Ko te Xonotlite he kohuke kuao pārae konupūmā silika nō te rōpū kohuke konupūmā silika whakamākū, me te tātai matū Ca₆Si₆O₁₇(OH)₂. Ka kitea nuitia ai hei kohuke tuarua i puta i te panonitanga o ngā kōhatu whai konupūmā i raro i ngā āhuatanga wera-wai, inarā i ngā taiao e pāhekoheko ai te kōhatu pākākā, te māpere, me ētahi atu kōhatu waro me ngā wai whai silika i ngā pāmahana teitei. E mōhiotia ana te Xonotlite mō ōna pūhui tio muka pai, tio ngira, tio kapi rānei, ā, he mema nui ia o te rōpū kohuke konupūmā silika whakamākū (C–S–H), nā tōna hononga ki te matū o te raima me ngā tukanga pāporo i arohia ai e te ao pūtaiao. Ahakoa ehara ia i te kōhatu whakapaipai e mōhiotia whānuitia ana, he nui te hiranga o te Xonotlite i te taha mātū kohuke nā tōna hanganga motuhake, ngā āhuatanga o tōna hanganga, me tana mahi hei māramatanga ki ngā pūnaha konupūmā silika māori.
I whakaahuatia te kohuke nei i te mutunga o te rau tau 1800, ā, i tapaina ki te ingoa o te rohe o Xonotla i Mehiko, i reira i kitea ai i te tuatahi. Ko te Xonotlite te nuinga o te wā he mā, he mā-hina, he kōwhai hōmiromiro, he kore tae rānei, me te kanapa hiraka ki te peara e puta mai ana i tōna hanganga tioata muka. He tino iti ngā tioata takitahi, ā, ka puta pea hei kāhui hihi, hei uaua, hei huihuinga nui rānei, kāore i te pērā i ngā tauira nunui kua tino whanake. Nā tōna āhua ngāwari me te iti o tōna putanga, ko te Xonotlite te mea nui ki ngā kaikohi kohuke me ngā kairangahau, kāore i te pērā ki te kōhatu whakapaipai. Ko tōna hanganga e hiahiatia ana he āhuatanga matawhenua motuhake e pā ana ki te whakakotahitanga o te konupūmā, te konupori, te wai, me te wera, nā reira he kohuke kāore i tino nohinohi te kitea i te taha o ētahi atu momo konupūmā silicate.
Mai i te tirohanga pūtaiao, ka homai e Xonotlite he kōrero whai hua e pā ana ki ngā tauhohenga kōhuke i roto i ngā taiao wera-nui, wai-nui hoki. Ka puta noa ia i ngā rohe panoni whakapā, i ngā pūtunga skarn, me ngā taiao pākeho kua whakarerekētia, i reira ngā mahi tōpuni puia e whakauru ana i te wera me ngā wai kei roto te silica ki ngā toka awhi. Ko te kōhuke nei he tohu o tētahi atamira waenga i te kukuwhatanga o ngā kōhuke calcium silicate, ā, ka noho tahi me ētahi atu kōhuke pērā i te wollastonite, te tobermorite, te calcite, me te garnet, i runga i ngā āhuatanga matū o te toka kāinga. I tua atu i te mātai whenua, kua arohia a Xonotlite i roto i te mātai rauemi, nā te mea ka whakamahia ngā āhuatanga waihanga o tēnei kōhuke hei rauemi calcium silicate māmā, hei whakamahi i ngā hua whakamahana me ngā hua hanga whare mō te wera-nui. Nā tōna huinga o te kiato iti, te pūmau o te wera, me te ātete ki te wera, he mea nui ia hei tauira kōhuke mō ngā pūhui calcium silicate hangaia.
Hītori me te Whakakitenga o Xonotlite
He hītori āhua tata tā Xonotlite ina whakaritea ki te tini o ngā kohuke noa, ko tana whakaahuatanga tuatahi i mōhiotia ai mai i te mutunga o ngā tau 1800. I kitea te kohuke nei i te rohe o Xonotla i Mexico, nō reira i tapaina ai tōna ingoa. I rangahaua a Xonotlite e ngā tohunga kohuke o mua nā te rerekē o tana āhua karaihe muka me tana hanganga matū, i rerekē ai i te tini o ētahi atu kohuke calcium silicate i mōhiotia i taua wā. I roto i ngā rangahau tuatahi, i mōhiohia e ngā kairangahau he calcium silicate haumākū a Xonotlite, ehara i te silicate mākūkore māmā pērā i a wollastonite, nā reira i noho ai hei tauira nui mō te āhua o te wai e whakaawe ana i te hanganga me te pūmau o ngā kohuke silicate i roto i ngā taiao ā-papa.
