Yugawararaiti

Ko te Yugawaralite he kohuke konupūmā konumohewa whākōkī onge nō te rōpū zeolite, e kitea ana hei tioata taparau kore tae, mā rānei i ngā taiao puia wai werawera.

Yugawaralite Raraunga Kohuke
Tātai Matū	CaAl₂Si₆O₁₆·4H₂O
Rōpū Kōhuke	Rōpū Zeolite (Karaehe Silicates; Rōpū-iti Tectosilicate)
Whakaaturanga	Monoklinika; akomanga tioata pirihimana (Rōpū mokowā: Pc)
Te Tūturu Kupenga	a = 6.73 Å, b = 13.97 Å, c = 10.04 Å; β = 111.5°
Te tikanga karaihe	Ko te tikanga he karaihe paparapa, angiangi, papatahi; he maha ngā wa ka puta he kohinga whakamau, he kahui whiti motuhake, he hanga rite ki te tīwai rānei.
Āhuatanga Whatu	Kore (E whakaatu ana i te püramatanga o te kōhatu, kāore he āhuatanga matakite pērā i te asterism, i te whakawhiti tae rānei).
Āwhi Tae	Kore tae, mā, māwhero mā; i ētahi wā he tae kirīmi, he kōwhai mā rānei nā ngā parakete iti.
Te pakeke o Mohs	4.5 - 5.0 (He ngawari noa, he āhuatanga o ngā kohuke aluminosilicate anga-tuwhera pērā i ngā zeolites)
Te pakeke o Knoop	He iti ki te āhua; he āhua pākūkū me te whakaraerae āhua noa ki te waruwari i raro i te taumaha mīhini.
Rārangi	White
Te Tauākī Whakaata (RI)	nα = 1.495 - 1.497, nβ = 1.497 - 1.501, nγ = 1.502 - 1.504 (Ngā taupū whakaata iti, he mea noa mō ngā anga tino waihā)
Pūāhua Tirohanga	Biaxial (=) or Biaxial (-) e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakawhitinga matū tika me te āhua whakamākū ā-rohe.
Pleochroism	Kāore he mea, he ngoikore rawa rānei (Kāore ngā rerekētanga korekore ki te mākū e whakaatu i te pleochroism motuhake i ngā wāhanga angiangi).
Whakamararatanga	r < v, ngoikore (E whakaatu ana i te whakamararatanga ā-whatu ngoikore o ngā tauraro whakaata)
Te Whakawhiti Wera	Iti (Ka mahi hei kaiwhakamaarama waiariki nā te anga zeolite porowhita me te nui o ngā rāpoi wai hanganga).
Te Whakahaere Hiko	Whakawhiri (He iti te whakahaere hiko, ahakoa ka taea e ia te whakaatu i te iti o te whakahaere katote mā te whakawhiti katote ā-rohe i ngā wera tiketike).
Tūāwhiora Whakauru	Mārama puta noa i te tūāwhiorangi kitea; e whakaatu ana i ngā roopu whakararu whānui, kaha i te rohe tata-pōururoa i puta mai i te wai ngota (ngā whakaroowaha me ngā whakarorohanga O-H).
Whitiā	I te nuinga o te wā, kāore e pā mai ki te rama UV poto me te rama UV roa; i ētahi wā, ka whakaatu i te kōwhai māhunga, te kōwhai pāpākā rānei i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake.
Te Taumaha Motuhake (SG)	2.20 - 2.25 (He iti te kiato nā te anau tectosilicate whānui, rite ki te whare herehere, e pupuri ana i te wai hanganga).
Whakakā (Pōrihi)	Pūngāwhā (karaihe) ki te pāpaka i ngā mata wawae mārama.
Māramatanga	Pūata ki te pūataata.
Wehenga / Whatiwhati	Mārama i runga i {010} / He pakaru kore taurite ki te pakaru konā iti.
Pakeke / Toa	Pākākā; he māmā te pakaru, te maru rānei i te pānga o te pēhanga.
Te Putanga Whenua	Ka hua mai i te whakarerekētanga waiariki iti pāmahana; ka kitea i roto i ngā rua, ngā kōhao, ngā whatiwhatinga, me ngā amygdales kua whakarerekētia o ngā toka puia basaltic, andesitic rānei, i te nuinga o te wā e tata ana ki ngā pūnaha puna waiariki e mahi ana, o mua rānei.
Ngā whakaurunga	Ngā whakaurunga wai (ngā wai wera kua mau), ngā kōhao moroiti, me ngā whakaurunga tipu iti wāwahi o ngā whāriki silika e pā ana.
Te rewa	Ka whakarewa, ka whakapī rānei i roto i ngā waiā kaha (pērā i te HCl); ka pakaru te hanganga anga i te rongo roa ki ngā wairewa waiā wera.
Pūmau	He pūmau i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao noa engari he koretake i raro i te taumaha wera nui; ko te whakamahana e peia atu ai ngā rāpoi wai hanganga ($4\text{H}_2\text{O}$), e arahina atu ai ki te tīpaopao hanganga, ki te panoni āhua rānei.
Ngā kohuke e pā ana	Kuarata, rāumontite, heurandite, tiripite, penehite, epatiti, hapazite, apohirite, me ngā momo poromōpia karikiti.
Maimoatanga Tikanga	Kāore rawa i te whakapākehā. Ka tiakina ngā tauira i te āhua mata, ka horoia āta ki te wai, ki ngā rongoā horoi māmā rānei, ā, ka waiho kia kore e whakapākehā mā ngā kaikohi kōhatu.
He Tauira Rongonui	He tioata papatahi tino ataahua, pūataata, parakore, taumata-whare-taonga, e tāpoko ana i roto i ngā kōhao parāone puia pango nō Malad me Pune, Inia.
Etymology	I tapaina i te tau 1952 e Ken-ichi Sakurai rāua ko Akira Kato i muri i tōna wāhi taketake i ngā Puna Wera o Yugawara i te Porowini o Kanagawa, te Moutere o Honshū, Hapani.
Whakarōpūtanga Strunz	09.GB.15 (Ngā warowaiwaro: Ngā takto warowaiwaro me te wai zeolitic; ngā mekameka o ngā mōwai wha-mema kotahi e hono ana)
Ngā Wāhi Tūturu	Hapani (Yugawara, Kanagawa), Īnia (Malad, Mumbai; rohe o Pune), Tiorangi (Teigarhorn), Amerika (Yellowstone Papa Tāpoi poka waiariki), me Itāria (Sardinia).
Te iririkitanga	Kore (Tino kore irirangi)
Pāitanga	He iti te tūpono; he haumaru te whakahaere. Ka whai ngā whakatūpato tikanga ki te karo i te whakaurunga o te puehu pai mena ka tapahi, ka whakatipu, ka whati rānei i te tauira.
Tohu & Tikanga	I roto i te pūtaiao whakairo, e whakanuia ana hei zeolite whakahirahira, onge, mā te kaikohi, me te tohu nui o ngā taiao waiwera motuhake. I te taha metapika, e hono ana ki te parakore ngāwari, te whakamārie ā-wairua, me te whakapūmau i ngā rerenga pūngao tāwiri.

