Ko Cattierite he kohuke sulfide cobalt onge noa iho, me te tātai matū e tika ana ko CoS₂. Nō te rōpū pyrite ia, he whānau o ngā kohuke sulfide cubic e pā ana ki te hanganga, ko ētahi o roto ko te pyrite (FeS₂) me te vaesite (NiS₂). I roto i te cattierite, ko te cobalt te tūranga whakarewa matua, ko te sulfur te mea puta mai hei rōpū disulfide i roto i te hanganga tio. Nā tēnei hononga matū me te hanganga motuhake, he nui te hiranga o te cattierite i te taha mātai kohuke, inarā ki ngā rangahau o ngā sulfide whakarewa whakawhiti me te whanaketanga matū o ngā pūnaha hanga kōreko. Ko te cattierite te tikanga he tio i roto i te pūnaha tio cubic, ā, i te nuinga o te wā kāore e mārama, he kanapa whakarewa, he tae ka ahu mai i te mā, i te hiako pōuri, ki te parahi mā, ki te karaka parahi rānei. Kāore ngā tio takitahi e tino whanake i ngā wā katoa, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta te kohuke hei whakahiato kirikiri, hei papatipu kiato, hei kirikiri marara, hei whakaurunga pai rānei ki ētahi atu kohuke sulfide.
Mai i te tirohanga ā-matawhenua, ko te cattierite te mea tino nui hei kohuke kawe-kobalt i roto i ngā pūtākīnga orewaru e whai sulfur nui ana. E tino hono ana ki te kohuke-tanga konukura-kobalt o te Pehu Konukura o Āwherika Waenganui, i reira ka putu tahi ai me ngā kohuke pērā i te carrollite, te pyrite, te chalcopyrite, te bornite, me ētahi atu mema o te huinga kohuke sulfide kawe-kobalt me kawe-nickel. Ko te hanganga o te cattierite e whakaata ana i ngā huinga motuhake o te mahi sulfur, te wātea o te whakarewa, te mahana, te matū wairewa, me ngā āhuatanga redox i te wā o te kohuke-tanga me te whakarerekētanga ā-matawhenua o muri mai. Nā te mea he whakarewa ōhanga nui te kobalt, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā koranu mahi-teitei, ngā kaiwhakatakoto, me ngā rauemi pākahiko tārai-ano, ko te putanga o te cattierite tērā pea he hiranga atu i te whakarōpūtanga kohuke. Ahakoā ehara te cattierite i ngā kohuke kobalt tino nui o te ao, ko tōna noho mai he whakarato mōhiohio whai hua e pā ana ki te tohatoha me te āhua kohuke o te kobalt i roto i ētahi pūnaha orewaru. Mō ngā tohunga kohuke me ngā tohunga āraiwhenua ōhanga, nō reira he tohu whakamīharo te cattierite o te matū kirikiri o te rōpū pyrite, me te tohu nui anō hoki o ētahi taiao matawhenua kobalt-nui motuhake.
Hītori o Cattierite
Cattierite i kitea, ā, i whakaahuatia hei kohuke motuhake i te wā o te whanaketanga tuatahi o ngā rangahau kohuke o ngā putunga kōura pāpāho o Awherika Waenga. I tapaina te kohuke hei whakanui i a Félix Cattier, he tohunga aronuku me te tohunga mātai matawhenua nō Pehiamu nāna i whai wāhi ki te rangahau me te whakatakoto mahere whenua o te Kongo Pehiamu, e mōhiotia ana ināianei ko te Manapori Republic of the Congo. Ko te whakaingoatanga o te cattierite e whakaatu ana i te hononga tata i waenga i te kohuke me te tūhura matawhenua o Awherika Waenga, inā rā te rohe i rongonui ai i te ao mō āna rawa konukura me te konukura.
Ka nui haere te hiranga o te rangahau o te cattierite i te tirotirohanga a ngā kaimātai whenua i ngā huinga sulfide matatini o te Whitiki Konukura o Āwherika Waenga. Kei roto i ēnei putunga te tini o ngā kohuke konukura, kōbalt, rino me te whanariki, ā, i whakaatu ngā rangahau mātai kohuke o mua he maha ngā wāhanga kohuke motuhake kei roto te kōbalt, kāore i te horahia ōritetanga ki te kōreko. I tautuhia te cattierite hei tētahi o ngā sulfide whai-kōbalt nui i roto i tēnei pūnaha. Nā tōna hononga hanganga tata ki te pyrite me ētahi atu kohuke o te rōpū pyrite i arataki ai te hiahia pūtaiao, nā te mea i hōmai he tauira mō te mahi a ngā whakarewa whakawhiti rerekē ki te hanga kohuke me ngā hanganga tioata e tata hono ana. Nā te haere tonu o te rangahau mātai kohuke me te matū whenua i āwhina ki te whakapūmau i te cattierite hei momo kohuke motuhake, ā, i whakapai ake i te māramatanga ki ngā āhuatanga matū e takea ai te hanganga o te sulfide kōbalt.
