maha i ngā koki tika hei hanga i ngā āhua motuhake, tino hangarite e rite ana ki ngā whetū tohu-maha, ngā rīpeka, ki ngā tauira hukarere-rite e whatuwhatu ana. Ēnei hanga whakatipuranga āhuahanga e whakanuia ana e ngā tohunga kohuke me ngā kaikohi hoki mō tō rātou ātaahua motuhake. I tua atu, ko tēnei hoahoanga tioata taketake e whai wāhi tika ana ki ngā āhuatanga whatu whakamīharo o te cerussite, e puta ai te taupū whakaata tiketike me te pīrangitanga kaha. Inā whakamārama, ka tika te whakamārama o ngā tioata cerussite i te wā e tika ana te whakamārama, ka taea e tēnei hoahoa hanganga te whakaatu i te kanapa kaha me ngā whakaata o roto e whakataetae ana, e nui atu rānei i te nuinga o ngā kohuke whakarewa tuarua.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū o te Kerusaiti
Hei kohuke waro konutea (PbCO₃), e whakaatu ana te cerussite i tētahi huinga motuhake o ngā āhuatanga matū e pāngia nuitia ana e te kaha o te konganuku taumaha. I roto i te matū, nō te rōpū kohuke aragonite, ā, he 77.5% konutea waikura me te 22.5% waro hauhā te āhua. Ina kitea ki ngā waikawa waimeha, inārā te waikawa nitric, ka urupare māmā te cerussite, ka memeha me te pupū e kitea ana, ka tuku i te pūngao waro hauhā—he whakamātautau matū tino nui hei wehe i a ia i ngā kohuke konutea taumaha kore-waro pērā i te anglesite (PbSO₄). Ahakoa e pūmau ana i raro i ngā āhuatanga mata noa, mā te roa o te rongo ki te haumāota hydrogen sulfide i te takiwā ka puta he tauhohenga matū e whakapōuri ana i te kohuke’s mata, ka hanga i tētahi panipani angiangi o te konutea pūkawa. I tua atu, i raro i te rama ultraviolet roa-ngaru, he maha ngā tauira cerussite e whakaatu ana i te kānapanapa kōwhai, kirīmi, māwhero māmā rānei, e whakamahia nuitia ana e ngā kaimātai whenua me ngā kaikohi hei tautuhi tere i te wāhi.
He cerussite e tohuhia ana e tōna kaha kiato, ā, e rongonui ana ōna āhuatanga whatu, e mōhiotia rawatia ana ahakoa tōna āhua māmā. He nui rawa tōna taumaha motuhake mai i te 6.5 ki te 6.6, he taumaha, he kiko hoki tōna pā ki te ringa—he tino rerekē i ngā kohuke wātea māmā pērā i te kāraitī. I runga i te tauine pakeke o Mohs, he iti te pakeke o te cerussite i waenga i te 3 ki te 3.5, nō reira he tino ngāwari, he tino pakarukaru hoki, e whakaatu ana i te wehenga pūrau me te whati kōnohi ina pakaru. Ko ōna āhuatanga whatu tētahi o ngā mea tino whakamīharo o ngā kohuke kore-silicate; he nui rawa tōna taupū whakaata i waenga i te 1.80 ki te 2.07, me te kaha o te whakaata rua, e whakakakahu ana i ngā tauira mārama ki te kanapa taimana (pēnei i te taimana) ki te kanapa kāpia. Ahakoa he kākāriki kore, he mā rānei te tauira mā hāora, ko ngā momo taiao me ngā whakaurunga kohuke tītahataha e whakarae ana i ngā tioata ki ngā atakura pūnahu, kōwhai māhina, parauri whai rawa, he kākāriki māmā rānei.
Ngā Putanga Nunui me ngā Wāhi o Cerussite
Ko te Cerussite e whānui ana te tohatoha puta noa i te nuinga o ngā rohe arataki matua o te ao, me ētahi wāhi motuhake e rongonui ana i te ao mō te whakaputa i ngā tauira o te kounga o te whare taonga. Ko te mea nui ko te maina rongonui o Tsumeb i Namibia, e whakaaetia nuitia ana e ngā tohunga kōhatu hei puna tuatahi mō te cerussite kohikohia nā tōna whakaputanga i ngā kiripara nui, tino mārama, e whakaatu ana i te tāruarua o te ao me ngā tikanga hukarere pēnei i te hukarere. Ko tētahi atu rohe tino nui o te taha tonga ko te rohe maina o Broken Hill i New South Wales, Ahitereiria, he punga nui e whakanuia ana mō te whakaputa i te cerussite kounga teitei, e kitea ana i te nuinga o te wā e piri ana ki ētahi atu kohuke parahi me te zinc kua whakaweri.
I tua atu i ēnei pā kaha ki te tonga, he maha ngā rohe keri maina puta noa i Āwherika, Amerika ki te Raki, me Ūropi kua whakarato i te mākete kohuke o te ao ki ngā tauira cerussite tino pai i roto i te hītori. He maha ngā takiwā keri maina i Moroko e rongonui ana mō te whakaputa i ngā tautau karaihe tino ātaahua, koi rawa te hanga e hono ana ki te maina mata-zinc ki te rohe. I te Hononga o Amerika, ko ngā putanga nui e tino hono ana ki ngā takiwā keri maina o mua e pā ana ki te whakarewa taketake puta noa i Arizona, New Mexico, me Idaho, i reira ka tikina ai ngā tauira tino karaihe mai i ngā wāhanga o runga o ngā ia waiwera tawhito. I taua wā, ko ngā pokapū keri mata hītori o Ūropi i Ingarangi (pērā i Cumbria), Tiamana, Ateria, me Pāniora kua whakarato i ngā tauira tohutoro tino nui hei pūtake mō te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao kohuke o mua. Ko ētahi atu putunga rongonui o te ao e āhei ana ki te whakaputa cerussite pai ko ngā mahi mata-zinc ā-rohe puta noa i Mehiko, Haina, Rūhia, Kazakhstan, me te Manapori Republic o Congo.
Ngā whakamahinga o Cerussite
Ko te Cerussite i whakamahia i mua hei puna iti o te konutea nā te nui o te konutea i roto, inarā i ngā rohe whai hāora o ngā putunga konutea e puta ai ki te taha o te galena me ētahi atu kohuke konutea tuarua. I ngā wā o mua, i whakamahia te cerussite māori me ngā pūhui waro-konutea i hangaia e te tangata ki te hanga tāwai mā, ahakoa kua tino heke iho ēnei whakamahinga nā te āwangawanga mō te paitini konutea me ngā ture taiao. I ēnei rā, he iti noa te whakamahinga ahumahi o te cerussite, ā, ko te nuinga e whai mana ana hei tauira kohuke mō ngā kaikohikohi, ngā whare taonga, me ngā whakaaturanga mātauranga. Ko ōna āhua tioata motuhake, te nui o te kiato, te kanapa kaha, me te tāruaruatanga uaua e waiho ai hei kohuke nui hei ako i te tipu tioata, ngā tukanga whai hāora i roto i ngā putunga kohuke, me te whanonga matū o te konutea i ngā taiao māori. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā tauira cerussite i roto i te rangahau kohuke hei tirotiro i ngā hanganga kohuke waro me te hanganga kohuke tuarua i ngā rohe keri kua pāhekeheke.