Ko te Yugawaralite he kohuke aluminosilicate konupūmā onge nō te rōpū zeolite. He kohuke tectosilicate whākīkītia me te tātai matū CaAl₂Si₆O₁₆·4H₂O, ā, e mōhiotia ana mō ōna tioata mārama ki te mārama, te āhua ngāwari, me te hanganga tioata rereke. Pērā i ētahi atu kohuke zeolite, ko te Yugawaralite e whakaaturia ana e tētahi anga tuwhera o ngā tetrahedra kirihou me te konumohe e hono ana, e waihanga ai i ngā hongere me ngā rua e taea ai te pupuri i ngā ngota wai. Ko tēnei āhuatanga hanganga e hoatu ana ki te Yugawaralite ngā taonga zeolite angamaheni, tae atu ki te kaha ki te tuku me te tango i te wai i raro i ngā tikanga e tika ana, me te whai wāhi ki ngā tukanga whakawhiti katote iti.

Ko te Yugawaralite e puta noa ana hei tioata kore tae, mā, māwhero māmā rānei me te kanapa karaihe ki te kanapa peara. I te nuinga o te wā, ka hangaia e te kohuke he tioata pūāhua iti, he paparahi rānei, ā, ka kitea i te wāhi e pania ana ngā mata o ngā toka puia, e whakakī ana rānei i ngā kōhao i hangaia e te panonitanga whakamahana wai. Ahakoa he ōrite ki ētahi atu kohuke zeolite, ka mōhiotia te Yugawaralite mō tōna pūnaha karaihe monoclinic, tōna hātepe matū motuhake, me tōna whakaritenga anga ahurei. Nā te mokamokanga me te putanga iti, ka kohia te Yugawaralite hei tauira kohuke, ā, he tino whaihua ki ngā kaingākau ki ngā kohuke me ngā kairangahau e rangahau ana i te mātai kohuke zeolite.