Hanganga o Cattierite
Ka puta te Cattierite i ngā horopaki ā-papa e whai pūngatara ana, i reira ka tino whakakotahitia te kōbalt, ā, ka wātea te pūngatara hei hanga i te kōbalt pūngatara-rua. Ko tōna hanganga e pā tata ana ki ngā tukanga whakāpapa kohuke waiwera, ki ngā tukanga sedimentary-exhalative, ki ngā tukanga rānei e noho ai ngā kohuke i roto i ngā parataiao, i runga anō i te putunga motuhake. I ngā putunga kōbalt-parahi nui o Āwherika Waenga, i puta te whakāpapa kohuke mā ngā pāhekoheko uaua i waenga i ngā wai whai maitai, ngā wāhanga whai pūngatara, me ngā toka kāinga e hohe matū ana. Ko ngā panonitanga o te mahana, te pēhanga, te hohenga o te pūngatara, ngā tikanga whakahohe-hāora, te hanganga o te wai, me te wāteatanga o te kōbalt, ka pā ki te noho pūmau o ngā kohuke pūngatara i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te hanganga kohuke.
Ko te hanganga o te cattierite ka taea hoki te whakauru i ngā tukanga panonitanga me ngā tukanga whakarerekē i muri mai e whakarerekē ana i te kohinga kohuke taketake. I te huringa o ngā āhuatanga ā-papa, ka taea te tohatoha anō i te kobalt i waenga i ngā wāhanga sulfide rerekē, ka puta ai ngā hononga whakaurunga, whakakapi rānei i waenga i te cattierite me ngā kohuke pērā i te carrollite, te pyrite, te chalcopyrite, me ētahi atu sulfide whai-kobalt. I ētahi putunga, ka puta te cattierite hei kirikiri marara pai i roto i te kōreko sulfide nui, i ētahi anō, ka taea e ia te hanga i ngā whakahiato kirikiri kua kaha ake te whakakotahi. He tino whaihua ēnei hononga ā-kiko ki ngā tohunga āhuwhenua ōhanga, nā te mea ka tuhia e rātou te raupapa o ngā hui whakakohuke, ā, ka whakaatu i ngā tohu mō te whanaketanga o te pūnaha waiwera, pūnaha noho-parataiao rānei i tupu ai te whakakohuke kobalt.
Te Hanganga Tioata o Cattierite
Ko te cattierite ka tioata i roto i te pūnaha karaihe kubika, ā, nō te rōpū hanganga pyrite. Ko tōna hanganga karaihe e kitea ana i te whakaritenga tino hangarite o ngā ngota cobalt me ngā takirua sulfur-sulfur. I roto i te hanganga, kei ngā wāhi whakarewa te cobalt, ā, ka hanga ngā ngota sulfur i ngā wae takirua e horahia ana puta noa i te anga ahu-toru. He rite tonu tēnei whakaritenga ki te hanganga o te pyrite, i reira te rino e noho ana i ngā wāhi whakarewa e hāngai ana. Ko te ōritetanga hanganga i waenga i te cattierite me te pyrite he take nui e whakarōpūtia ai ēnei kohuke, ahakoa he rerekē ōna hanganga matū.
