Ko te Rhodochrosite he kohuke waro konupora me te tātai matū MnCO₃. Nō te rōpū kohuke kāratiti, e whakanuia ana mō ōna tae āhua whero-ā-rose ki te māwhero, e ākina nuitia ana e te noho o te konupora i roto i tōna anga kirikara tapatoru. I tōna āhua parakore, ka whakaatu te rhodochrosite i te tae whero kanapa, mārama; heoi, ka whakakapi te rino, te konupora me te konupūmā i te konupora i roto i te raupapa whakarewa-totoka, e whakarerekē ana i tōna tae me ōna āhuatanga tinana. E 3.5 ki te 4 tōna pakeke Mohs, ā, e tino mārama ana tōna wehenga rhombohedral, e tino whakanuia ana e ngā tohunga kohuke me ngā kaikohi, ahakoa he uaua mō te mahi kōhatu.
Ko te whakaingoatanga o te kohuke i ahu mai i ngā kupu Kariki rhódon (te tikanga he "rōhi") me te chrosis (te tikanga he "whakakara"), e tohu tika ana ki tōna āhuatanga ātaahua. Ahakoa i whakaahuatia ōkawatia te kohuke e te pūtaiao kohuke hou i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 1800—i ahu mai i ngā kitenga i ngā maina hiriwa o Romania—he roa atu te hītori o tōna hiranga. He mea whakamīharo, i whakapono ngā Inca ko te rhodochrosite te toto whakapakeke o ō rātou rangatira tīpuna, nā reira i tapaina ai hei "Rōhi Inca" (Rosa del Inca). Ko te maina Capillitas i Argentina te wāhi tino rongonui o mua, e rongonui ana mō te whakaputa i ngā hanganga stalaktite whakamīharo e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira porohita, kōpae o ngā kaha rōhi rerekē.
Ko tētahi o ngā hui tino nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori o te kohinga rhodochrosite i puta i ngā tau 1960 i te maina rongonui o Sweet Home e tata ana ki Alma, Colorado. I roto i te wā o te keri whaiwhaiā, i kitea e tētahi kaikeri toka tētahi tauira rhodochrosite tino nui i muri mai ka kīia ko te “Alma Queen.” Whai muri i tana whakakitenga i tētahi uaua kuiti e mau ana i ngā tioata rhodochrosite iti, ka whakapuakina e ia tētahi rōpū tioata whakamīharo kāore i rite ki ngā mea i mōhiotia i mua mai i taua wāhi. I hokona te tauira i muri mai i tētahi whakaaturanga kohuke i Las Vegas, ā, i haere i roto i ngā kaipupuri maha i mua i te hokonga e te kaihoko kohuke rongonui me te kaikohi a David Wilber. I te whakaaturanga a Wilber i te tauira i te Tucson Gem and Mineral Show i ngā tau 1970, ka aro nui mai ngā kaikohi kohuke o Colorado, kāore i kite i ngā tioata rhodochrosite o taua kounga mai i te maina o Sweet Home. Ko te rongonui i puta mai i te Alma Queen i whakaohooho i ngā mahi keri tauira hou i te maina, ā, i te mutunga ka kitea ētahi atu tauira rhodochrosite rongonui o te ao, tae atu ki te Alma King me te Alma Rose. Ēnei kitenga i whakapūmau i te maina o Sweet Home hei tētahi o ngā wāhi rhodochrosite tino nui rawa atu o te ao, ā, i whakanui rawa atu i te rongonui o te kohuke i waenga i ngā kaikohi me ngā whare taonga.
