Ko te Andesine he mema takawaenga o te raupapa paragoihorohū plagioclase, e noho ana i te āwhiwhi hanganga i waenga i te albite e whai ana te konutai me te anorthite e whai ana te konupūmā. E tautuhia ana e te ihirangi anorthite e tata ana ki te 30–50 mol%, ā, ko tōna tātai matū whānui ko (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)₄O₈. Hei wāhanga o te pūnaha tioata triclinic, ka whakaputa te andesine i ngā tioata papua, engari he nui ake te puta mai hei whakahiato kirikiri i roto i ngā toka ahi me ngā toka panoni. Ko ōna āhuatanga tinana e rite ana ki ērā atu o ngā paragoihorohū plagioclase, tae atu ki te kanapa karaihe, te pakeke iti, me te wehenga tino whanake. I roto i te tauira ringaringa, he māmā ki te pūataata, ā, he rerekē te tae i runga i ngā rerekētanga hanganga me te noho mai o ngā huānga whai tohu, mai i te kōwhai puhau me te hina kākāriki ki te karaka me te whero. Ēnei rerekētanga tae ehara i te mea ka puta i ngā wā katoa, ā, ka pāngia pea e ngā hapa hanganga, e ngā huānga whai tohu pērā i te konupara i ētahi wā.
Mai i te tirohanga ā-āhuwhenua, ko te andesine he kōhuke hanga toka noa, ā, he wāhi tōna ki te whakarōpū me te whakamārama i ngā toka ahi. Ka hua ake i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakarewa takawaenga, ā, e tino hono ana ki ngā pūnaha whakarewa mapere-kawakawa. Ka puta tōna tioata i te wā o te tioata wehewehenga o te whakarewa, e ai ki te Raupapa Tauhohenga a Bowen, e tioata ai te plagioclase e whai konupūmā nui ana i ngā pāmahana tiketike, ā, ka huri haere ki ngā hanganga konutai nui ake i te mea e whakamatao haere ana. Ko te andesine he tohu i tētahi atu wāhanga whakawhiti i tēnei raupapa, e whakaata ana i te taurite i waenga i te konupūmā me te konutai i roto i te whakarewa. Ka kitea nuitia i roto i ngā toka puia pērā i te andesite me te dacite, tae atu ki ngā taupatupatu urutomo e rite ana, pērā i te diorite me te syenite. Ko ēnei momo toka e tino hono ana ki ngā horo whenua whakaetonga, inarā ki ngā rohe whakaheke, e whakaputaina ai ngā whakarewa takawaenga.
I tua atu i tōna putanga tuatahi o te toka ahi, ka tupu anō te andesine i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahuri. Kei roto ia i ngā toka o te taumata amphibolite ki te granulite, i reira ka whakahaerehia e te pāmahana me te pēhanga tiketike te whakahokiā-tātai o ngā kohuke me te whakataurite matū anō. I aua taiao, ka taea e ngā kohuke feldspar o mua te whakarerekē i tō rātou hanganga kia puta he plagioclase takawaenga pērā i te andesine. E whakaata ana tēnei tukanga i ngā panoni o te pūmotu wera i raro i ngā momo pēhanga–pāmahana, ā, ka whai wāhi ki te tohatoha anō o ngā pūmotu i roto i te toka.
I roto i te hītori, i te tau 1841 te whakamāramatanga tuatahi o te andesine e te tohunga kohuke Tiamana a Gustav Rose, ā, i tapaina ki ngā Maunga Andes, i reira e whānui ana tōna tohatoha ki ngā whenua puia. Mō te nuinga o tōna hītori kua tuhia, i akona nuitia i roto i te horopaki o te petrology me te whakarōpū kohuke, kaua hei rauemi kohatu utu nui. I piki ake te aro ki te andesine i roto i ngā horopaki kohatu utu nui i te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, inarā i muri mai i te putanga o te rauemi whero e kīia ana nō Tibet me Inner Mongolia. Nā te whakatewhatewha i ēnei rauemi, ka puta he pātai e pā ana ki te takenga o tō rātou tae, me ētahi tauira i kitea kua whakahaerea he tukanga tohatoha konukura. Nā tēnei whanaketanga i kaha ake te mahi wetewete i roto i te kohatu utu nui, tae atu ki te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) hei whakatau i te hanganga o ngā huānga tohu me te tautuhi i ngā tukanga maimoatanga. Ko te mutunga mai, kua mārama ake te wehewehenga i waenga i te andesine māori me te andesine maimoa i roto i te mahi kohatu utu nui.Whaiora, ka noho tonu te andesine hei mea nui mō te hanga toka i roto i ngā pūnaha toka waenga me te toka whakarerekē, ā, he iti ake tōna tūranga ki te mākete kohatu utu nui, ā, ka herea ki te arotakenga e pā ana ki te takenga, te hanganga, me te hītori maimoatanga.
