Ko Brookite he waahanga whakahīhī i roto i te rangahau o te horohoro whenua, e mahi ana hei āhua-reka orthorhombic motuhake o te titanium dioxide, TiO₂. Ahakoa he ōrite te tātai matū ki te rutile me te anatase, ka wehea e tētahi whakatakotoranga mokowā motuhake o ngā ngota e tino iti nei te puta i roto i te taiao. Ehara tēnei rerekētanga i te mea hangarau noa; e whakatau ana i te āhua katoa o te kohuke. Kāore i rite ki te hangarite tetragonal māmā o te rutile, ko te hoahoanga o roto o te brookite e tautuhia ana e tētahi pūnaha orthorhombic tino uaua, e honoa ai ngā octahedra titanium-hāora i runga i te ara e whakaiti ai i te hangarite engari e whakanui ai i te uauatanga. Ko tēnei hanganga kupenga motuhake te take o ngā āhuatanga whatu tino nui o te kohuke, tae atu ki te taupū whakaata tino tiketike me te birefringence kaha, e puta ai he kānapanapa pūkanahī, āhua-konganuku ki te adamantine e hopu ana i te mārama me te kaha o te whiti. Ki te tirohanga, ko te brookite e tohungia ana e tōna tikanga karaihe matatau, he maha ngā wā ka puta hei karaihe paparahi, roroa, he angiangi rānei, e kitea ai ngā rārangi i runga i ōna mata. He āhua rerekee hoki tōna kāwai tae, mai i te rama amber mahana me te kōwhai-honikā ki te parauri-whero hōhonu, tae atu ki te pango penei i te wereweti, tata kore kitea. Ko ēnei rerekētanga he hua nā ngā paru tētā—pērā i te rino, te niobium rānei—e uru ana ki roto i te anga TiO₂. Nā te mea e hiahiatia ana e te brookite ngā tikanga waiariki iti motuhake, he iti te pāmahana, ki te hanga me te kore e taka ki te hanganga rutile pūmau ake, he uaua rawa te kite i ngā tauira nunui, pai rānei. Ko tēnei uauatanga, me tōna mararatanga tiketike me ōna mata karaihe uaua, e hiki ake ai te brookite mai i te waikura ngāwari ki te taonga tino hiahiatia e ngā tohunga horohoro whenua me ngā kaikohi motuhake e whakaaio ana i te taurite pai o te matū me te āhuahanga e hiahiatia ana mō tōna oranga..
Ko te hanganga o te brookite he tukanga matū whenua whai tikanga, e whakahaeretia ana e ngā here pēhanga-pāmahana me te matū wai motuhake. I te nuinga o te wā ka puta i roto i ngā taiao waiariki iti, ka whakakikoruatia tēnei kōhuke i ngā wāhanga whakamātao o ngā wai e whai tītani ana i a rātou e rere ana i roto i ngā māngai pukepuke me ngā rua toka. He rerekē ki te rutile e kitea whānuitia ana, e tipu ana i roto i ngā taiao puia pēhanga tiketike, ka puta te brookite inā tukuna ngā katote tītani mā te panoni o ngā kōhuke tōmua—pērā i te ilmenite, te titanite rānei—i te wā o te kāhua iti, te horoi waiariki rānei. Ko tēnei tukanga whakakikorua e hiahia ana i tētahi taiao nekehanga motuhake, e pai ai te whakatipu o te whata kioaro orthorhombic ki te whakataetae o ngā whata tetragonal, nā te kukū o te tītani me te noho mai o ētahi katote pērā i te rino, te niobium rānei.
Ko te onge o te brookite i te whenua e tika ana ki tōna noho hei pūrūhe kōrerotahi o TiO₂. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ahakoa e tūtotoka ana te kohuke, ā, he ahua pūmau tonu, kāore e noho ana ki tōna āhua e iti rawa ai te pūngao. E noho ana ki tētahi kōhanga hanga tāwariwari; ka eke ana te pāmahana o te taiao ki runga ake i tētahi paepae whakahirahira, e kīia ana i te 750°C, ka kore e taea e te kuiniati o te brookite te pupuri i te kaha. I tērā rohenga whakawera, ka huri noa te whakaritenga ngota, ka tītoki kore e taea te whakahoki, ka hinga ki te hanganga pūmau ake o te rutile. Nā tēnei whakaraerae ki te wera, ka noho te brookite hei tohu tōhunga mō te hītori o te whenua, e tohu ana i te taiao e noho ana i noho mātao tonu, kāore i pā ki te wera nui o te panonitanga toiteiti kia pūtake ai te hurihanga o tōna hanganga.
He whakapapa, i te tuatahi i te kitenga me te whakaahuatanga o te kohuke nei i te tau 1825 e te tohunga whenua Wīwī a Armand Lévy. I kōwhiria e ia te ingoa “Brookite” hei whakanui i a Henry James Brooke, he tohunga matapihi me te kaihoko kohuke Ingarihi rongonui nāna i whai wāhi nui ki te mātauranga whenua i te rau tau 1800. Ko ngā kitenga rongonui tuatahi i puta i ngā whenua pūkoro o Snowdonia, Wales, e noho tonu ana hei wāhi matua mō tēnei momo. I ngā wā hou, kua neke atu a Brookite i ngā whata o ngā kaipānui me ngā kaikohikohi ki te ao pūtaiao rawa, e rangahaua ana ōna āhuatanga semiconductor motuhake mō ngā whakamahinga i roto i te photocatalysis me te hangarau pūngao o te rā.