I te pikinga o te rangahau mātai kōhuke, ka mārama ake te Xonotlite nā ngā whakapainga o te tātari matū, ngā rangahau whatu, ā, i muri mai ko ngā tikanga tirohanga hihi-X. I whakaatu ēnei rangahau he hanganga matatini te Xonotlite, he raupapa papa me te mekameka, e pā ana ki ētahi atu kōhuke wairewa silika konupūmā. Ko tōna kitenga i whai wāhi ki te mātauranga whānui mō ngā tukanga whakarerekē waiariki, inarā ngā tauhohenga i waenga i ngā toka warowaihā me ngā wai momona silika. Kei te tirotiro tonu ngā rangahau kōhuke hou i te Xonotlite nā te mea he ōrite tōna hanganga ki ngā wāhanga wairewa silika konupūmā e puta noa mai ana i ngā toka, ā, ka puta anō hoki i te whakamākūtanga ciment. Nā tēnei hononga i whai kiko ai te Xonotlite ehara i te mea ko te mātai kōhuke tuku iho anake, engari ki te pūtaiao rauemi, e rangahaua ai e ngā kairangahau ōna āhuatanga hei whakawhanake i ngā rauemi whakahāngai me te ātete wera.
Te Hanganga me te Tūponotanga Ā-Papa o te Xonotlite
Ko te Xonotlite ka puta i te nuinga o te wā mā ngā tukanga whakarerekē waiariki me ngā tukanga panoni ā-whakapā i roto i ngā taiao e pāhekoheko ai ngā toka whai konupūmā me ngā wai whai silica i raro i ngā mahana teitei. Ka tupu noa i ngā rohe e pāngia ai e ngā kōkiritanga tōhanga tata ngā toka pākeho, māpere, toka puia whai konupūmā rānei. I roto i ēnei huihuinga ā-papa, ka kuhu ngā wai wera e kawe ana i te silica kua memeha ki roto i ngā toka kāinga, ā, ka whakaohooho i ngā tauhohenga matū i waenga i ngā kohuke konupūmā me ngā wāhanga silicate. I raro i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana o te mahana, te pēhanga, me te wātea o te wai, ka puta ake i ēnei tauhohenga ngā kohuke konupūmā-silica haumākū pērā i te Xonotlite. Ko te tukanga hanga e tino whakawhirinaki ana ki te taurite i waenga i te konupūmā me te silica, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga pūmau o ētahi atu kohuke e pā ana ka puta pea i te taha.
Ka kitea pinepine a Xonotlite i roto i ngā pūkenga skarn, i ngā toka kāwarikari kua panonihia, me ngā uaua waiariki e pā ana ki ngā tinana kōkiri. Ko te tikanga ka puta tahi ia me ngā kohuke pērā i te wollastonite, te tobermorite, te calcite, te garnet, te vesuvianite, me te diopside, e whakaata ana i ngā taiao matū matatini e pāhekoheko ai ngā wai matomato ki te konupūmā me te kirika. He rereke i te nuinga o ngā kohuke noa e puta ana i ngā horopaki whenua whānui, me hiahia a Xonotlite ki ētahi tikanga motuhake, e whakamārama ana i tōna iti o te tohatoha me te onge i ngā putanga māori. Ka puta te kohuke nei hei papatipu mā wētū, hei rōpū tioata hīoi, hei huihuinga kōpuku rānei e whakakī ana i ngā kapiti me ngā rua i roto i ngā toka kua panonihia. Ko tōna noho mai ka kiia he tohu mō ētahi āhuatanga pāmahana me te matū i te wā o te panoni waiariki, nā reira he mea whai hua ki ngā kaimātai whenua e rangahau ana i ngā tauhohenga panoni me te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha kohuke.
