Ko te Gypsum he kohuke pākawa hāwaiwai e puta noa mai ana i te wāhi, he pākawa hāwaiwai kāreti e whai ana i te tātai matū CaSO₄·2H₂O. Nō te akomanga kohuke pākawa hāwaiwai, ā, ko ia tētahi o ngā kohuke whakaeto nui rawa atu i ngā taiao parataiao huri noa i te ao. Ka tioata te kohuke nei i roto i te pūnaha tioata monoclinic, ā, e rua ngā rāpoi ngota wai e herea ana ki te hanganga, e wehewehe ai i a ia i tōna hoa kore-wai, te anhydrite (CaSO₄). He kore tae, he mā rānei te gypsum parakore, ahakoa ka puta mai ngā tae hina, kōwhai, parauri, māwhero, kākāriki rānei nā ngā parakino. E 2 tōna pakeke Mohs, he wehenga tino pai ki tētahi aronga, he kanapa karaihe ki te kanapa hiraka, ā, e 2.30–2.33 tōna taumaha motuhake. He maha ngā āhua o te gypsum, tae atu ki te selenite tioata mārama, te satin spar kiko, me te alabaster kirikiri, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga tipu me ngā kakano rerekē. Ka horahia te kohuke nei ki ngā peata parataiao, ngā uaua waiariki, ngā ana, me ngā taiao huarere, hei tohu nui mō ngā tukanga āhuahua e hāpai ana i te pākawa hāwaiwai. Nā ōna āhuatanga tinana motuhake, tōna horahanga whānui, me tōna matū māmā, kua roa te gypsum e akona ana i roto i te mātai kohuke, te mātai parataiao, te mātai matū whenua, me te mātai āhuahua taiao, ā, he kohuke ahumahi tino nui rawa atu i te ao.
Hītori o te Gypsum
Kua whakamahia te kōhatu tāpora e te tangata mō ngā mano tau, ā, ko ia tētahi o ngā kōhatu tuatahi i whakamahia mō te hanga whare, te whakapaipai, me ngā mahi toi. E ai ki ngā taunakitanga whaipara tangata, i mahia kētia te raima tāpora i te wā Neolithic, i te wā i whakawerahia ai te kōhatu hei tango i tētahi wāhanga o tōna wai here matū, ka puta he rauemi mārō anō i muri i te whakaranu ki te wai. I tango ngā iwi tawhito puta noa i te Tai Rāwhiti Tata i tēnei hangarau mō ngā papa, ngā pakitara, me ngā whakaotinga hoahoanga. I Ihipa tawhito, i whakamahia nuitia te raima tāpora ki ngā urupā, ngā whare tapu, me ngā whare nunui hei mōtā me te rauemi whakaoti, i te wā i whakawhirinaki nuitia ai e ngā ahurea Mesopotamia hei pani i ngā hanganga pereki paru me te whakaputa i ngā whakairo whakapaipai. I ngā wā Kariki me Rōma, i u tonu te uara o te tāpora mō ngā mahi raima o roto, te whakarewa whakapaipai, me te whakapaipai hoahoanga, ā, i whānui tonu tōna whakamahinga puta noa i te wā Byzantine me te wā waenganui. I tino ahu whakamua te mātauranga pūtaiao mō te tāpora i ngā rautau tekau mā waru me te tekau mā iwa i te whanaketanga o te mātai kōhatu hei akoranga pūtaiao hou, i puta ai te whakaahuatanga tika o tōna matū, tōna hanganga tioata, me tōna putanga matawhenua. I te Huringa Ahumahi, ka noho te tāpora hei rauemi mata tino nui mō ngā hua raima, te hanga ciment, me muri mai te hanga pakitara maroke, i tino whakarahi ake ai tōna hiranga ōhanga. I ēnei rā, ka noho tonu te tāpora hei kōhatu ahumahi tino keria, ā, ka whai wāhi nui tonu ki te rangahau matawhenua, ngā rauemi hanga whare, te ahuwhenua, me te mahi pūkaha taiao.