Te Hanganga Tioata me Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Tinana o Brookite
Mai i te tirohanga kirikiri, ko te Brookite e tautuhia ana e tōna hangarite orthorhombic, no te rōpū mokowā Pbca. Ahakoa he ōrite te tātai matū TiO₂ ki te rutile me te anatase, ko tōna hanganga e tohungia ana e tētahi whakaritenga matatini ake o ngā octahedra titanium-hāora; i roto i te Brookite, ko ēnei octahedra e toru ngā tapa e tiritiri ai, ka puta he āhuahanga ā-muri, ā-“hīkoi” o roto, e rerekē ana i ngā tauira tiritiri tapa o ōna momo hanga. Nā tēnei kāhui ngota ahurei, ka puta he taupū whakatairite teitei (mai i te 2.58 ki te 2.74) me te whakatairite kaha, e whakawhiwhia ana ki te kōhatu tōna tīwatawata ādamantine ki te maitai-iti. I te taha tinana, he pakari noa te Brookite, e inea ana i te 5.5 ki te 6 i te tauine Mohs, ā, he tata ki te 4.1 te taumaha whāiti. He kaha pakupaku te tikanga o tōna pakeketanga, ā, kāore he wehenga mārama, he maha ngā wā e pakaru ana he whati pūpū, he whati koretake rānei. Ko tētahi o ōna āhuatanga hiko tino mīharo ko tōna pleochroism kaha, ka puta te huringa tae o te kirikiri—mai i te parauri-kōwhai ki te karaka hōhonu, te whero rānei—e ai ki te koki e tirohia ana me te whakakorikoritanga o te mārama.
Ngā whakamahinga o Brookite
Ahakoa he iti rawa te nui o te brookite ki ōna hoa rutile me te anatase, kua nui te aro ki a ia i roto i te ao pūtaiao rawa, nā ōna āhuatanga haukura motuhake. Hei momo ahua o te TiO₂, he rerekē te āputa here o te brookite me te hanga mata tioata e tino whaihua ai hei kaiwhakapai whakaahua. E ai ki ngā rangahau, he maha ngā wā ka eke te brookite ki runga ake i te anatase i roto i te whakahekenga o ngā parahanga waro me te whakaputanga hauwai mā te wehenga wai, inarā ka whakawhanakea hei matūriki iti-mata-nui. I tua atu, nō te mea he teitei tōna taupū whakaata me ngā tūtātai hiko, he kaupapa whai tikanga mō ngā pani hiko matatau me ngā wāhanga hiko. I ngā tau tata nei, kua aro ngā kaipūtaiao ki ngā tikanga whakahiatotanga waiariki hei whakaputa i te brookite āhua-parakore, e whai ana ki te whakamahi i ōna āhuatanga kawe hiko motuhake mō ngā pūtau rā me ngā pūoko whakatipuranga hou.
Ko te Brookite he mea nui ki nga kairangahau me nga kaikohi kohuke, engari he mea motuhake tonu tana whakamahinga ki te umanga whakapaipai, he kaupapa whakamiharo. Mai i te tirohanga o te ao kohatu, he maha nga ahuatanga o te Brookite e ataahua ana mo te whakapaipai, ko te mea tino rongonui ko tona taupū whakaata (he nui ake i to te taimana) me tona kanapa kaha mai i te konganuku ki te adamantine. Ina tapahia hei kohatu whakapaipai, ka taea e te Brookite te whakaatu i nga mura hohonu, mura o te amipere, karaka me te whero. Heoi, ko tana whakamahinga ki nga whakapaipai auraki e tino whakaitihia ana e tona onge; he tino onge nga tioata nui me te marama e taea ana te whakapai. I tua atu, me te pakeke o te 5.5 ki te 6 i te tauine Mohs, he ngawari te Brookite ki nga kohatu tawhito penei i te hapira me te taimana, na reira he pai ake mo nga momo whakapaipai iti penei i te tautau me te whakakai, kaua ki nga mowhiti e kaha ana ki te kakahu i ia ra.
I tua atu i tōna āhua onge i roto i ngā whakapaipai o te kaiwhakaemi, ko ngā whakamahinga ahumahi me pūtaiao o Brookite’s e aro nui ana ki tōna tūnga hei pūngongo whakaari me te whakaata whakaahua hiko teitei. Nā te mea he polymorph o TiO₂ ia, ko Brookite e whakaatu ana i tētahi mata tioata motuhake me te āputa peihana hiko e taea ai e ia te whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga matū ina whakapā atu ki te rama. Kei te tino aro atu ngā kairangahau ki tōna kaha ki te wāwāhi i ngā parakino waro i roto i te wai me tōna pūmanawa mō te whakaputa hāora waipū tino pai mā te wehenga wai. Kāore i rite ki tōna whanaunga noa ake, ko anatase, ko te hanganga ngota motuhake o Brookite’s “zigzag” i ētahi wā ka taea te tuku i ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti irahiko pai ake, hei kaupapa rangahau tonu mō te whanaketanga o ngā pūtau solar o te reanga hou me ngā panipani whatu mātāmua.