Ko te hangarite pūtoru o te cattierite e whakaata ana i te taiao ruruku ōkawa huri noa i te konukōata me te whakaritenga raupapa o ngā rōpū pūngāwhā-rua. E karapotia ana ia ngota konukōata e ngā ngota pungatara i roto i tētahi āhuahanga ruruku āhua ōkawa, e whakaputa ana i tētahi anga tioata kiato, pūmau hoki. Ko tēnei whakahaere hanganga e whai wāhi ana ki te kiato āhua teitei o te kōhuke, tōna āhua whakarewa, me tōna whanonga ā-tinana motuhake. Ka tupu pea te cattierite hei tioata pūtoru tino whanake i raro i ngā āhuatanga pai, engari ko ngā tauākī māori i te nuinga o te wā ka puta hei huihuinga kirikiri pai, hei matū puehu nui, hei kotakota marara rānei i roto i ngā kōhuke whai pūngāwhā. Ka taea hoki e tōna hanganga tioata te whakauru i ētahi rerekētanga matū, ā, ko te rangahau i ēnei hononga ki ētahi atu kōhuke o te rōpū pyrite e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiotanga whai hua mō te whanonga o ngā konganuku tauwhitiwhiti i roto i ngā pūnaha kōhuke pūngāwhā.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Tinana me Ā-Matū o Cattierite
Ko te Cattierite he kohuke whanariki kore-marama, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna kanapa whakarewa, tōna kiato āhua teitei, me tōna āhua e hinauri ana ki te parahi mā. Ko tōna tae ka rerekē mai i te hinauri rino me te mā hinauri ki te hinauri parahi, ki te hinauri parahi kōwhai rānei, i runga anō i te tauira, te rahi o ngā kirikiri, te āhua o te mata, me ngā kohuke e pā ana. He rite tonu te puta mai o tēnei kohuke hei papatipu, hei kirikiri, hei marara rānei, ahakoa ka puta he āhua tioata i roto i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana. Ko te pakeke o te Cattierite i te taha o te 5 ki te 6 ki te tauine Mohs, e tākoto ana i a ia i te awhe pakeke waenga o ngā kohuke whanariki. Ka tino kitea tōna kanapa whakarewa i runga i ngā mata hou, engari ko ngā tauira kua tāwhangatia, kua waikuratia rānei, ka āhua pōuri ake te āhua, nā te mea kua puta ngā kohuke tuarua, he pani rānei kei te mata. Nā te mea he rite tōna āhua tinana ki ētahi atu kohuke whanariki whakarewa, ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tae me te kanapa anake, i te nuinga o te wā, kāore e rawaka hei tautohu tino pono.
Āhua matū, ko te cattierite te hanganga tino tika ko te CoS₂, he konupora me te whanariki i roto i te ōwehenga ngota 1:2. Ko te whanariki kei roto i te hanganga hei takirua pūngao whānariki, he āhuatanga nui e rite ana ki ētahi atu kohuke o te rōpū pyrite. Ko tōna matū e whakaatu ana i te hononga kaha i waenga i te konupora me te whanariki i ngā āhuatanga ā-papa e hua ai te pūngao whānariki. Ko te cattierite māori ka puta i roto i ngā huihuinga kohuke matatini kei roto he rino, parahi, nikera, me ētahi atu pūngao whānariki whakarewa takawhiti, ā, ka taea ngā whakakapinga matū iti, ngā whakaurunga tata rānei, i runga i te taiao ā-papa. He mea nui ēnei hononga matū nā te mea ka whakaatu i ngā panonitanga o te mahi whanariki, te pāmahana, ngā tikanga redox, me te wāteatanga whakarewa i te wā o te hanganga o te māwhenua. Mō te tautohu me te whakaahuahanga tika, ko ngā tikanga pēnei i te karu whakaata-marama, te tāwhati hihi-X, te karu hiko karapīti, me te tātari pūngao irahiko, he maha ngā wā e pono atu ai i te tirotiro kanohi noa.
Ngā momo me ngā rerekētanga o te Cattierite
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko Cattierite he momo kōhatu motuhake, kaua he kōhatu he maha ōna momo e whakaaetia ana e te mana. Heoi anō, ka puta te Cattierite māori i roto i ētahi āhua rerekē o te kiko me te hanga, i runga i tōna taiao matawhenua, i ngā tikanga whakatipu tioata, me te hononga ki ngā kōhatu sulfide e pā ana.
- Cattierite Pūkei He cattierite papatipu ka puta hei papatipu kiato, kōpikopiko, kāore he mata tioata takitahi e tino mārama ana. Ka kitea whānuitia tēnei āhua i roto i ngā tinana kōreko e nui ana te whanariki, ā, ka piri tata pea ki te pyrite, te carrollite, te chalcopyrite, me ētahi atu kohuke whanariki konganuku. Nā te mea he uaua pea te wehewehe i ngā kākano takitahi, ka mātua tautuhia te cattierite papatipu mā te tātari kohuke, mā te tātari matū rānei.
- Cattierite kirikiri – Ko te cattierite kirikiri he tini ngā kirikiri iti e piri pūtata ana, mai i ngā matūriki moroiti ki ngā kirikiri rahi ka kitea. He āhua karakara nui i roto i ngā tākara kobalt-nui, ā, ka puta puta noa i te kāhui whai pūngāwhā. Ko te rahi me te tohatoha o ngā kirikiri ka tuku i ngā pārongo whai hua e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga me ngā wāhanga o te whakangaokao.