Hītori o Yugawaralite

I kitea tuatahitia te Yugawaralite i te tau 1952 e tata ana ki te rohe o Yugawara Hot Springs i te Takiwā o Kanagawa, i Hapani. I tautuhia, i whakaahuahia hoki e ngā tohunga minera o Hapani i rangahau i ngā tioata zeolite rerekē i kitea i tēnei rohe waiariki. Ko te ingoa “Yugawaralite” i ahu mai i tōna wāhi tūāhua, e whai ana i te tikanga whakaingoa minera tawhito o te whakahono i ngā minera i kitea hou ki ngā wāhi whenua nui.

Te kiteatanga o Yugawaralite i whakawhānui ake i te mātauranga pūtaiao mō ngā kohuke zeolite, ā, i hoatu ki ngā kairangahau he tauira hou o te anga aluminosilicate e nui ana te konupūmā. Mai i tōna whakaahuatanga tuatahi, kua arotahi ētahi atu rangahau ki tōna anga karaihe, ki tōna hanganga matū, me tōna hononga ki ētahi atu kohuke zeolite. Ko te rangahau mō Yugawaralite i āwhina i ngā tohunga kohuke kia mārama ake ki te pānga o ngā rerekētanga o te raupapatanga o te silicon-aluminum me te nui o te wai ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā kohuke zeolite.

Ahakoa i kitea tuatahitia a Yugawaralite ki Hapani, kua whakapumautia e ngā kitenga i muri mai tōna noho ki ētahi atu rohe huri noa i te ao, tae atu ki ētahi wāhanga o Inia, te United States, Kānata, me ētahi atu wāhi e tika ana ngā āhuatanga whenua puia me te waiariki. Ahakoa ēnei kitenga atu anō, kāore tonu i te noa ngā tioata Yugawaralite kounga teitei, nā reira he tāpaetanga uara ngā tauira tino pai ki ngā kohinga kōhuke.

Te hanganga o Yugawaralite

Ko te Yugawaralite e hanga ana mā ngā tukanga waiariki iti-pāmāhana, e whakawhitiwhiti ai ngā wai wera, kī tonu i ngā kohuke ki ngā toka puia, ā, ka whakaputa i ngā kohuke tuarua hou. Ko ēnei wai e kawe ana i ngā huānga whakarewa pērā i te konupūmā, te konumohe, me te hirikona, mā roto i ngā kapiti, ngā ana, me ngā wāhi maiengi i roto i ngā toka puia. I te hekenga o te pāmāhana me te rerekē o te taiao matū, ka tiohanga haere ēnei huānga ki te taha o ngā ngota wai, hei hanga i te Yugawaralite.

E hono ana te kōreke ki ngā taiao puia, inā koa ki ngā wāhi e whakarerekētia ai e te waiariki ngā toka pāpāhua, toka puia rānei. I roto i tēnei mahi, ka whakarewahia ētahi o ngā kōreke toka taketake e ngā wairehe kaikōhuri, e tupu ai ngā kōreke tiohoe pērā i te Yugawaralite ki ngā wāhi tuwhera me ngā kapiti. Ko te noho mai o ngā wairehe konupūmā nui me ngā āhuatanga pāmahana e tika ana, he mea nui rawa atu mō te whakatipu o te Yugawaralite.

Ka kitea tahi a Yugawaralite me ētahi atu kohuke zeolite, tae atu ki te stilbite, te heulandite, me ētahi atu pūkawa konutai konumohe. Ko ēnei hononga kohuke e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio nui mō te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me ngā tikanga matū i puta ai ngā kohuke. Nā te mea ka tipu a Yugawaralite i raro i ngā tikanga whenua motuhake, he iti ake tōna putanga ki te whakataurite ki ngā kohuke zeolite e kaha kitea ana. Nā tāna tukanga whakaputa, ka waiho hei kohuke nui hei ako i te panonitanga waiwera, te whenua pūwera, me te matū matatini o ngā hanganga zeolite.

Momo Yugawaralite

Kāore a Yugawaralite i ngā momo kohatu whakapaipai e whakamanahia ana, engari ko ngā kaikohi kohuke e whakaahua ana i ngā momo rerekē i runga i te āhua o te tioata, te tae, me te putanga. Ko ēnei rerekētanga e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga tipu tioata, ngā tohu ara, me te taiao whenua i puta ai te kohuke.

