Inderite

Ko Inderite he kohuke konupora pākawa waikawaro, ngohengohe, ka whakakitea he karaihe tapatoru mā, kāhore rānei e whai tae i roto i ngā putunga whakaetonga.

Inderite Raraunga Kohuke
Tātai Matū	MgB₃O₃(OH)₅·5H₂O or Mg(H₄B₃O₇)(OH)·4H₂O
Rōpū Kōhuke	Borates (Hydrated Hydros-Borates)
Whakaaturanga	Monoclinic (Space group: P2₁/c)
Te Tūturu Kupenga	a = 6.82 Å, b = 13.11 Å, c = 12.03 Å, β = 104.5°, Z = 4
Te tikanga karaihe	He momo whakaataata ki ngā karaihe kua roa, he whakahiato karaihe wīwī, he muka, he pōito, he papatipu rānei.
Āhuatanga Whatu	Kāore he mea.
Āwhi Tae	Karekau tae, mā, māwhero mākuru, kōwhai hāune, hina.
Te pakeke o Mohs	2.5
Te pakeke o Knoop	Approx. 60 - 100 kg/mm²
Rārangi	White
Te Tauākī Whakaata (RI)	nα = 1.488, nβ = 1.510, nγ = 1.520 (Biaxial negative)
Pūāhua Tirohanga	Whakaaro-rua (-)
Pleochroism	Kāore i te pleochroic.
Whakamararatanga	ngoikore ki te āhua (r > v).
Te Whakawhiti Wera	He iti, he tikanga
Te Whakahaere Hiko	K
Tūāwhiora Whakauru	Ehara i te mātai whak
Whitiā	Ka kitea pea he tūrama kōmā kahurangi-mā, kōwhai kōmā rānei i raro i te UV ngaru poto (SW) me te ngaru roa (LW).
Te Taumaha Motuhake (SG)	1.78 - 1.80
Whakakā (Pōrihi)	He karaihe ki te rite parāoa i ngā mata ngawhatanga.
Māramatanga	Pūata ki te pūataata.
Wehenga / Whatiwhati	Tino pai i runga i {010} me {110} / Mai i te anga ki te kōrapa.
Pakeke / Toa	Pakupaku.
Te Putanga Whenua	Kohuke tuatahi, tuarua rānei i hua mai i ngā putunga parataiao whakaetonga o roto me ngā putunga pākawa momo playa.
Ngā whakaurunga	Ngā whakaurunga wai, ngā kohuke parua, ngā pūrākau whakaetonga o te takotoranga (taitara, tipama).
Te rewa	He iti te memeha ki te wai; ka ngawari te memeha ki ngā waikawa māhana waimeha (hei tauira, HCl).
Pūmau	Ka whakamaroke i te whakamahanatanga; he ahua-rua ki te kurnakovite (wāhanga triclinic). Ka pirau i raro i te huarere kaha, i ngā pāmahana teitei rānei.
Ngā kohuke e pā ana	Kurnakovite, ulexite, inyoite, colemanite, borax, hydroboracite, me te realgar.
Maimoatanga Tikanga	He uaua te whakaora; he mea whakaora i ētahi wā ngā tauira kohikohi māhorahora ki te pani mata hei ārai i te makuku.
He Tauira Rongonui	He nui, he koi, he rite ki te wai te mārama o ngā tioata pōataata, 10–20 cm te roa, nō te Maina Borax o US i Boron, Kern County, California, USA.
Etymology	I whakaingoatia i te tau 1837 i muri i tōna wāhi kitea i te pūranga borate o Inder (te kupenga tote o Inder), Rohe o Atyrau, Kākahatana.
Whakarōpūtanga Strunz	06.CB.15 (Hydrated triborates)
Ngā Wāhi Tūturu	Inder Deposit (Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan), Boron (Kern County, California, USA), Sarıkaya Borate Deposit (Eskişehir, Turkey), and Salar de Cauchari (Jujuy Province, Argentina).
Te iririkitanga	Kāore he irirangi.
Pāitanga	Ehara i te mea paitini i ngā mahi noa; me whai i ngā tūpato noa (kia kaua e hongihong
Tohu & Tikanga	I roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho mātai ahupūngao, e hono ana ki te māramatanga o te hinengaro, te purenga, te horoinga kare ā-roto, me te tuku i te kaha māngere.

Ko te Inderite he kohuke rare boron-magnesium kua whakamākūtia, ko tōna tātai matū ko MgB₃O₃(OH)₅·5H₂O. Nō te huinga o ngā kohuke borate whakamākū, ā, ka hua ake i roto i ngā pūranga whakaetonga i reira ngā wairewa boron-nui, magnesium-nui e whakakukūtia ai mā te whakaetonga roa. Ka kitea te nuinga o tēnei kohuke he tioata kore-tae, mā, he kākāriki-māpuru hoki, ā, he kanapa karaihe, peara, hiraka rānei te āhua. Nā te nui o te wai me te ngāwari o tōna hanganga tioata, e kiia ana he kohuke ngāwari, he kōruarua hoki te Inderite ina whakaritea ki te maha o ngā kohuke hanga-toka noa.