- Cattierite Marara – Ka puta te cattierite marara hei kirikiri takitahi, hei huinga paku rānei e marara ana i roto i te toka noho, i te kōhatu whakarewa whai sulfide rānei. Ka karapītia pea ngā kirikiri e ētahi atu sulfide, e ngā kohuke gangue rānei, ka puta mai he āhua tongitongi i te mātai whakaata mārama. Ko tēnei putanga he mea tino nui i roto i te mātai whenua ōhanga, nā te mea ko te tohatoha o te cattierite marara ka pā ki te rahinga kōbalt me ngā āhuatanga tukatuka o te tinana kōhatu whakarewa.
- Kātieraiti Kirikiriata – Ka tupu te cattierite tioata i ōna āhua tioata e mōhiotia ana i raro i ngā tikanga whenua e tika ana. Nā te mea no roto te cattierite i te pūnaha tioata pūtoru, ka whakaata ōna tioata i ngā āhuatanga hangarite o te rōpū pyrite. Kāore i te tino noa ngā tioata kua tino whanakehia, inā whakaritea ki te matū papatipu, matū kirikiri rānei, ā, he mea whai hua nui pea mō te rangahau me ngā kohinga motuhake.
- Tipu Tahi Cattierite – Ka taea e te Cattierite te hanga i ngā hononga piri tonu ki ētahi atu kohuke sulfide, otirā ki te pyrite, te carrollite, te chalcopyrite, me ngā wāhanga e hāngai ana ki te cobalt, ki te parahi rānei. Ka puta aua hononga piri i a ia e kākākā ana ngā kohuke rerekē i ngā wāhanga inaki o te hanganga kōreko, i te mea rānei ka whakakapi haere ngā wai o muri i ētahi wāhanga kohuke o mua. He mea whaihua ēnei āhuatanga hei whakaaraara i te raupapa o te kōreko me te panoni i roto i ngā pūranga kī tonu i te cobalt.
- Cattierite māhirahira – Ko te cattierite kākano iti he mea hanga i ngā tioata rawa iti, i ngā huihuinga rānei e uaua ana te wehewehe ahakoa i raro i te karu whakarahi. Ka kitea nuitia ia i roto i ngā huihuinga sulfide matatini e tohatohahia ai te kōbata ki waenga i ngā wāhanga kōhuke maha. Ko te tautohu i tēnei āhua me whakamahi i te microscopy whakaata-rama, i ngā tikanga tātari rānei pēnei i te electron microprobe me te microscopy irahiko karapa.
Te Putanga me Ngā Wāhi Matua o Cattierite
Ko te Cattierite he kohuke onge, ā, ka kitea te nuinga i ngā taiao ā-papa e whai rawa ana i te kobalt me te whanariki. Ko tōna putanga he mea tino piri ki ngā pūnaha maina sulfide matatini i kōmitimitia ai te kobalt mā ngā tukanga waiwera, parataiao, whakapakari, huri whenua, whakarerekē mutunga rānei. Kāore i te pērā ki te kohuke hanga toka noa, engari ko te nuinga o te wā ka noho a cattierite hei wāhanga o tētahi huinga kohuke motuhake, kei roto ko ētahi atu sulfide o te kobalt, te parahi, te rino, me te nikera i ētahi wā. Ka puta pea hei kirikiri marara pai, hei huihuinga kirikiri, hei papatipu mātotoru, hei whakaurunga rānei i roto i ngā toka kaipupuri maina. Nā te mea he uaua te tautohu i te cattierite mā te titiro kanohi noa, ko te whakapae o tōna putanga i ngā putunga maha e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rangahau kohuke whānui, mā te karu whakaata, te tāmaramara hihi-X, te tātari microprobe irahiko, me ētahi atu tikanga tātari.
Ko ngā wāhi tino hirahira o mua mō te cattierite e pā ana ki ngā putunga parahi-kobalt o te Kōpae Parahi o Āwherika Waenga, ina koa i te Manapori o te Kōngo. Kei tēnei rohe ētahi o ngā rawa kobalt tino nui o te ao, ā, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna rerekētanga o ngā huinga kohuke parahi me kobalt. Ka puta te cattierite i roto i ēnei pūnaha waikano matatini, me ngā kohuke pēnei i te carrollite, te pyrite, te chalcopyrite, te bornite, me ētahi atu sulfide whai-kobalt. Ko tōna putanga e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga matū motuhake i kohia ai te kobalt me te whanariki, i kohuke ai hoki. Ka pūrongohia ētahi atu putanga mai i ētahi atu putunga sulfide whai-kobalt huri noa i te ao, engari he iti noa iho ngā tauira kua tino tuhia. Nā reira, he mea nui rawa atu ngā mōhiohio mō te wāhi ina ako ana, ina kohi ana i te cattierite, nā te mea ka taea e te horopaki whenua te whakaatu i ngā tohu whakahirahira mō te hanganga o te kohuke, ngā momo e pā ana, me ōna āhuatanga matū.
