Ko te Taimana Kikorangi he momo taimana taiao onge e kitea ana e tōna tae kikorangi motuhake, mai i te kikorangi hukapapa mārire ki te kikorangi hōhonu kaha me ngā āhua kikorangi-hina. Pērā i ngā taimana katoa, he mea tito mai i te waro tioata (C) me tōna hanganga tioata pūtoru, ā, e 10 te pakeke o Mohs, nā reira ko ia te kohuke taiao pakeke rawa e mōhiotia ana. Ko te tae kikorangi ka puta i te nuinga o te wā nā te iti o te boron e whakaurua ana ki te whārangi tioata i te wā e tipu ana, e whiriwhiri ana i ētahi wāhanga o te mārama kitea, e hanga ana i te āhua motuhake o te kōhatu. Ko ēnei taimana e mau ana i te boron he momo Type IIb, ā, he iti iho i te 0.1% o ngā taimana taiao katoa, nā reira ko ētahi o ngā kōhatu onge rawa o te ao. I tua atu i tō rātou onge, he āhuatanga ārahi hiko motuhake ō ngā taimana kikorangi e wehewehe ana i a rātou i te nuinga o ngā taimana taiao, e whai wāhi ana ki tō rātou hiranga i roto i te mātai kōhatu me te rangahau kohuke.Taimana
Hītori o te Taimana Pūrua
Kua mīharo ngā taimana kahurangi mō ngā rautau, ā, he wāhi nui tō rātou i roto i te hītori o ngā kohatu utu nui, ngā kohinga kingi, me te hokohoko ao. Ko te nuinga o ngā tauira tuatahi i tuhia i ahu mai i ngā whenua taimana rongonui o Golconda o Inia, nā rātou i whakarato ētahi o ngā taimana tino pai rawa atu o te ao tae noa ki te rautau tekau mā waru. Ko tētahi o ngā tauira tino rongonui ko te Taimana Hope, he taimana kahurangi rongonui e whakaponohia ana i ahu mai i te Kollur Mine i mua i te rironga hei wāhanga o ngā Karauna Karauna o Parani, ā, i muri mai ko tētahi o ngā tauira whare taonga tino mōhiotia e noho ana. Ko te kitenga o ngā putunga taimana i Āwherika ki te Tonga i te rautau tekau mā iwa i whakawhānui ake i te whakaputanga o te ao, engari i tino onge tonu ngā taimana kahurangi nā te onge o ngā āhuatanga whenua e hiahiatia ana mō tō rātou hanganga. I ēnei rā, ko ngā maina rongonui pērā i te Cullinan Mine e whakaputa tonu ana i ētahi taimana kahurangi kounga teitei i ētahi wā, e eke ana ki ngā utu tino nui i ngā hokohoko a te ao, e whakapakari ana i tō rātou ingoa hei tohu o te onge, te pāpāho pūtaiao, me te uara tino nui.
Te Hanganga o te Taimana Kikorangi
Ko ngā taimana kikorangi e hanga ana i roto i te hōhonu o te korowai o te whenua i raro i ngā pēhanga tino nui, neke atu i te 5 gigapascals, me ngā pāmahana i waenganui i te 1,100°C me te 1,500°C, i reira ngā ngota waro e whakapakari ana ki te hanganga taimana tino raupapa i roto i ngā rau miriona, āe, i ngā piriona tau. Ko tō rātou tae kikorangi ahurei ka puta i te wā e whakaurua ana ngā tohu iti o te boron ki te whāriki tioata i te wā e tipu ana, he tukanga e whakaponohia ana e pā ana ki te kirinuku o te moana kua hangarua me ngā parataiao o te moana e kawea ana ki roto i te korowai hōhonu mā te whakaheke papatonutonu. Nā te mea he tino onge te boron i ngā taiao korowai, he iti rawa te wahanga o ngā taimana e whiwhi ana i tēnei tohu matū, e whakamārama ana i te onge tino nui o ngā taimana kikorangi māori. Whai muri i tō rātou hanganga, ka tere kawea ēnei tioata ki te mata o te whenua e ngā magma kimberlite, lamproite rānei e whai wāhi nui ana ki te kōhū, i ngā pahūtanga puia pahū, e tiaki ana i tō rātou hanganga i mua i te hurihanga ki te graphite. Nā tēnei huinga o ngā āhuatanga matū onge me ngā tukanga matawhenua onge, ka waiho ngā taimana kikorangi hei momo taimana tino motuhake me te hiranga pūtaiao i roto i ngā momo taimana kounga kohatu māori.