Te Hanganga Karaihana o Xonotlite
He hanganga karaihe matatini a Xonotlite e whakatakoto ana i a ia ki roto i te rōpū o ngā kohuke silika konupūmā whakamākū. Ka tioata ia i roto i te pūnaha karaihe monoclinic, ā, ka tohua e ngā mekameka silika honohono kua honoa ki ngā rōpū konupūmā me ngā rōpū hydroxyl. Ko te hanganga he mea hanga mai i ngā tetrahedra silika (SiO₄) kua whakaritea hei mekameka, e honoa ana e ngā katote konupūmā me ngā rōpū hydroxyl hei hanga i tētahi anga pūmau engari whakamākū. Mā tēnei whakaritenga e whai hua ai a Xonotlite i tōna āhua karaihe muka motuhake, ā, ka whai wāhi ki tōna kaha ki te pupuri i te pūmau o te hanganga i raro i ngā pāmahana tiketike. Ko te noho mai o ngā rōpū hydroxyl i roto i te kupenga karaihe e wehewehe ana i a Xonotlite mai i ngā silika konupūmā kore-wai pērā i te wollastonite, e taea ai te hanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga matawhenua wai-nui.
Ko te whakatakotoranga ngota o Xonotlite he hononga tata ki ētahi atu kohuke calcium silicate hydrate, inā koa te tobermorite, ahakoa he rerekē tōna tohu o te tioatatanga me te whakahaere hanganga. Mā tōna hanganga mekameka paparanga e āhei ai te whakarerekē iti, engari ka mau tonu te here kaha i waenga i ngā wāhanga konupūmā me te silicate. Ko tēnei āhuatanga hanganga tētahi take e rangahaua ai ngā rawa rite-Xonotlite waihanga mō ngā whakamahinga ahumahi, inā rā i ngā rawa whakamaroke waiariki me te hanga whare. Ko te kaha o te kohuke ki te whakakotahi i te kiato iti, te pūmautanga matū, me te ātete ki te wera, e hono tika ana ki tōna hanganga tioata. Mā te mārama ki te hanganga o Xonotlite māori, ka āwhina hoki i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te tirotiro i te whanonga o ngā wāhanga calcium silicate hydrate, e whai tikanga ana i roto i ngā tukanga matawhenua me te hangarau raima hou.
Ngā Momo me Ngā Rerekētanga o Xonotlite
Ko te Xonotlite e mōhiotia ana hei momo kohuke kotahi, ā, kāore he momo rerekē kua whakamanahia i roto i ngā pūnaha whakarōpū kohuke. Heoi, ka taea e ngā tauira māori te whakaatu i ngā āhua me ngā kākano rerekē, i runga anō i ngā tikanga i hanganga ai rātou, tae atu ki te pāmahana, te hanganga matū o ngā wai e karapoti ana, me te noho mai o ngā parahanga. Ko ēnei rerekētanga e hāngai ana ki te āhua o te karaihe, te momo whakahiato, me te tae, kaua ki ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga matū.
- Xonotlite muka – Ko tēnei te āhua tino motuhake o te kohuke, e kitea ana hei kakawari angiangi pēnei i te ngira, hei kohikohinga hiraka rānei. Ka ahu mai te āhua kakawari i te whakaritenga mekameka o ngā wāhanga silicate i roto i te hanganga tioata, ā, ka kitea nuitia i roto i ngā uaua waiwera, i ngā toka kāponete kua whakarerekētia rānei.
- Huihuinga Honotiraiti Pūhihi – I ētahi tauira, ka tupu whakawaho ngā tioata Xonotlite mai i tētahi wāhi matua, ka hanga i ētahi huinga āhua whakapā, āhua whetū rānei. Ēnei huinga e tino whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi nā te mea e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga tupu tioata motuhake o te kohuke.
- Honotiraiti papatipu – Ko ētahi putanga he papatipu kikī, he kakano pai, e uaua ana te wehewehe i ngā tioata takitahi. Ko te Xonotlite matomato ka puta he mā, he hina, he tae māokeoke rānei, ā, he mea hono ki ngā toka whakarerekē me ngā horopaki skarn.