Yugawaralite kore tae Ko te āhua tino noa, ka puta mai hei tioata mārama ki te pūataata me te kanapa rite ki te karaihe. Ko ngā tioata mārama e tino whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi nā te mea he onge tonu ngā tauira kua tino whanake.
Yugawaralite mā: I te nuinga o te wā, ka puta hei tioata pūataata, pōuri rānei, he maha ngā wā ka hanga i ngā pūpū iti, te panipani rānei i runga i te toka kaihautū. Ko tēnei momo ka kitea whānuitia i te taha o ētahi atu kohuke zeolite.
Yugawaralite māwhero mā He momo tae iti noa iho e whakaaturia ana e te māwhero māmā, te kākāriki māwhero rānei. Ko te tae e pā ana ki ngā huānga tohu, ki ngā rerekētanga hanganga paku rānei, kaua ki te panoni o te hanganga matua o te kōhatu.

Ngā Tauira Papa Yugawaralite He maha ngā tauira kua kohia e mau ana i ngā kirikiri Yugawaralite e piri ana ki te toka puia, ki ētahi atu kohuke zeolite rānei. Ka mīharotia ēnei tauira mō te whakaatu i te taiao ā-nuku e tipu ai te kohuke.
Tauira Yugawaralite Ā-Wāhi: Ka taea hoki e ngā kaikohi kohuke te whakarōpū i te Yugawaralite i runga i tōna takenga matawhenua, nā te mea he rerekē ngā tauira mai i ngā wāhi rerekē i te rahi o te tioata, te āhua, te māramatanga, me te hononga ki ētahi atu kohuke. Ko ngā wāhi rongonui he whakanui ake i te uara pūtaiao me te uara kohikohi o ngā tauira takitahi.

Te putanga me ngā wāhi o Yugawaralite

Ko te Yugawaralite he kohuke onge noa e kitea ana i roto i ngā taiao waiariki e hono ana ki ngā toka puia. Ko tōna whenua taketake ko te rohe o ngā Puna Waiariki o Yugawara i te Porowini o Kanagawa, i Hapani, i reira te kohuke i kitea tuatahitia ai, i whakamāramahia ai. He tino pai tēnei rohe waiariki mō te hanganga o ngā kohuke zeolite nā te mea i rere ngā wai wera, kikī tonu i ngā kohuke, i roto i ngā toka puia, ka whakatakoto i ngā kohuke hou ki roto i ngā poka me ngā kapiti.

I tua atu i Hapani, kua pānuitia a Yugawaralite mai i ētahi atu rohe huri noa i te ao. Ko ngā wāhi rongonui ko ngā rohe e whai kiko ana i te zeolite i Maharashtra, Inia, i reira te maha o ngā kohuke zeolite tino pai i hanga i roto i ngā toka puia basaltic. Ko ētahi atu wāhi kua pānuitia ko ngā wāhanga o te Hononga o Amerika, Kanata, Tiorangi, Itāria, me ngā moutere puia pēnei i Réunion. He iti noa iho te rahi o ēnei wāhi, ā, he kore noa iho ngā tauira whai tioata tino pakari.

Ko ngā putunga o Yugawaralite e kitea ana i te taha o ētahi atu kōhuke waiariki, tae atu ki te stilbite, heulandite, chabazite, me ētahi atu mema o te rōpū zeolite. Ko te tohatoha o te kōhuke e pāngia ana ki ngā taiao āhuwhenua e pāhekoheko ai ngā wai waiariki iti-te-mahana ki ngā toka puia, hei tohu nui mō te ako i ngā tukanga hanga kōhuke tuarua.

Hanganga Karaihe o Yugawaralite

Ko te Yugawaralite e whakapakari ana i roto i te pūnaha karaihe monoclinic, ā, no te karaehe silicate anga o ngā kohuke. Ko tōna hanganga karaihe he mea hanga mai i ngā tetrahedra SiO₄ me AlO₄ e hono ana, e hanga ana i tētahi anga toru-ahua kei roto ko ngā awaawa me ngā kōhao. Ka noho ēnei wāhi tuwhera ki ngā katote konupūmā me ngā ngota wai, he wāhanga nui ēnei o te hanganga o te kohuke.