Kei Wā Kitea ai ngā Taimana Kikorangi?
Ko ngā taimana kahurangi māori tētahi o ngā kōhatu utu nui tino onge i te whenua, ā, kua kitea i roto i ētahi rohe whakaputa taimana iti noa iho. Ko tō rātou onge e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga matawhenua rerekē e hiahiatia ana kia uru te boron ki roto i te karaihe taimana i te wā e hanga ana i roto i te korowhā o te whenua, e tino onge ai ngā taimana kahurangi ahakoa i ngā maina taimana whai hua. I ngā wā o mua, ko ētahi o ngā tauira tino rongonui i ahu mai i ngā mara taimana rongonui o Golconda o Inia i ēnei rā, inarā ko te Kollur Mine, nāna i whakarato te maha o ngā kōhatu utu nui ki ngā kohinga kingi, ā, e whakaarohia nuitia ana ko te pūtake o te Taimana Hope rongonui. I ēnei wā hou, kua noho a Āwherika ki te Tonga hei kaiwhakaputa taimana kahurangi māori tino nui o te ao, me te Cullinan Mine e whakaputa ana i te maha o ngā taimana Type IIb rongonui o te ao e mōhiotia ana mō te rahi, te mārama, me te kaha o te tae. Kua kitea ētahi atu taimana kahurangi i roto i ngā rahinga iti mai i Botswana, Kānata, Rūhia, me Ahitereiria, ahakoa ko ngā kitenga mai i ēnei rohe he mea tūpono noa, ā, he iti noa iho te pāpātanga o te whakaputanga o te ao.
Mai te tirohanga ā-ao, ka puta ngā taimana kahurangi i te hōhonu e 150–250 kiromita i raro i te mata o te whenua i raro i ngā pēhanga me ngā pāmahana tino nui, i mua i te kawe ake ki runga mā ngā pahūtanga puia kimberlite, lamproite rānei. He iti noa iho o ēnei ngongo puia e mau ana i ngā taimana e mau boron ana, ā, he iti noa iho o aua tioata e whai ana i ngā āhuatanga kounga-kohatu e tika ana mō ngā whakapaipai. Whai muri i te keri, ka whakahaerehia ngā taimana taratara ki te kōmaka matatau, te tātari whatu, me te arotakenga ā-kohatu hei tautohu i ngā tauira kahurangi tino onge. Ko te whakakotahitanga o te matū kākano ahurei o te kōpako, ngā tukanga hanga hōhonu o te whenua, me te iti o te putanga matawhenua e whakamārama ana he aha ngā taimana kahurangi māori e noho tonu ai hei momo taimana tino utu nui me te hiranga pūtaiao i ēnei rā.
Me Pēhea te Whakatau i ngā Taimana Kikorangi?
Tae
Ka tātaritia ngā taimana kikorangi i runga i ngā Four Cs e mōhiotia whānuitia ana—te tae, te mārama, te tapahi, me te taumaha karati—engari, kāore i rite ki ngā taimana kore tae, ko te tae te take matua e whakaawe ana i te onge me te uara mākete. Ka āta arotakehia e ngā taiwhanga tohu pounamu te āhua, te reo, me te whakapakari, ka whakaritea he whakarōpūtanga paerewa pēnei i te Fancy Light Blue, Fancy Blue, Fancy Intense Blue, Fancy Vivid Blue, Fancy Deep Blue, me Fancy Dark Blue. Ko ngā taimana e whakaatu ana i te tae kikorangi mā, tōtika, me te whakapakari kaha, me te iti o ngā whakarerekētanga hina, kākāriki rānei, e whakaarotia ana ko ērā te mea tino hiahiatia, ā, ko ērā e whakahau ana i ngā utu teitei rawa. He mea nui hoki te mārama, he maha ngā taimana kikorangi Type IIb e whakaatu ana i te tino parakore o te kirikiri me te iti o ngā whakaurunga e pā ana ki te hauota, i te mea ko te tapahi i mahia mātau hei whakanui i te kanapa me te kaha o te tae, kaua ki te tiaki noa i te taumaha.