- Ngā Tauira Xonotlite Paru, Hono Rānei – Ko te Xonotlite māori ka puta tahi i te nuinga o te wā me ētahi atu kohuke pūngāwhā konupūmā, kohuke waro pākawa, kohuke panoni rānei. Ka taea e te noho o ngā kohuke pēnei i te calcite, te wollastonite, te garnet rānei te whakaawe i tōna tae, tōna kakano, me tōna āhua whānui.
Ahakoa kāore ēnei āhuatanga e kiia ana he momo kohuke motuhake, e whakaatu ana i te kanorau o ngā putanga Xonotlite māori. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te āhua tioata me te whakahiato he tohu whakahirahira mō ngā āhuatanga matawhenua i te wā o te hanganga kohuke, ā, ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te mārama ki ngā tukanga matatini e pā ana ki te whakawhanaketanga o te kohuke calcium silicate.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Tinana me Ā-Matū o Xonotlite
Ko te Xonotlite he kohuke pārūma konupūmā kua oti te whakamākū, ko tōna tātai matū ko Ca₆Si₆O₁₇(OH)₂. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka kitea hei whakahuihui mā, mā-hina, kore tae, ā, i ētahi wā he kōwhai horotea, ā, ko tōna āhua e pā nuitia ana e tōna hanganga karaihe kiko me ngā kohuke e pā ana. Ko te tikanga he kanapa karaihe ki te hiraka, ki te peara rānei te kohuke, ina koa ki ngā mata e kitea ai ngā muka ātaahua. Ko tōna pakeke Mohs he 6.5 tata, nā reira he āhua mārō ake ia i te nuinga o ngā kohuke whakamākū, ahakoa tōna hanganga muka ka puta pea ētahi tauira he mānginaki. Ko te taumaha motuhake o Xonotlite kei te 2.7–2.8, he mea noa mō ngā kohuke pārūma konupūmā. Ka hua i te nuinga o te wā hei papatipu kiato, hei papatipu muka rānei, kaua hei tioata nui mārama, ā, ki ngā kaikohi, he mea onge ngā tauira i tino whanake.
Mā te taha matū, nō te rōpū calcium silicate hydrate a Xonotlite, ā, kei roto i tōna hanganga karaihe he konupūmā, he takawai, he hāora, me ngā rōpū hydroxyl. He pūmau ia i raro i ngā tikanga waiariki pāmahana teitei, ā, ka puta ina tauhohe ngā rauemi konupūmā-nui ki ngā wai whai takawai i te aroaro o te wai. Kāore i rite ki ngā calcium silicate māmā pērā i te wollastonite (CaSiO₃), kei roto i a Xonotlite ngā rōpū hydroxyl hanganga, e whakaatu ana i tōna āhua mākū. He atete te kohuke ki te hāora-kōmiromiro matū i te nuinga o te wā, engari ka panoni pea i raro i ngā tikanga waikawa nui, i roto rānei i te taunekeneke roa ki ngā wai matawhenua rerekē. Nā tōna pūmau wera me tōna kaha ki te pupuri i te hanganga i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka noho a Xonotlite hei kaupapa ako nui i te pūtaiao rauemi, inaoake i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā hua calcium silicate waihanga e whakamahia ana mō ngā tono whakamahana me te atete-wera.
Te putanga me ngā wāhi o Xonotlite
Ko te Xonotlite he kohuke kāore i tino noa, ka puta i ngā taiao ā-āhuwhenua motuhake e pāhekoheko ai ngā toka whai konupūmā me ngā wai whai kirika i raro i ngā tikanga waiwera-kōmuri, panoni-huringa rānei. Ka kitea nuitia i ngā rohe panoni whakapā, i ngā putunga skarn, me ngā wāhi kua whakarerekētia te pākeho, te māpere rānei e ngā mahi puia tata. Ina uru te magma ki ngā toka whai warowhākarewa, ka taea e te wera me ngā wai hōheko kaha te whakatenatena i ngā tauhohenga i waenga i te konupūmā warowhākarewa me te kirika, ka puta ai ngā momo kohuke konupūmā kirika, tae atu ki te Xonotlite. Ko ēnei taiao te tikanga e whakarato ana i te huinga o te mahana, te pēhanga, me te wai e hiahiatia ana mō te hanganga o ngā konupūmā kirika hūware.