I te tino pātata o tēnei kohuke ki ētehi atu pākura borate whakamākū, otirā ki te kurnakovite me te inyoite, e puta

Te Hītori me te Kitenga o Inderite

I whakaahuatia tuatahitia a Inderite mai i ngā putunga borate rongonui o te rohe o Inder i te hauāuru o Kazakhstan, koia anō te take o tōna ingoa. Kua roa e mōhiotia ana te rohe nei ko tētahi o ngā wāhi matawhenua matua mō ngā kohuke borate nā te mea ko ngā wai whakaetonga tawhito i hanga i ngā āhuatanga pai mō te whakakotahi i te boron, te konupūmā, te konupūmā-konupū, me ētahi atu pūmotu. I roto i ngā mahi torotoro kohuke me ngā rangahau pūtaiao o ēnei putunga, i tautuhia e ngā kairangahau ētahi kohuke borate mākū kāore i te noho noa, tae atu ki a Inderite.

Ko te kitenga o Inderite i whai wāhi ki te māramatanga mō te whanaketanga o ngā konupora borate mākū i roto i ngā taiao parawaru. Nā te mea he maha ngā kohuke borate e noho tahi ana, ā, he ōrite te āhua o ētahi, i hiahiatia he tātaritanga kohuke matatika hei wehewehe i a Inderite mai i ngā momo pātata pērā i te kurnakovite me te inyoite. Nā ngā rangahau o Inderite i āwhina ai ngā tohunga kohuke kia pai ake te mārama ki ngā hononga i waenga i ngā kohuke borate mākū rerekē, me te pēhea e pā ai ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana, te matū wai, me ngā tikanga parawaru ki te hanganga kohuke.

Mai i tōna kitenga tuatahi, kua noho tonu a Inderite hei momo kohuke kāore i tino kitea. Kāore i rite ki ngā kohuke borate matua e keria nuitia ana mō ngā whakamahinga ahumahi, i te nuinga o te wā ka kitea noa a Inderite i roto i ētahi horopaki matawhenua motuhake me te iti o te rahi. Nō reira, ko tōna hiranga he mea pūtaiao, he mea mātauranga hoki, ehara i te mea ōhanga.

Te Hanganga me te Taiao Matawhenua o Inderite

Ko te inderite ka puta i ngā taiao whakaetotā, ka whanake ina kohikohi te wai matūkai ki ngā riu kati, ā, ka memeha haere te wai mā te whakaetotanga. I a ia e whakaeto tonu ana, ka kaha ake te kukū o ngā matū waimeha kia tīmata rā anō te puta o ngā kohuke i te wai e toe ana. I ngā taiao nui te pākōhatu boron, mā tēnei tukanga e puta ai ngā momo kohuke borate rerekē, i runga anō i ngā huānga e wātea ana me ngā āhuatanga tinana i te wā o te whakatio.

Ko te hanganga o te Inderite e hiahia ana i te whakakotahitanga o ngā wai e mau ana i te konupora me te rawaka o te pūtiwha. Inā pāhekoheko ngā katote pūtiwha ki te konupora i roto i ngā wairewa tote kukū, ka tīmata pea te hanganga o ngā kohuke pūtiwha konupora mākū. Ko te noho o ngā rāpoi ngota wai i roto i te hanganga karaihe o te Inderite e tohu ana ka tupu i roto i ngā āhuatanga e pūmau tonu ai ngā wāhanga kohuke mākū. Ko ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana, te makū, te tito matū rānei ka huri pea i te Inderite ki ētahi atu kohuke pūtiwha, ka ngaro rānei te wai hanganga.

Inderite e hono ana ki ngā putunga tote tawhito o ngā roto, ngā riu kōwhāwhā koraha, me ngā horomanga parataiao o te moana i kaha te whakaetonga. He maha ngā momo kohuke kei roto i ēnei horomanga whenua, tae atu ki te halite, te gypsum, te borax, te colemanite, te inyoite, me te kurnakovite. Ko te hanganga o te Inderite e tohu ana i tētahi wāhanga motuhake o te whanaketanga matū o ngā pūnaha kōwhāwhā boron-nui, ehara i te

Ngā Momo me ngā Rerekētanga o Inderite

Ka mohiotia te inderite hei momo kohuke kotahi, ā, kāore he momo rerekē, he ingoa iti rānei e whakaaetia whaimana ana i roto i te whakarōpūtanga mātai kohuke. Heoi anō, ka kitea ngā rerekētanga ā-ahua i ngā tauira inderite māori, pērā i te āhua, te tino momo tioata, te māramatanga, me te tae, nā ngā rerekētanga o te taiao ā-āhuwhenua, ngā āhuatanga tipunga o ngā tioata, ngā kohuke piri, me te noho o ngā parahanga iti. Ka whakamahia ēnei rerekētanga e ngā kaikohi me ngā kaingākau mātai kohuke hei whakaahua i ngā momo āhua rerekē o ngā tauira inderite, ahakoa kāore rātou e tohu ana he momo kohuke motuhake.