Tapahia
Ko te tapahi o te taimana e kore e tohu ki tona āhua (pērā i te porotaka, te pea rānei), engari ki te mahi āta whakairo o ōna ōwehenga, ōna hangarite, me ōna whakakoi. Koia anake te mea o ngā Whā C e whakahaere tika ana e te mahi a te tangata. Ka arotakehia e ngā tohunga kohatu te tapahi mā te tātari i te tika o te whakatakotoranga me te koki o ngā mata o te taimana, e whakatau ana i te kaha o te kōhatu ki te whakawhitiwhiti i te mārama. Ka whakaritea ngā kāwai whakatau i runga i te tauine mai i te Tino Pai me te Tino Pai rawa atu ki te Pai, te Tika, me te Kino.
- Kanapa: Te tape o te mārama mā o roto me waho e whakaatahia ana ki te kaimātakitaki.
- Ahi: Ko te mararatanga o te marama ki roto i ngā uira o ngā tae kanapa, rite ki te āniwaniwa.
- Scintillation: Te kanapa me te tauira o ngā wāhi mārama me te pōuri ka puta i te wā e neke ana te taimana, te pūmārama, te kaimātaki rānei.
Nā te mea ka taea e te tapahi pai te huna i ngā tae iti, te huna rānei i ngā whakaurunga ngāwari, e whakaarohia nuitia ana ko te mea tino whai mana ki te whakatau i te ātaahua o te tirohanga me te ora o te taimana.
Māramatanga
Ko te Clarity e arotake ana i te parakore o te hanganga o te taimana, e whakaatu ana i te noho mai o ngā āhuatanga o roto e kīia nei ko ngā whakaurunga me ngā kōpīpī o te mata e kīia nei ko ngā koha. I hangaia i roto i te whenua i raro i te wera nui me te pēhanga, tata ki ngā taimana katoa e mau ana i ēnei tohu moroiti iti o te taiao, ka taea te whakauru i ngā karaihe kua mau, i ngā whati iti, i te kapua rānei. Ka mahia te whakatauranga ngaio i raro i te whakanui 10x, ka whakarōpūhia ngā kohatu ki te hiraki paerewa:
- Kore (FL) me Kore Roto (IF): Kāore he whakaurunga e kitea ana i raro i te whakanui; te tino parakore o te tino parakore.
- Tino Āhua Whakauru Rawa (VVS1/VVS2): He iti rawa ngā whakaurunga e tino uaua ana ki te kimi e ngā kaiwhakawā whai pūkenga.
- Tino Āhua Whakauru (VS1/VS2): He iti noa ngā whakauru e kitea ana i raro i te whakanui, engari kāore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga (“horoi-kanohi”).
- He iti nei te whakaurunga (SI1/SI2): Ko nga whakaurunga e kitea ana i raro i te whakanui, ka kitea pea e te kanohi matau kore whakangungu i etahi wa.
- Kei roto (I1/I2/I3): Ko ngā whakaurunga he mea kitea, ā, ka pā pea ki te māramatanga o te taimana, ki tōna pūngao hanganga rānei.
Ko ngā taumata māramatanga teitei ake e tohu ana i te korenga o ngā koha o roto, e whakaatu ana i te parakore o te karaihe. Nō reira, i te mea e tata haere ana te māramatanga ki te Tino Kore Hapa, ka piki haere te onge me te uara o te taimana ki te taumata whakarea.