Ko te wāhi taketake i kitea ai a Xonotlite kei Xonotla, Mēhiko, i reira i tautuhia tuatahitia ai, i whakaahuatia hoki te kohuke. Mai i tōna kitenga, kua pūrongotia ētahi atu putanga mai i ngā rohe maha o te ao, tae atu ki ngā wāhanga o Ūropi, Āhia, me Te Tai Tokerau o Amerika. Kua kitea i roto i te hononga ki ngā toka metamorphic, ngā uaua hydrothermal, me ngā putunga pākeho kua whakarerekētia i reira ngā kohuke pērā i te wollastonite, te calcite, te garnet, te diopside, me te vesuvianite e tino puta ana. Kua pūrongotia ngā putanga rongonui i ngā whenua pērā i Itāria, Hapani, Rūhia, me te Hononga o Amerika, ahakoa he iti noa iho ngā tauira kounga teitei. Nā te mea ko te hanganga o Xonotlite e hiahiatia ana he āhuatanga matawhenua tino motuhake, ka kiia he kohuke kai kohi, kaua he kohuke hanga toka whānui. Ko tōna noho i roto i tētahi putunga matawhenua he maha ngā wā e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio whakahirahira mō ngā āhuatanga pāmahana, te hanganga wai, me ngā tauhohenga matū i puta i te whakarerekētanga o te toka.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Tono o Xonotlite
Ahakoa kāore a Xonotlite e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei kōhatu whakapaipai, hei kohuke whakairo rānei, nā tōna onge me tōna āhua muka, kirikiri pai, he mea nui tonu ia ki te rangahau pūtaiao me te whanaketanga rauemi ahumahi. Ko ngā tauira Xonotlite māori e kohia ana e te hunga kaingākau ki ngā kohuke, ā, e rangahaua ana e ngā kaimātai whenua, nā te mea ka whakaratohia e rātou he pārongo whakahirahira mō te panonitanga waiwera, ngā tukanga panoni toka, me te hanganga o ngā kohuke konupūmā-pūkawa. Nā tōna hanganga motuhake me tōna hononga ki ērā atu kohuke konupūmā-pūkawa whai wai, he kohuke tohutoro nui ia mō te mārama ki ngā tauhohenga kohuke māori e pā ana ki te konupūmā, te pūkawa, me te wai.
I tua atu i tōna hiranga mātai whenua, kua aro nui te Xonotlite i roto i te mātai rauemi nā te mea ko ngā rauemi i hangaia i te Xonotlite horihori he tino pai ngā āhuatanga waiariki me te tinana. Ka whakamahia te Xonotlite horihori ki te hanga i ngā rauemi whakamatao kirika māmā o te calcium silicate, e uaina ana mō te iti o te kawe wera, te ātete ki te wera teitei, te pūmau o te rahi, me te ātete ki te ahi. Ko ēnei rauemi e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā umu ahumahi, ngā taputapu wera teitei, ngā pūnaha whakamatao whare, me ngā hua hanga whare ātete-wera. Ki te whakataurite ki te maha o ngā rauemi whakamatao tuku iho, ka taea e ngā hua i ahu mai i te Xonotlite te pupuri i tō rātou kaha hanganga ahakoa i raro i ngā pāmahana teitei, nā reira ka whaihua ki ngā taiao whakapakeke.
I tua atu, ka whai wāhi te Xonotlite ki ngā rangahau e hāngai ana ki te mātauranga matū o te cements me te hangarau hanga. Nā te mea he tata te hononga o tōna hanganga ki ngā wāhanga o te calcium silicate hydrate ka puta i te whakamākūtanga o te cement, mā te rangahau i te Xonotlite ka mārama ake ngā pūtaiao ki te pūmau me te pai o ngā rawa e hāngai ana ki te cement. Kei te tirotiro tonu ngā kairangahau i ōna tikanga whakapūmau me ngā tikanga whakanao tārite kia whakawhanake i ngā rawa hanga e mauroa ake ai, e māmā ake ai, e pai ake ai hoki ki te taiao. Ahakoa he kohuke onge tonu te Xonotlite māori, ko ōna tārite whakanao e whakaatu ana i te āheinga o te mōhio ki ngā hanganga kohuke ki te whai wāhi ki ngā mahi whare miihini me ngā whakamahinga ahumahi o nāianei.