Ko te Azurite he kohuke parāhe kikorangi-hōhonu, māeneene, ka puta mai i te pākūkū o ngā putunga kōreko parāhe. He warowaihā parāhe(II) taketake me te tātai matū Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂. E rongonui ana mō tōna tae kikorangi-awhero mīharo me te kaha, ko te pakeke o te kohuke mai i te 3.5 ki te 4.0 i runga i te tauine Mohs, me te taumaha motuhake i waenga i te 3.77 me te 3.89. Ka whakakikoruatia te Azurite ki te pūnaha monoclinic, he maha ngā wā ka puta hei tioata matatini, porotaka, papatahi rānei. Ka kitea hoki i roto i ngā āhua papatipu, pōkai, porotaka (rite ki te karepe), he kōhatu tāwhana rānei. Ina patua, waruhia rānei ki runga i te pereti porcelain kāore i whakakikoruatia, ka waiho e te Azurite he rārangi kikorangi mārama motuhake.
Te whakapūtanga me te putanga
Ka whakarōpūtia a Azurite hei kohuke tuarua ka puta mai i te panoni matū o ngā kohuke parahi o mua, kaua i te whakatōpūtanga tuatahi mai i te whakarewanga makariri, i ngā putanga wera teitei rānei. Ka kitea i ngā wāhi whai hāora o runga o ngā putunga parahi, ka puta tōna hanganga ina heke te wai āwhā, pērā i te ua, i te wai whenua rānei e whai ana i te hauhā wairewa, ki raro i te whenua. Ina pā atu tēnei wai waro ki ngā kohuke parahi whai whanariki tuatahi pērā i te chalcopyrite, i te bornite rānei i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana iti, ka whakaheke a azurite. He hononga tūturu tēnei kohuke ki te malachite, he kohuke parahi waro taketake anō, ko tōna tātai ko Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂. Nā te mea he iti ake te pūmau o te azurite i te malachite i ngā taiao tuwhera, ka huri kē ia ki te malachite i roto i ngā wā āhua whenua, ina pā atu rānei ki te makuku me te hau. Ko tēnei tukanga panoni, e kīia ana ko te pseudomorphosis, ka ngaro ētahi o te hauhā, ka tāpiri atu he wai, ā, ka puta he tauira kohuke e mau tonu ana i te āhua o te azurite engari kua whakakapia katoatia e te hanganga kākāriki o te malachite. Nā tēnei kore pūmau matū, he iti ake te nui o te azurite i te malachite i te taiao, ahakoa ka kitea tahi ēnei mea e rua i ngā putunga kotahi.
Te Hiranga o Mua me te Whakamahinga
Ko te hītori o te azurite e whakamāramatia ana e ōna āhuatanga whatu mārama, i waiho ai hei waikano matua i roto i te toi me te ahumahi mō ngā mano tau, ko tōna ingoa i ahu mai i te Old French azur me te hokinga ki te kupu Pāhia lazhward, e kī ana he “kikorangi.” I ngā wā o mua, i keria nuitia te azurite ki te Kūrae o Sinai me te Koraha Rāwhiti o Īhipa, i reira ngā Īhipa tawhito e kuru ana hei paura pai mō ngā mea whakapaipai, inarā te panipani kanohi, me ngā waikano mō ngā peita pakitara me ngā whakapaipai urupā. I muri mai, i tuhia e Pliny the Elder i raro i te ingoa Kariki kuanos me te Latin caeruleum, ka noho te azurite hei waikano kikorangi tino whānui i whakamahia i roto i te toi Pākehā i te Middle Ages me te Renaissance. Nā te mea he tino utu nui te lapis lazuli me te hiahia kia kawea mai i Afghanistan, i noho te azurite hei whakakapi tuatahi, hei whiringa māmā ake mō ngā tuhinga whakamārama, ngā peita papa tempera, me ngā fresco, e kīia ana i ngā tuhinga o mua ko “maunga kikorangi,” “kikorangi bice,” ko Azzurro della Magna rānei. Ko ngā tauira whakahirahira i kitea i ngā maina parahi o Chessy, Parani, i te rautau 19, i ārahi anō ki te ingoa rangitahi “chessylite” i roto i ngā tuhinga pūtaiao kōhatu Ingarihi. Ko tētahi taonga rongonui o te whakamahinga o te azurite i roto i te toi ko tōna koretake matū; nā te mea ka pōuri haere te waikano me te whakamākū ki te malachite kākāriki ina pā te makuku, he maha ngā rangi me ngā kākahu kikorangi i ngā fresco Renaissance e ora tonu ana e whakaatu ana i te āhua pōuri, kākāriki, kaua ko te kikorangi kanapa i whakaarohia e te kaitoi. I heke tere te whakamahinga o te waikano azurite māori i te rautau 18 me 19 whai muri i te hangahanga o ngā whakakapi hangahanga pūmau pēnei i te Prussian blue me te ultramarine hangahanga, ka waiho te azurite hei mea utu nui i ēnei rā hei tauira kohikohi me te kōhatu utu nui iti.