Ko te hanganga anga o Yugawaralite he tikanga o ngā kohuke zeolite, ko te whakakapinga o te konumohe mō te hirikona ka puta mai he utu tōraro me whakaōrite e ngā cation tāpiri pēnei i te konupūmā. Ko ngā rāpoi wai e puritia ana i roto i ngā hongere hanganga ā ka taea te tango mā te whakawera me te kore e tino whakamōtī i te anga kohuke i raro i ngā tikanga e tika ana.

Ko te whakaritenga o ngā ngota silicon me te konumohe i roto i te anga e hōmai ai ki a Yugawaralite ōna ake āhuatanga kiripiri motuhake, ka wehewehe i a ia mai i ētahi atu zeolite e pātata ana. Ko ngā rangahau o tōna hanganga kiripiri kua whai wāhi ki ngā rangahau pūtaiao mō te hanganga zeolite, ngā tikanga whakatipu kiripiri, me te hononga i waenga i te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga kōhatu.

Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū o Yugawaralite

Ko te Yugawaralite he kohuke konupūmā konumohe takawai hāora kua whakamākūkia me te tātai matū CaAl₂Si₆O₁₆·4H₂O. Nō te rōpū zeolite, ā, kei roto ko te konupūmā, te konumohe, te takawai, te hāora, me ngā rāpoi wai kua whakaurua ki te anga. Ko te noho o te wai i roto i tōna anga tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tautuhi o te Yugawaralite, ā, e whakaawe ana i te maha o ōna āhuatanga tinana.

Ko te Yugawaralite, i te nuinga o te wā, he kore tae, he mā, he māwhero hāneanea rānei, ā, he kanapa karaihe ki te kanapa peara. Ka tipu hei tioata mārama ki te mārama-kore, ā, e 4.5–5 tata te pakeke o te Mohs, he kōhatu ngāwari ake tēnei i te quartz me te maha o ngā kōhatu whakapaipai. He mā tōna rārangi, he pai ki te pai rawa te wehenga, ā, he pakaru pakarukaru. He iti tōna kaha motuhake, e 2.2 te tikanga, e ōrite ana ki te maha o ngā kōhatu zeolite kei roto he wai hanganga.

Ki te taha matū, ka taea e Yugawaralite te whakamaroke inā whakawerawera nā te mea kei te rongoa ngā ngota wai i roto i ngā rua o tōna anga. Pērā i ētahi atu zeolites, ka whakaatu pea i ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti katote nā te mea kei reira ngā ara tuwhera me ngā katote konupūmā e taea te whakawhiti. Heoi, nā te mea he uaua te kitea o Yugawaralite me te uaua ki te whiwhi i te nui, ko ēnei āhuatanga he mea whai take ki te ao pūtaiao, kaua ki te ao arumoni.

Whakamahinga o Yugawaralite

Hei rerekē i ngā zeolite ahumahi pēnei i te clinoptilolite, i ngā rauemi zeolite waihanga rānei, he iti rawa ngā whakamahinga arumoni o Yugawaralite nā te onge me te putunga iti. Ko tōna hiranga matua kei te kohi kohuke, te rangahau matawhenua, me ngā rangahau pūtaiao, kāore i te mahi ahumahi.

Ko te Yugawaralite e tino whakanuia ana e ngā kaikohi kohuke nā te ātaahua o ōna āhua karaihe, te mārama, me te onge. Ko ngā tauira kua tino whanake mai i ngā wāhi rongonui e tiakina ana i ngā kohinga tūmataiti me ngā whare taonga. Nā ngā karaihe ngāwari o te kohuke me te hanganga zeolite rerekē, ka waiho hei tauira whakamīharo mā ngā kaikohi e ako ana i ngā kohuke onge.

I roto i ngā rangahau pūtaiao, ka whakamahia te Yugawaralite hei tauira māori mō te ako i te matū tioata zeolite, te hanganga kohuke waiwera, me ngā hanganga silicate anga. Ka tātarihia e ngā kairangahau tōna hanganga kia mārama ake ai ki te whakatakotoranga o te konumohe me te silicon i roto i ngā anga zeolite, me te pēwheatanga o ngā ngota wai e whakaawe i te pūmau o te kohuke.

Ahakoa kāore a Yugawaralite e whai hua nui ki te ahumahi, ko tōna hiranga ā-taiao e whakarato ana i ngā tirohanga whai hua ki ngā tukanga panoni puia me te hanganga o ngā kohuke tuarua. Ko tōna onge, tōna hanganga ahurei, me tōna hononga ki ngā taiao wera i te whenua, ka waiho hei momo kohuke whai tikanga i roto i te marautanga o te mātauranga kohuke.

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