Ko te whakaputanga o te rhodochrosite i te nuinga o te wā ka puta i raro i ngā āhuatanga waiariki iti-ki-waenga, ka whakahekea hei kohuke tuarua, kohuke gangue rānei i roto i ngā uaua polymetallic. I te pikinga ake o ngā wai waiariki kua whakakiia ki te konupora me ngā katote warowaihā i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, ko ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te pH e whakaohooho ana i te whakakohatu o te MnCO₃, i te nuinga o te wā e noho tahi ana me ngā pūkawa o te mata, te konutea, me te hiriwa. I tua atu, ka puta te rhodochrosite mā ngā tukanga parataiao me te supergene. I roto i ngā taiao parataiao, ka whakahekea i roto i ngā ipu moana, roto rānei e kore e whai hāora, e whai konupora nui ana, e whakahaerehia ana e ngā mahi moroiti te whakahekenga o ngā waikura konupora. Ka taea hoki te whanake hei hua panoni tuarua i roto i ngā rohe whakawera o ngā putunga kohuke konupora, e whakarewaina ai e ngā wai ātea te konupora mai i ngā kohuke tuatahi, ka whakaheke anō hei warowaihā i roto i ngā whatianga, i ētahi wā ka puta ai ngā stalactites rārangi rongonui mā te whakahekenga ā-pūmanawa, ā-pūrere.
Hanganga Karaihe me te Hoahoanga Karaihe
Ko te Rhodochrosite e whakaputa ana i roto i te pūnaha trigonal, inarā i roto i te roopu mokowā R-3c. Hei mema rongonui o te rōpū kohuke calcite, ko tōna hanganga o roto e tohua ana e te whakaritenga tauutuutu o ngā kāti manganihi (Mn²⁺) me ngā matatini anionic warowākona tapatoru (CO₃²⁻). Ka taea tēnei hanganga te whakaaro he momo rerekētanga tino whakakōpekapeka, kōpeketia rhombohedral o te momo tūāpapa tote konutai (NaCl) matarohia. I roto i tēnei anga, ka whakaritea ia katote manganihi ki te ono ngota hāora e ahu mai ana i ngā rōpū warowākona huri noa. Ko ngā rōpū CO₃²⁻ e takoto ana i ngā paparangi e tika ana ki te tuaka c-toru, e whakaputa ana i te tino koretake o ngā here ā-tinana me ā-matū puta noa i te tūāpapa. I te pāmahana rūma, ko ngā inenga pūtau waeine he a = 4.777 Å me c = 15.67 Å mō te tautuhinga hexagonal. Heoi, nā te mea ka whakawhiti noa te manganihi ki ētahi atu kāti rua, pērā i te konupūmā (Ca²⁺), te rino (Fe²⁺), me te konupora (Mg²⁺), ka rerekē ēnei tawhā tūāpapa. Ko tēnei raupapa whakarewa-tōtika tonu—e tino kitea ana ki te siderite (FeCO₃) me te calcite (CaCO₃)—ka whakaputa i ngā whakawhānuitanga, whakaititanga rānei o te pūtau waeine, e pā ana ki te pūmau o te hanganga-nui o te kohuke.
Ngā Tikanga Tae me ngā Āhuatanga Whatu
Ko te kāhua māwhero-ki-whero o te rhodochrosite he āhuatanga taketake e whakahaerehia ana e ngā whakawhitinga ārahi kirikiri i roto i te konupūmā hanganga. Ko te katote konupūmā rua (Mn²⁺) he whirihora hiko d⁵. I roto i te taiao whakarite oktahedra, ka puta ngā whakawhitinga d-d orbital e kore e whakaaetia, e puta ai te whakauru ā-whatu whiriwhiri. Inarā, ka kaha te whakauru o te kohuke i te marama i roto i ngā rohe kākāriki me te kikorangi o te tūāwhiorangi kitea (te nuinga i te 410 nm, 450 nm, me te 550 nm), i te wā e whakaata ana, e tuku ana rānei i ngā roangaru roa e whakaatu ana he māwhero, he rohi, he whero hōhonu rānei. I te tirohanga ā-whatu, he uniaxial kino te rhodochrosite, ā, he tino teitei te birefringence (δ = 0.200 ki te 0.220), he hua tika nō te whakatakoto papatahi o ngā