Te Hanganga Karaihe me ngā Āhua
Ko te Azurite e whakawhanaunga ana i roto i te pūnaha tioata monoclinic, inarā no te rōpū mokowā P2₁/c. Ko tōna hanganga ngota o roto e tohua ana e ngā kātaitai parahi (Cu²⁺) e whakaritea ana e ngā anion warowākona (CO₃²⁻) me ngā rōpū hauwai (OH⁻) i roto i te whirihora tapawhā-whāiti kōpikopiko. Ka hono ngātahi ēnei polyhedra whakarite ki te hanga i ngā mekameka matatini me ngā whatunga paparangi puta noa i te hanganga tioata. I runga i te tauine tonotono, ka puta ēnei hangarite o roto i ētahi wā hei tioata pararangi, kua whanake pai rānei, he tioata tūpoupou, he tioata papatahi rānei me ōna mata koi, motuhake. Heoi, i te nuinga o te wā, ka puta te azurite hei whakahiato tioata pai, e hanga ana i ngā āhua papatipu, kōhatu-tāwhara, kōpura rānei (rite ki te karepe), tae atu ki ngā hanganga muka whiti me ngā kirikiri oneone e whakakapi ana i ngā matū whenua e pātata ana.
Ko te āhuatanga rongonui rawa o te azurite ko tōna tae hāurauri hōhonu, pūrūrangi hāurauri. Ko tēnei tae pūrūrangi kaha e ahu mai ana i te parahi (Cu²⁺) kei roto i te hanganga matū o te kōhatu, arā, Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂. Ina pā te mārama ki te azurite, ka whakauru ngā ngota parahi i ngā wāhanga whero me te kōwhai o te awhi mārama, engari ka whakaata i te pūrūrangi kaha, oraora ki ō mātou kanohi. Nā te mea he wāhanga whakauru tēnei tae ki te hanganga matū o te kōhatu (ehara i te mea nā ngā poke noa iho), he rite tonu te tae pūrūrangi o te azurite i ngā wā katoa, nā reira he māmā rawa te tautohu. Mō te āhua o te whakahaere i te mārama, he tino teitei te taupū whakaata o te azurite, arā, ka whakapiko kaha i te mārama. Nā tēnei ka whai i ngā tioata azurite kounga teitei i te kanapa āhua-karaehe (vitreous) āhua-taimana rānei i runga i ō rātou mata. Heoi, ina hanga te azurite ki ngā kirikiri mātotoru, whenua, ki ngā pōkai pūrei rānei, ka āhua pūahoaho, ka āhua pūrekereke rānei. Ko tētahi atu mahi whakamīharo o te azurite e kīia ana ko te pleochroism. Ki te mau koe i tētahi tioata azurite mārama ki te mārama, ka huri haere, ka huri haere te tae i waenga i te pūrūrangi Prussian pōuri, te pūrūrangi rangi kanapa, me te pūrūrangi kākāriki kōmā mārie, i runga anō i te koki e titiro atu ana koe.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ā-tinana, ko te azurite e mōhiotia ana mō tōna kara kōwhai-uriuri hōhonu, pūru-uri me te kanapa karaihe ki te kanapa pūhoi. He kōhatu ngāwari me te pākiki, e 3.5 ki te 4.0 tōna mārō o Mohs, ā, ka whati i te whatinga tōkihi ki te anga-kōnohi. Ahakoa tōna mārō iti, e whakaatu ana i te taumaha motuhake tiketike i waenga i te 3.77 me te 3.89, he āhuatanga