Taumaha Karati
Ko te taumaha karati e whakaatu ana i te papatipu tinana o te taimana, me te kotahi karati ine e rite tonu ana ki te 0.2 karamu (ka wehea ano ki te 100 “ira” hei inenga tino tika). Ahakoa he whakaaro pohehe noa e kii ana ko te taumaha karati e whakatau tika ana i te rahi tinana, i te whanui ranei o te kohatu, he tohu tuturu tenei mo te onge o te whenua. I te wa e tipu haere ana nga tioata taimana i te taiao, ka kaha haere te onge; na reira, he taimana kotahi 2-karati he tino onge—me te tino utu nui—i nga taimana e rua 1-karati o te kounga rite.
Heoi, kāore e piki tōtika te uara o te taimana i runga i tōna taumaha. Engari, ka peke whakarakei ngā utu i ngā "tau makutu" tino nui, i ngā taumaha paerewa rānei (pērā i te 0.50 ct, 1.00 ct, 2.00 ct rānei). Ko te mutunga mai, ko te taumaha karati he inenga o te rahi, ehara i te ātaahua. Ka taea e ngā taimana e rua he ōrite te taumaha karati te whakaatu i ngā uara mākete tino rerekē, i runga anō i te āhua o te tohatoha o tō rāua taumaha mā te Tapahi, te mā o tō rāua Mārama, me te whai rawa, te kore rānei o tō rāua Tae.Ko te Taumaha Karati e tohu ana i te papatipu o te taimana, kotahi te karati e ōrite ana ki te 0.2 karamu. Ahakoa he onge ake ngā taimana nui ake, kāore e tino ōrite te pikinga o te uara ki te taumaha. Ka taea e ngā taimana e rua he ōrite te taumaha karati te rerekē nui i te utu, i runga anō i te kounga o tā rāua tapahi, te tohu tae, te mārama, me te āhua whānui o te titiro.
Kohatu Taimana Pūru me ngā Kohatu Whakapaipai Ōrite
Nā te mea ko ngā taimana kahurangi māori tētahi o ngā kōhatu utu nui rawa atu i te ao, he maha ngā kaihoko e rapu ana i ētahi atu kōhatu whakapaipai e rite ana te āhua kahurangi, engari he iti ake te utu, he wātea whānui hoki. I roto i ēnei, ko te hapira kahurangi te mea e whakaarotia ana hei whakakapi tino rongonui, e whakanuia ana mō tōna tae kahurangi kingi, tōna pakari, me tōna hītori roa i roto i ngā whakapaipai pai. Ko te akamarina e whakarato ana i te tae kahurangi māmā, mārama hoki me te mārama tino pai, ā, ko te pīni kahurangi e whakanuia ana mō tōna kanapa māori, tōna tae kaha, me tōna onge hei kōhatu kāore i whakapaitia. Ko te tākona kahurangi, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna taupū whakaata teitei me tōna mura kaha, tētahi atu kōwhiringa ātaahua e whakarato ana i te kanapa whakamīharo i te utu e taea ana.
Mō ngā tāngata e pai ana ki ngā āhuatanga whatu me te tinana o te taimana, ko ngā taimana kikorangi i whakatipuria i te whare taiwhanga he rite tonu te hanganga matū, te hanganga karaihe, me te pakeke o Mohs ki ngā taimana māori, engari he mea whakaputa i raro i ngā tikanga whakahaere, nā reira ka nui ake te utu mō ngā kohatu nunui me te kounga teitei. Ko ngā taimana māori kua whakapakaritia te tae, ko ōna kikorangi i hangaia mā te whakapā mai i te iraruke, te pēhanga-nui, te mahana-nui rānei, he huarahi anō e utu iti ai, i te wa e mau tonu ana te pakeke me te kanapa e pā ana ki te taimana. Ahakoa kāore tētahi o ēnei kohatu utu nui e whai i te onge whenua, te mana kohikohi rānei o te taimana kikorangi māori Type IIb, kei ia tangata tōna ake huinga o te ātaahua, te mahi, me te uara, nā reira he kōwhiringa pai mō ngā kaingākau whakapaipai e rapu ana i te ātaahua o te kohatu kikorangi.