Ko te āhua o te hanga o te kāpiti
Ko te hanga o te gypsum mā ētahi tukanga ā-whenua, ahakoa ko te nuinga o ngā putunga whai hua ōhanga ka puta mai i ngā taiao whakaetonga, i reira ngā wai whai pūkawa e whakaetongia kaha ana. I roto i ngā ipu moana iti, ngā whanga takutai, ngā roto tote o uta, me ngā pūnaha sabkha, ka whakaetongia haeretia ngā katote konupūmā me te pūkawa kua memeha, tae noa ki te whakakiinga o te wairewa, ka puta tika mai ngā tioata gypsum i te wai tote. Ko ngā huringa o te waipuke o te moana me te whakaetonga i roto i ngā miriona tau ka whakaputa i ngā paparanga gypsum whānui, e hanga ana i ngā raupapa whakaetonga nui. Ka puta hoki te gypsum mā te whakamākūtanga o te anhydrite, he kohuke pākawa konupūmā kore-wai e tipu ana i raro i ngā pāmahana teitei ake, i ngā hohonutanga tanumanga nui ake rānei; ina uru te wai whenua ki roto i ēnei toka, ka mimiti te wai o te anhydrite, ka huri hei gypsum, ka puta he roha me te whakakōpekapeka i roto i ngā paparanga e tū ana. Ko ētahi putunga gypsum iti ake ka tioata mai i ngā wai wera e rere ana i roto i ngā whati me ngā kōhao, i reira te whakamātao, te huringa matū rānei e whakaohooho ana i te putanga o te kohuke, ā, i ētahi wā ka puta he tioata nui mārama. I ngā taiao tata ki te mata, ka puta te gypsum hei kohuke tuarua mā te hāwere me te whakawera o ngā kohuke pūkawa, inarā te pyrite, ina pāngia te waikawa pūkawa i hanga i te whakawera ki ngā toka konupūmā, ki te wai whenua rānei. Ka whai wāhi hoki ngā mahi moroiti ki te hurihanga o te pūkawa me te matū o te wai, e whakatairanga ana i te putanga o te gypsum i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao e tika ana. Nā te mea e herea kaha ana tōna hanga e te tote, te wai, te āhuarangi, me te whanaketanga matū o te whenua, ka whakarato te gypsum i ngā taunakitanga nui hei whakahou i ngā taiao putunga tawhito, te āhuarangi o mua, te whanaketanga o ngā ipu whakaetonga, me te hurihanga roa o te pūkawa me te wai i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua.
Te putanga me te tohatoha o te Gypsum
Ko te Gypsum tētahi o ngā kohuke pākawa whāiti e tino horahia ana i te Ao, ā, kei ia whenua, kei ia whenua, i roto i ngā momo horopaki matawhenua maha. Ko ngā putunga nui rawa atu e kitea ana i ngā riu parataiao evaporite, i reira ngā paparanga gypsum mātotoru i hua mai i te whakaetonga auau o te moana tawhito, o te wai roto tote rānei. Ko ēnei putunga e piri tahi ana ki te kōhatu kāho, te kōhatu kāho-mā, te parataiao, te tote, me te anhydrite, ā, ka toro atu pea ki runga i ngā rau kiromita tapawhā. Ko ngā rawa gypsum arumoni nui kei ngā whenua pēnei i te United States, Canada, Mexico, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, te United Kingdom, Türkiye, Iran, China, India, Thailand, Australia, me Morocco. Ko ētahi tauira rongonui ko ngā raupapa evaporite Permian whānui o Amerika ki te Raki me Ūropi, te Zechstein Basin o Ūropi ki te Raki, te Paris Basin i France, me ngā riu evaporite nui puta noa i te Puku o Āhia me te Middle East. I tua atu i ngā putunga parataiao, ka puta hoki te gypsum i roto i ngā uaua waiariki, ngā taiao puia fumarolic, ngā ana, me ngā rohe hākinakina e tauhohe ai te wai whāiti-waiariki ki ngā toka kei roto te konupūmā. Kua tipu ētahi tioata selenite tino nui i roto i ētahi taiao matawhenua ahurei, pērā i te Naica Mine i Mexico, i reira ngā āhuatanga waiariki i taea ai te tipu o ngā tioata gypsum ki ngā rahi whakahirahira i roto i ngā rau mano tau. Nā te mea ka puta te gypsum i raro i ngā momo āhuatanga matawhenua maha, he tohu nui tēnei mō ngā tukanga evaporite, waiariki, me te supergene i roto i te matawhenua parataiao me te hanganga.
Ngā Momo me ngā Momo Momo o te Gypsum
Ahakoa he ōrite te hanganga matū o ngā momo kirikiri katoa (CaSO₄·2H₂O), nā ngā rerekētanga o te āhua o te tioata, te kākano, te mārama, me te taiao tipu i puta ai ētahi momo rerekē e mōhiotia whānuitia ana.
- Selenite – He momo kirikiri mārama ki te mārama e kitea ana e ngā tioata monoclinic e tino whanake ana, te kanapa karaihe, me te wehenga tino pai. Ko te Selenite te nuinga o te wā ka hanga i ngā tioata papatahi, poutū, hīwiri-hiku rānei, ā, ko ia tētahi o ngā āhua tino mōhiotia o te gypsum.
- Satin Spar – He momo muka kiko e hanga ana i ngā tioata whakarara kikī e whakaputa ana i te kanapa hiraka me te āhua chatoyant. He mā, he kirīmi rānei te tae, ā, he maha ngā wā ka tapahia, ka orohia hoki mō ngā taonga whakapaipai me ngā whakairo whakapaipai.
- Alabaster – He momoā, he momoā nui, he kiko kiko me te āhua maeneene. Nā tōna ngāwari me tōna hanganga ōrite i noho ai hei rawa pai mō te whakairo, te whakapaipai whare, ngā ipu whakapaipai, me ngā whakairo toi mai i ngā wā o mua.