i puta tika mai i te kāpōpū matotoru o ngā ngota parahi taumaha i roto i tōna anga karaihe. E whakaatu ana te kōhatu i te wehenga pai ki te tino pai i ngā papa {012} me {100}, ā, ka waiho he rārangi kōwhai-mā mārama ina kōmurutia ki runga i te pereti uku kore-kirikiri. Ā-matū, he pākawa waro parahi taketake te azurite me te tātai stoichiometric Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂, e 55.3% parahi pūmotu te taumaha. He koretake ā-matū i ngā taiao mākū, tuwhera-hau, i reira ka whakamākū haere, ka huri ki te pākawa waro parahi kākāriki, te malachite. Ko tētahi o āna whakamātautau matū tino tohu ko tōna pūhā tere me te kaha ina whakapā atu ki te waikawa haumāota waimeha (HCl), he tauhohenga e whakarewa ana i te kōhatu me te tuku i te hauhā (CO₂).
Ngā Wāhi Rongonui me ngā Pūranga
Ka kitea a Azurite puta noa i te ao, me nga putunga nui o mua me te ohanga e horahia ana puta noa i nga whenua maha. Ko tetahi o nga waahi rongonui o mua ko Chessy-les-Mines e tata ana ki Lyon, Parani, i whakaputa i nga tioata tino kanapa i te rau tau 1800, a i puta mai ai te ingoa kēmu “chessylite.” I Amerika ki te Raki, ko te tonga-mā-uru o te Hononga-o-Amerika—otirā ko Arizona—e rongonui ana mo te whakaputa i nga tauira o te ao; ko etahi waahi rongonui ko te rohe o Bisbee (Cochise County), te maina o Morenci, me te maina o New Cornelia i Ajo, i reira ka kitea te azurite i roto i nga huinga whakamīharo me te malachite me te chrysocolla.
Ko te tahi atu puna matua o te ao ko Tsumeb, Namibia, e whakanuia ana e nga kaikohi kohuke mo te whakaputa i nga tioata nui, koi, me te kikorangi hohonu mai i tana tinana kohuke polymetallic kua waikura rawa. I Awherika ki te Raki, ko nga rohe o Touissit me Bou Bekker i Morocco e tino whai hua ana, e tuku ana i te maakete o te ao ki nga whakahiato tioata pakari, kounga teitei me nga pona. I tua atu, ko nga putunga nui me nga tauira tioata pai e tuhia ana i nga rohe keri parahi nui o nga Maunga Ural i Ruhia, te kawanatanga o Shaba i te Repupirita Manapori o Kongo, nga kawanatanga o Anhui me Guangdong i Haina, me nga rohe maha o te parahi puta noa i Ahitereiria, penei i te rohe o Broken Hill i New South Wales.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Whakamahinga Ahumahi
I rohe hītori me te matū, ko te whakamahinga matua o te azurite i ahu mai i tōna nui o te parahi me ōna āhuatanga whatu kaha. Hei kōreke parahi iti, kei roto tata ki te 55.3% o te parahi taketake mā te taumaha; ahakoa he uaua te keri hei puna matua nā te mea ka puta noa i ngā rohe whakaora o runga, he tohu matawhenua nui, he "arahi" rānei mō ngā kaihuke e rapu ana i ngā putunga parahi pūkawa matua hōhonu ake.