Pounamu Kikorangi Rongonui
Kohatu Tumanako
Ko te Hope Diamond te taimana kikorangi rongonui rawa atu o te ao, me tetahi o nga kohatu tino rongonui i roto i te hitori. E 45.52 carats te taumaha, e whakaponohia ana i ahu mai tenei taimana Fancy Dark Grayish Blue i nga maina rongonui o Golconda o Inia i mua i te haerenga ki roto i nga kohinga kingi o Parani, ka mutu ka uru ki te Smithsonian Institution. Ko tona hitori rongonui, te whakakitenga whero motuhake, me nga ahuatanga whenua whakahirahira kua whakaawe i nga rautau o te rangahau putaiao, te whakamīharo ahurea, me nga pakiwaitara rongonui.
Ko te Oppenheimer Blue
Ko te ingoa i tapaina ki a Ta Philip Oppenheimer, ko tēnei taimana kikorangi 14.62-karat e tapahia ana ki te emerald, e kiia ana ko tētahi o ngā taimana kikorangi tino pai rawa atu i tukuna ki te hokohoko. Ko tōna tino kaha o te tae, te mārama o te āhua, me te ātaahua o te hanga, i puta ai he utu hoko tino nui, e whakapūmau ana i a ia hei taimana tino nui rawa atu i te mākete o te ao, me te tohu paerewa mō ngā taimana kikorangi Type IIb tino pai.
Marama Kikorangi o Hōhepine
I whakaorangia mai i te maina rongonui o Cullinan i Awherika ki te Tonga, ko te Blue Moon of Josephine he taimana 12.03-karat Fancy Vivid Blue e kore e he, e rongonui ana mo tona parakoretanga whakahirahira me tona tae maori kanapa. I eke tenei kohatu ki tetahi o nga utu mo ia karat teitei rawa atu i tuhia i te hokohoko, e whakaatu ana i te onge me te pai o te haumi o nga taimana puru maori nui, kore he koha o roto.
Ko te Taimana Wittelsbach-Graff
Ko te Taimana Wittelsbach-Graff, nō te rautau tekau mā whitu, tētahi o ngā kōhatu whakapaipai tino whai hītori o Ūropi. I ahu mai i ngā Taonga Karauna o Bavaria, i whakapaipaihia tēnei taimana kahurangi hōhonu ki tētahi mahi tapahi ātaahua i whakarei ake i tōna kanapa me te tiaki tonu i tōna tae whakamīharo. I ēnei rā, he tohu pūmau tonu ia mō te tuku iho kīngi me te mahi toi taimana matatau.
Ko te De Beers Blue
Ko te De Beers Blue he taimana 15.10-karat, he tapahi takahanga, he Fancy Vivid Blue i kitea i te maina o Cullinan, ā, i whakapuakihia i te tau 2022. I whakarōpūtia hei taimana Momo IIb, he tino mārama, he kaha te whakaki, he tino parakore hoki ō roto. Ko tōna putanga ki te mākete o te ao i whakapakari ake i te rongonui o te maina hei puna matua o te ao mō ngā taimana kikorangi māori e rite ana ki te whare taonga.
Te Pūmanawa o te Ake Ake
Ko te Manawa o te Ake he taimana 27.64-karat te ahua o te ngakau, he taimana kikorangi tino ataahua, ā, ko ia tētahi o ngā mea tino rongonui o te kohinga De Beers Millennium Jewels. E mōhiotia ana mō tōna tapahi tino taurite me tōna kara kikorangi hōhonu, e tohu ana i tētahi o ngā taimana kikorangi māori nui rawa atu, tino pai rawa atu hoki kua whakakoi, e whakaatu ana i te ātaahua me te onge o ngā kohatu tino rongonui o te ao.