Ngā Kohuke Pāhekoheko o Cattierite
Ko te Cattierite te nuinga o te wā ka puta i roto i ngā huinga sulfide matatini, kaua ko te kohuke motuhake. Ko tētahi o ōna hononga tino nui ko te pyrite, he hanganga tioata tōna e tino pātata ana, ā, ko tōna tātai matū ko FeS₂. Ka puta anō pea te Cattierite me te carrollite, he sulfide konukura-kōbalt e tino āhua motuhake ana ki ngā putunga konukura-kōbalt o Āwherika Waenga. Ko ētahi atu sulfide ka uru atu ko te chalcopyrite, te bornite, me ngā kohuke rerekē he kōbalt, he nikera rānei. Ko te whakahuihui kohuke tika ka whakawhirinaki ki te taiao ā-papa, ki te hanganga o ngā wai whakakohuke, o ngā parataiao rānei, me te hītori whakarerekē o te putunga.
Ko ngā hononga i waenga i te cattierite me ōna kohuke e pā ana he mea tino whai hua mō te whakamārama i ngā tukanga hanga kōhuke. Ko ngā whakaurunga pai, ngā āhua whakakapi, me ngā rerekētanga o te rahi o te kākano e tohu ana i hangaia ai ētahi kohuke whanariki i ngā wāhanga karapīpiti o te whakamineralatanga, ehara i te wā kotahi. Hei tauira, ka puta te cattierite i ngā rohe o ngā kākano, i roto rānei i ngā kohinga o ētahi atu whanariki, ā, mā te whakarerekētanga i muri mai ka taea te whakakapi, te tohatoha anō rānei i ngā wāhanga mau konukōhatu taketake. Mā te āta tirotiro i ēnei āhua mā te karu whakaata-mārama, te karu mīhini karapa hiko, te tātari microprobe irahiko rānei, ka āwhina ki te whakatau i te raupapa o te hanga kohuke me te whakaatu i te pēheatanga o te konukōhatu i kohia ai, i tohatoha anō ai i roto i te putunga.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Cattierite
Ko te cattierite he iti noa ngā whakamahinga tōtika hei kohuke anō, engari he mea nui nā te mea he pūkawa kobalt e puta noa ana i te taiao, ā, ka taea e ia te whai wāhi ki te uara ōhanga o ngā putunga kōhatu kobalt-nui. Ko te kobalt he maitai umanga nui e whakamahia ana ki ngā koranu mahi teitei, ki ngā superalloys, ki ngā kaiwhakaheko, ki ngā maitai pakeke, me ngā hangarau pākahiko tāutu. Ki te puta te cattierite i roto i te kōhatu kua tino kukū, ka taea e ia te tohu i tētahi o ngā wāhanga kohuke e tangohia ai te kobalt i ngā mahi maina me te tukatuka whakarewa. Nō reira, ko te hiranga ōhanga ka whakawhirinaki te nuinga ki te nui, ki te rahi o ngā pī, ki te hono ki ētahi atu kohuke, me te kounga whānui me ngā āhuatanga tukatuka o te putunga.
Kei a cattierite hoki ngā whakamahinga nui i roto i te rangahau matawhenua me te torotoro kōhuke. Ko tōna aroaketanga hei tohu mō ngā āhuatanga matū motuhake e pā ana ki te whakapūwhenuatanga sulfide whai-kōbalti, e āwhina ana i ngā kaimātai whenua ki te mārama ki te tohatoha me te takenga o te kōbalti i roto i te pūnaha tākirikiri. Ka rangahaua e ngā kaimātai kōhuke te cattierite hei tirotiro i te matū tioata o te rōpū pyrite, ngā sulfide whakarewa whakawhiti, me ngā pāhekoheko i waenga i te kōbalti, te whanariki, te rino, te konukura, me te nikel i te wā e hanganga ana ngā kōhuke. I tua atu, ka taea ngā tauira kua āta whakaahuatia te whakamahi i roto i ngā kohinga kōhuke, ngā whakaakoranga whare wānanga, ngā rangahau taiwhanga, me ngā rauemi tohutoro matawhenua. Ahakoa kāore e whakamahia tika ana te cattierite i te mahi hanga, nā tana tūnga hei kōhuke kawe kōbalti, ka noho tonu hei mea nui i roto i te matawhenua ōhanga me ngā rangahau rauemi kōhuke.