rōpū waroā. Ko ngā taurangi whakaata e whānuitia ana ko ω = 1.814 ki te 1.816 (hihi noa) me ε = 1.596 ki te 1.598 (hihi whakamīharo). I raro i te marama whakaata whakapolarized, ka puta tēnei rerekētanga nui o te taurangi whakaata i te hihi kotahi, he "kōwhiti birefringence" kaha, e kitea ana ina hurihia te atamira karu. I tua atu, ka whakaatu te kohuke i te pleochroism motuhake, ahakoa he āhua ngāwari i ētahi wā—e rerekē ana mai i te whero rohi pōuri i te hihi noa ki te māwhero tino mā, te kore tae rānei i te hihi whakamīharo. Ina whakapāia ki te iraruke ultraviolet roangaru roa, ka puta i ētahi tauira konupūmā nui he māwhero ātārangi iti ki te āhua, ahakoa ka tineia tēnei āhuatanga ki te whakaurua he parakimete rino nui ki roto i te matua.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
I rōrahi tonu, ka whakaatu te rhodochrosite i te huinga o ngā āhuatanga tinana me te matū e whakatauhia ana e tōna matū taketake. He iti tōna mārō o Mohs, e 3.5 ki te 4.0, ā, he pakarukaru tōna kaha, e tino whakaraerae ana ki te kino ā-tikanga. He tino pai tōna wehenga rhombohedral i ngā papa {10-11}. Ko tēnei wehenga e toru-ara e tino oti ana ka puta mai he kongakonga maeneene, rite-whakaata ina whati, engari ko ngā mata kāore i wehea e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te whatinga koretake ki te anga-kōnui. Ko te taumaha motuhake e 3.50 ki te 3.70 g/cm³, he uara e piki haere ana ina whakakapi ngā ngota rino maha mō te konupaka. Ko te kanapa he āhua karaihe te nuinga, ahakoa ka taea te huri ki te kanapa peara, hiraka, pūahoaho rānei i ngā āhua kiko, rārangi, whakahiato rānei, me tōna mārama e rerekē ana mai i te tino mārama ki te mārama iti. Hei kohuke waro, ka tauhohe te rhodochrosite ki ngā waikawa. Kāore i rite ki te calcite, e pupuhi kaha ana i roto i te waikawa haumāota (HCl) mātao, waimeha, ka āta tauhohe te rhodochrosite parakore i roto i te waikawa mātao, ā, me whakamahi te waikawa mahana hei tīmata i te pupuhi tonu, e tuku ana i te hauhā hau e ai ki te whārite:
MnCO3 + 2HCl → MnCl2 + H2O + CO2↑
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Rhodochrosite
Ko te Rhodochrosite e whakamahia nuitia ana hei kowhatu whakapaipai, kowhatu whakarākei, me te kohuke iti o te konupora. Ko ngā tauira kounga teitei ka tapahia hei kāpō, hei pirepire, hei kowhatu whakapaipai, hei whakairo whakapaipai hoki mō ngā whakapaipai me ngā taonga toi, ā, ko ngā tauira kowhatu ātaahua e tino rapuhia ana e ngā kaikohi kohuke. I roto i te ahumahi, ka noho te rhodochrosite hei puna tuarua o te konupora, ka tangohia mō te hanga koranu maitai, i reira te konupora e mahi ana hei kaiwhakakaha, kaiwhakakore hāora, kaiwhakakore whanariki hira. Ko te konupora warowaihā i puta mai i te rhodochrosite ka whakamahia hoki ki te hanga maniua, taputapu kai kararehe, paninga uku, tae, me ngā pūhui matū konupora-momo. I tua atu, he whakamahinga pūtaiao tā te rhodochrosite i roto i te matawhenua me te matūwhenua, nā te mea ka taea te tātari i tōna hanganga irirangi hei ako i te mahi waiariki, ngā taiao hanga kohuke, te whanaketanga wai, me ngā āhuatanga matawhenua o mua. Nā ēnei whakamahinga kanorau e waiho ai te rhodochrosite hei taonga kāore anake hei tauira kohuke ātaahua, engari hei rawa ahumahi me te rawa rangahau hoki.