Te tikanga ahurea me te tohu o nga taimana puru
Kua roa ngā taimana kikorangi e mihia ana, ehara i te mea mō te tino onge noa iho, engari mō ngā tikanga tohu whai kiko e pā ana ki a rātou puta noa i ngā ahurea rerekē me ngā wā o mua. Ko te kikorangi ahurei e honoa nuitia ana ki te mātauranga, te pono, te tapatahi, me te mārama o te hinengaro, ko te taimana anō hoki hei tohu mō te kaha, te pūmau, me te manawaroa nā tōna kaha me tōna roa e kore e taea te whakataurite. Nā ēnei āhuatanga katoa, kua whakapūmau te taimana kikorangi hei tohu kaha mō ngā uara pūmau me te āhua whakahirahira. I roto i ngā tikanga ahurea maha, ka whakaarotia te kikorangi he tae o te rangimārie, te whakawhirinaki, me te pūmau o te whatumanawa. Nā reira, ka kōwhiria ngā taimana kikorangi hei whakanui i ngā wā whakahirahira pērā i ngā taumautanga, ngā huritau, me ngā taonga tuku iho a te whānau, hei tohu mō te pūmau roa, te piripono, me te aroha pono. Ko tōna onge tino nui e whakarei ake ana i tēnei tohu, ka waiho hei whakaaturanga mō te ahurei, te motuhake, me ngā whakatutukitanga e kiia ana he tino ahurei. Mō ngā kaikohi me ngā tohunga, ko te taimana kikorangi māori e kitea ana he whakaaturanga o te reka paraihe, te mana, me te ātaahua o te wā kāore e heke.
Ko ētahi tikanga hou o te karaihe me te kohatu utu nui e hono ana i nga taimana puru ki te whakapai ake i te whakawhitiwhiti korero, te maia o roto, te mohio, me te mohiotanga wairua, e kii ana ko to ratou tae marino e akiaki ana i te whakaaro tika me te taurite o te whatumanawa. Ahakoa ko enei whakamaoritanga metaphysical he whakapono ahurea me te tohu, kaua ko nga taonga kua whakamanahia e te pūtaiao, kei te awe tonu ratou i te rongonui o nga taimana puru i roto i te hoahoa whakapaipai me nga kohinga whaiaro huri noa i te ao. Mai i te tirohanga o naianei, ko te tohu o nga taimana puru e toro atu ana ki tua atu o te aroha me te wairua ki te whakauru i te onge, te hiranga, me te uara pumau. Ko to ratou takenga whenua whakamiharo, te iti o te putunga maori, me te hononga ki etahi o nga taimana rongonui rawa atu o te hitori kua huri hei tohu mo te whakapaipai me te whakaraerae. Ahakoa e whakanuia ana mo to ratou hiranga pūtaiao, tuku iho hitori, tikanga tohu ranei, ka noho tonu nga taimana puru hei tohu mo te ataahua, te kaha, me te wehewehe o te wa.
Tiaki Taimana me te Wehenga Taimana
Ahakoa te taimana te kohuke tino pakeke e puta ana i te taiao, kāore tōna pakeke whakaharahara e kīia he kore e pakaru. He pai te wehenga o te taimana, he āhuatanga kiripiri e taea ai te wehe o te kiripiri i ngā papa ngota motuhake ina pāngia e te pānga koi. Nā tēnei, he māmā ake te taimana ki te pakaru i te pānga ohorere i te wero i ngā wā e mau ana i ia rā, inarā ki ngā āhua tohu pērā i te pirinihi, te pea, te marikihi, me te ngākau tapahi. Hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te wehenga taimana, me tango ngā whakapaipai i mua i ngā mahi hākinakina, te hiki taumaha, te mahi māra, me ētahi atu mahi pānga nui, ka rongoa wehe ki roto i te pouaka whakapaipai whakakikorua, ki te pūkeho kakano rānei, kia kore ai e pā atu ki ētahi atu kōhatu taimana. Ko te horoi auau ki te wai mahana, te hopi ngāwari, me te paraihe ngāwari hei āwhina i te whakapūmau i te kanapa me te kore e whara i te kōhatu, ā, ko te tirotiro i ia wā e te tohunga whakapaipai hei whakarite kia mau tonu ngā kāwiri me ngā whakanoho. Ko te kōwhiri i ngā whakanoho whakamarumaru, te karo i ngā pānga ohorere ki ngā mata pakeke, me te mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga wehenga māori o te taimana, koinei ngā huarahi tino whaihua hei tiaki i tōna kaha hanganga, hei whakarite hoki kia noho ātaahua, kia pūmau tonu mō ngā whakatupuranga.