I tua atu i te tangohanga whakarewa, ko te whakamahinga o mua o te azurite hei tae kohuke. Mai i nga wa o mua tae noa ki te Renaissance, i mahia te kohuke ma te mahi miihini—ko te kuru, te wero, te whakamaene, me te horoi—hei whakaputa i te tae kikorangi e mohiotia ana i nga wa rereke ko Azzurro della Magna, te maunga kikorangi, te kikorangi bice ranei. Na te mea e whakawhirinaki ana nga ahuatanga whatu o te tae ki te rahi o te matūriki, na te kuru taratara i puta ai he kikorangi hohonu, pouri, engari na te kuru pai i puta ai he atarangi marama ake, ahakoa ka taea e te kuru nui rawa atu te whakakino i te tae katoa ma te whakauru i te ahua hina. Ahakoa tona whakamahinga whanui i roto i te tempera, nga tuhinga whakamarama, me nga frescoes, ka raru tona pumau mo te wa roa; i te aroaro o te makuku o te rangi me nga here, ka huri haere ki te kohuke kāriki e kiia nei ko te malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂), he ahuatanga e kitea ana i nga rangi kāriki kua whakarereketia o te maha o nga peita Renaissance. I nga whakamahinga o naianei, he tino herea te tae azurite maori, ka whakamahia tata ki te whakaora toi motuhake anake. Ka whakamahia ano te kohuke ki nga mahi toki, ka tapahia hei cabochons, ka orohia ranei hei kohatu whakapaipai, he maha nga wa ka mahi tahi me te malachite hei hanga i te kohatu whakapaipai e kiia nei ko “azurmalachite.”
Ko te hiranga o te ao wairua me te huna
I roto i ngā mōhiotanga hou o ngā kōhatu, te lithotherapy, me ngā anga esoteric o nāianei, ka whakaarohia te azurite hei kōhatu whakarei ake i te hinengaro, te māramatanga hinengaro, me te whakahāngai wairua. Kāore i rite ki ōna whakamahinga whakarewa, ko tōna hiranga metaphysical e whakamāoritia ana mā ngā tirohanga tohu me te phenomenological, e kaha pāngia ana e tōna tae kikorangi hōhonu—he kākano e hono ana ki ngā mana hinengaro teitei me te mōhio i roto i ngā tikanga esoteric maha. I roto i ngā pūnaha whakapono New Age o nāianei me ngā mahi whakaora tioata, ka honoa te azurite ki te whakahohe me te whakataurite i ngā pokapū pūngao o runga, inarā ko te Ajna (whatu-toru) me te Vishuddha (korokoro) chakras. Ka kīia e ngā kaimahi ko te kōhatu nei he kaha ki te whakaoho i te pūnaha io matua i runga i te āhua ngāwari, e whakapau ana i te kohu hinengaro, e whakakore ana i ngā ārai o te hinengaro huna, me te whakarei ake i te māramatanga hinengaro, te whakapuaki reo rānei. Ka whakamahia nuitia i roto i ngā mahi whakaaroaro e whakaponohia ana hei whakahaere i ngā āhua rerekē o te mōhiotanga, hei whakarei ake i te mōhio intuitive, psychic rānei, me te whakatairanga i te whakaaroaro hōhonu mā te kawe mai i ngā tauira kare ā-roto kua pēhia ki te mōhiotanga mārama. I tua atu, i roto i te anga o te whetūrangi o mua me te alchemy, nā tōna pūtake parahi, ka honoa te azurite ki te aorangi Venus, e tohu ana i te panonitanga, te whakamahine o te matū mata ki ngā āhua wairua, aesthetic teitei ake rānei, me te whakakotahitanga o te hinengaro me te mōhio. Ahakoa kāore ēnei āhuatanga metaphysical i te whakamana i roto i te pūtaiao matū whai mana, ka noho tonu hei kaiārahi ahurea me te ōhanga nui o te tono o te kōhatu i roto i ngā mākete kohikohi me te lapidary o te ao.