- Te Rōhi Koraha – He kāhui āhua rosette ka puta i te wā e tipu ana ngā tioata gypsum huri noa i ngā kirikiri i ngā taiao mārohe mā te whakaetonga o te wai whenua whai kohuke. Ko te whakaurunga o te kirikiri e hōmiromiro ai ēnei tauira i tō rātou āhua puāwai motuhake.
- Gypsum Nui – Ko te whakahiatotanga matotoru, kirikiri, kiato rānei kāore he mata karaihe motuhake. Koinei te āhua e kitea nuitia ana i ngā putunga parataiao nui o te whenua, ā, koinei te puna matua o te gypsum e whakamahia ana i ngā mahi ahumahi.
- Ko te Rosette me te Gypsum Nodular – Ko te whakahiatotanga karaihe porotaka, whiti rānei e tipu ana i roto i ngā parataiao whakaetonga. Ko ēnei āhua ka puta mai i te tipu karaihe ā-rohe i raro i ngā āhuatanga matū-whenua rerekē, ā, he mea noa i roto i ngā taiao roto tote me ngā taiao whakaetonga takutai.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tae me te Āhua o te Kōhatu Kōpura
Ko te Gypsum he kore tae, he ma rānei i tōna āhua parakore, e whakaatu ana i te kore o ngā parakore nui i roto i tōna hanganga tioata. Heoi, ko ngā tauira māori e whakaatu ana i ngā āhua o te kiwikiwi, kōwhai, parauri, māwhero, whero, kākāriki, pango rānei nā te noho mai o ngā kohuke parataiao, waikura rino, matū waro, me ētahi atu whakaurunga kohuke. Ko ngā tioata selenite mārama he kore tae te nuinga me te tino mārama, engari ko ngā momo papatipu pērā i te alabaster he ma ki te kirīmi te nuinga, ā, he mārama. Ko te Gypsum e whakaatu ana i te kanapa karaihe ki te peara i runga i ngā mata tioata me ngā mata wehenga, ko te satin spar kiko e whakaatu ana i te kanapa hiraka motuhake nā te whakaata o te mārama mai i ngā kiko tioata whakarara. He mārama ki te mārama te kohuke i runga i te kounga tioata me te rahi o te kirikiri. I te tirohanga whatu, he gypsum biaxial positive (+), ā, he iti ngā taupū whakaata, mai i te 1.519 ki te 1.530 te nuinga, me te birefringence āhua nui e whakaputa ana i ngā tae pokanoa i raro i te mārama whakaōritenga. Nā tōna wehenga tino pai me tōna anisotropy whatu, ka akona nuitia te gypsum i roto i te whatu kohuke me te karu petrographic hei kohuke sulfate mātātoa.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Kōhatu Pākeho
Ko te Gypsum tētahi o ngā kohuke ahumahi tino nui o te ao, ā, he whānui ngā whakamahinga i roto i te hanga whare, te ahuwhenua, te hanga, te whakahaere taiao, me ngā mahi toi. Ko te nuinga o te gypsum e keria ana ka whakamahia hei hanga pātūpapa (drywall, pātūpapa gypsum rānei), nā tōna ātete ahi, tōna pūmau rahi, me te māmā o te whakaurunga, he mea hanga whare paerewa mō ngā whare noho me ngā whare arumoni. Ka tukatukahia hoki te gypsum kua tahu ki te raima o Parī, e whakamahia nuitia ana mō te raima o roto, ngā whakairo whakapaipai, te whakaora hoahoanga, ngā pōkai keramika, ngā pōkai niho, ngā pōkai wheua, me ngā whakairo toi, nā te mea ka whakapakeke tere ina whakaranua ki te wai. I roto i te ahumahi cimenta, ka tāpiritia te gypsum i te wā e huri ana te klinker cimenta Portland hei whakarite i te wā tautūtū me te whakapai ake i te mahi. I roto i te ahuwhenua, ko te gypsum kua whakapuehu pai hei whakapai oneone e whakarato ana i te konupūmā me te whanariki, e whakapai ana i te hanganga oneone, e whakarei ake ana i te kuhu wai, e whakaiti ana i te kirikiri mata, me te āwhina ki te whakaora i ngā oneone konutai me te kore e whakarerekē i te pH oneone. Ka whakamahia hoki te kohuke i roto i te hangarau taiao hei whakaiti i te rere ūkuikui mai i ngā whenua ahuwhenua, hei rongoa i te wai para ahumahi, me te tango i ētahi whakapoke mā te whakaheke matū. Ko ngā wāhi iti o te gypsum parakore teitei ka whakamahia i roto i te tukatuka kai, te rongoā, te hanga pepa, te keramika, te hanga karaihe, me ngā ahumahi matū, i te wā e whakanuia tonutia ana ngā tioata selenite mārama me te alabaster whakairo mō ngā taonga whakapaipai, te hoahoanga whakapaipai, ngā tauira whare taonga, me te kohi kohuke. Nā tōna nui, tōna utu iti, tōna pūmau matū, me ōna āhuatanga tinana whai kiko, ka noho tonu te gypsum hei kohuke whanariki tino nui i te taha ōhanga e whakamahia ana puta noa i te ao.