Māramarama, Pūataata rānei, he Karaihe Inderite – He ahua tēnei o ngā tioata takitahi kua tino whanake me ōna hanganga o roto e mārama tonu ana. Ko ngā tauira mā
Ma Papatipu Inderite – Ko te inderite nui ka puta hei huihuinga mato, karekau he kirikiri motuhake e tino mārama ana. Ko tēnei āhua he mā, he pūahoaho rānei te kara nā te kakano pai me te hanganga kohuke kiko. Ko ngā tauira nui ka tupu i te wā e herea ana te tipu o te kirikiri i roto i te inderite, e kore ai e puta he kirikiri nunui, he kirikiri tino mārama hoki. Ahakoa kāore i te tino ataahua ki te titiro atu i ngā kirikiri mārama, ko te inderite nui e whakarato ana i ngā pārongo matua mō te tukanga whakaputanga o te kohuke, ā, ka kitea nuitia hei wāhanga o ngā huinga kohuke i ōna wāhi tūturu.
Pūahoaho-Kākāriki Inderite - Ko ētahi tauira inderite e whakaatu ana i te tae kākāriki-kahurangi mārama, i ahu mai pea i ngā huānga paratō kua whakaurua ki roto i te hanganga kōhatu, i te noho mai rānei o ētahi atu kōhatu e tipu ana i te taha o te inderite. Ko te kaha o tēnei tae ka rerekē mai i ngā atarangi kōmā mārama rawa ki ngā kākāriki kaha ake, i runga anō i te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga whenua. He mea whai pūkenga ēnei tauira tae ki ngā kaikohi, nā te mea e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga matū taiao ka puta i te wā e hanganga ana te kōhatu.
Ngā kohinga Inderite pūmuka, pūkirikiri rānei – I roto i ētahi putanga, ka tupu te inderite hei rōpū karaihe moroiti e tipu ngātahi ana, ka puta ai te āhua kāwai, te āhua kirikiri, te āhua kōrapa rānei. Ko ngā āhua kāwai ka kitea he āhua pai, he āhua miro, nā te tipuranga karaihe roroa, ko ngā huihuinga kirikiri he tini ngā karaihe iti e piri ana. Ko ēnei āhua e tohu ana i ngā taiao tipu rerekē i ngā karaihe mokemoke, i te nuinga o te wā ka tupu ki ngā wāhi e pāhekoheko ai ngā wai kūkū kohuke ki ngā toka huri noa, i raro i ngā tikanga e whakawhāititia ai te toronga o te karaihe.

Ko ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te inderite e whakaata ana i ngā rerekētanga o te āhua karaihe, te taiao hanga, me ngā āhuatanga matū, kaua ko ngā momo kohuke e whakaaetia ana e te mana. Ahakoa ka puta hei karaihe mārama, hei hu

Te Hanganga Karaihe o Inderite

Ko te Inderite ka tio i roto i te pūnaha karaihe monoclinic, ā, he hanganga e hāngai ana ki ngā rōpū borate konupora whakamākū. I roto i te whāriki karaihe, ka herea ngā ngota boron ki te hāora me ngā rōpū hydroxyl, ka hanga i ngā waeine borate e hono ana ki ngā taiao ruruku konupora. Ko ngā rāpoi wai he wāhi nui o te hanganga, e hāpai ana i te pūmautanga o te kohuke me te awe i ōna āhuatanga tinana.

Ko te hanganga whakamākū o Inderite tētahi o ōna āhuatanga tino nui. Kāore i rite ki ngā kohuke kei roto no

Ko te inderite he rite tōna hanganga ki ētahi atu pākōhatu borate konupūmā haukū, inā rā ko te kurnakovite me te inyoite. Ko ēnei hononga e whakaatu ana he iti noa ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga taiao, ka puta mai he momo pākōhatu rerekē i roto i te pūnaha whenua kotahi.

Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-Tinana me ngā Āhuatanga Matū o Inderite

Inderite he kohuke borate konupūmā makū ngāwari, he pakeke Mohs tata ki te 2 ki te 3, ko te tikanga ka ngāwari te waruhia e ngā rauemi pakeke ake. He rite tonu te puta hei karaihe prisma, hei huihuinga karaihe, hei papatipu kiato rānei. Ko ngā tauira hou kāore he tae, he mā rānei, ahakoa ko ētahi karaihe ka puta he ātārangi kahurangi, kākāriki rānei i runga i ngā hononga kohuke me ngā paru. Ka taea e te kohuke te mārama ki te pūataata, ko te mārama ka aweawe i te kounga karaihe, te mātotoru, me ngā āhuatanga o roto.

He iti noa iho te taimaha motuhake o Inderite, tata ki te 1.8–1.9, e pā ana hoki ki te nui o te wai hanganga kei roto i tōna anga karaihe. He rerekē tōna kanapa: he karaihe ki runga i ngā mata karaihe kua pai te whanake, he peara, he hiraka rānei ki ngā mata wehenga me ngā whakahiato kirikiri pai. Pērā i ētahi atu kohuke borate kua whakamākūtia, ka rongo pea a Inderite ki ngā rerekētanga o te mahana me te makuku. Ko te roanga o te noho ki ngā āhuatanga maroke, te whakamahana rānei, ka puta pea te whakakorenga wai, e hua ai ngā rerekētanga hanganga me te huri pea ki ētahi atu āhua borate.

Mai i te tirohanga matū, ka whakarōpūtia a Inderite hei borate konupūmā haukū me te tātai matū MgB₃O₃(OH)₅·5H₂O. Nō te rōpū kōhuke borate, ā, ka tioata i roto i te pūnaha tioata monoclinic. Ko te hanganga o te kōhuke e noho nui ana ko te konupūmā, te boron, te hāora, ngā rōpū hydroxyl

Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te ahupūngao me te matū o Inderite ko tōna āhua kore tae ki te mā, ngā rerekētanga kōmā uriuri-pūrākau, te whiti karaihe ki te peara, te māramatanga mārama ki te āhua mārama, te hanganga karaihe monoclinic, te pakeke māmā o te 2–3 i te tauine Mohs, me te hanganga borate konupūmā-waiwaru. Ēnei āhuatanga hei āwhina i te rerekētanga o Inderite mai i ētahi atu kohuke evaporite ōrite, ā, e whakarato ana i ngā pārongo matua mō ngā taiao ā-papa whenua e puta ai ia.

Te Putanga me Ngā Wāhi o Inderite

Ko te wāhi momo me te putanga tino nui o Inderite ko te pūtanga borate o Inder i Kazakhstan. Kei tēnei rohe ngā hanganga evaporite whānui i hangaia e ngā taiao tote tawhito i reira ngā wai whai-boron i whai i ngā huringa tāruarua o te whakaetonga me te parataiao kohuke. Nā ngā āhuatanga matū ahurei o ēnei pūtanga i taea ai te hanga o te maha o ngā kohuke borate onge.

Inderite kua pūrongoh

He maha nga wa ka kitea te kohuke i te taha o etahi atu kohuke whakaetanga, tae atu ki te kurnakovite, inyoite, borax, colemanite, me te hydroboracite. Ko enei hononga kohuke e whakarato ana i nga korero whakahirahira mo te pāmahana, te hanganga matū, me te hitori o te whakaetanga o nga putunga i puta ai te Inderite.

Ngā whakamahinga me ngā tono o Inderite

He iti noa ngā whakamahinga ahumahi tōtika o Inderite nā te mea he uaua te kitea, ā, kāore i keria hei rauemi boron matua. Ko te mahinga boron arumoni e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kohuke pērā i te borax me te colemanite, e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūkete nui ake, ā, he nui ake te uara ōhanga. Heoi anō, he mea nui tonu a Inderite i roto i ētahi mara pūtaiao me te mātauranga.

Mō ngā kaikohi kohuke, ka whakahāronatia a Inderite nā te mea he onge, ōna āhuatanga karaihe, me tōna hononga ki ngā taiao kohuke pākawa rerekē. Ka kohia ngā tauira mai i ngā wāhi rongonui hei ako me te whakaatu, inā koa ka puta hei karaihe pai te hanga.

I roto i ngā rangahau ā-whenua, ko te Inderite he puna mōhiohio mō ngā tukanga hanga evaporite me te whanonga o ngā kohuke pākurakura wairewa. Ka rangahau ngā kaipūtaiao i tōna hanganga karaihe me ōna āhuatanga whakamaroke kia mōhio ai ki te hanga me te huri o ngā kohuke kei roto te pākurakura i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao hurihuri. Ka whakamahia anō hoki ngā tauira Inderite e ngā kohinga whare taonga me ngā whare mātauranga hei whakaatu i te kanorau kohuke me ngā tukanga ā-whenua e hua ai ngā putunga evaporite.

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