Ngā Putunga Andesine i Tībete me Mongōria o Roto
Ko ngā whakatewhatewha ā-māra i whakahaeretia e te Gemological Institute of America (GIA) e whakaatu ana i te māramatanga whānui mō te putanga me te tohatoha o te andesine ki Tibet me Inner Mongolia, e rua ngā rohe i noho hei pūtake mō te kōrero ā-kohatu hou o tēnei kohuke. E whakaatu ana ēnei rangahau ko te andesine i ēnei rohe e rua e whakamahia tuatahitia ana mai i ngā putunga tuarua, parataiao, kaua i te putunga taketake mai i ngā pūtake toka. I te nuinga o te wā ka kitea te matū i roto i ngā parataiao kāore i whakakotahitia pēnei i te الرمل, te kirikiri, me te parahū hūnga kua tawhito, i reira ngā kākā feldspar kua kawea me te whakatōpū mīhini i roto i te wā.
Ko te andesine, i roto i Inner Mongolia, inarā i te rohe o Guyang, ka kitea ki ngā taiao iti ake e taea ana te toro atu. He iti noa ngā mahi maina, ā, he mahi ā-ringa, he mīhini-whaka-hāngai rānei te tango i ngā paparanga parataiao papaku. Ko ngā rawa e kitea ana he kōwhai mā, he tae kore, he kākāriki mārama rānei, me te iti noa o te wāhanga e tika ana hei whakarapa. He iti noa te rahi o ngā kirikiri, ā, he maha ngā tauira e whakaatu ana i te kawe, tae atu ki ngā tapa porotaka me te kakahu o te mata. Ko ēnei āhuatanga e rite ana ki te mahi a te awa roa. He rereké, ko ngā putunga andesine i Tibet, inarā i te rohe o Shigatse, kei ngā taumata tiketike rawa atu, e 4,000 mita neke atu i te nuinga o te wā. Ko ngā mahi maina i ēnei rohe he mea here e ngā āhuatanga taiao me te arorau, tae atu ki te iti o te toro atu me te poto o ngā wā mahi o te tau. Ko te tango he mahi ā-ringa te nuinga, ā, he iti noa ngā rahinga whakaputa. Ko ngā rawa i kōrerohia mai i ēnei putunga kua arohia nā te mea he tae karaka ki te whero, he rereké tēnei i ngā tae atarua e kitea ana i ngā rawa o Inner Mongolia.
Te Takenga Tae me te Tautohetohe Maimoatanga
I te putanga mai o te andesine whero i ngā tau tōmua o te 2000, ka puta ngā kōrero whakawhitiwhiti i roto i te hapori pōhaku tāonga e pā ana ki te takenga mai o tōna tae. Ko ngā pūrongo tuatahi i kī ko te tae he mea māori, e pā ana ki ngā huanga iti pēnei i te konukura. Heoi, ko ngā rangahau wetetāwhi i whai ake nei i whakaputa pātai mō tēnei whakamāramatanga, nā te mea i kitea ētahi tauira e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga matū me te hanga kāhore e rite ki te kōhatu whero māori.
Ko te tirotirohanga ā-taipitopito mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari matatika, tae atu ki te Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), i kitea ai kei ētahi tauira he nui ake te kukū o te parahi e tata ana ki ō rātou mata, e tohu ana i te āheitanga o te maimoatanga whakamarara. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka whakaurua ngā huānga tohu ki roto i te whata kirikiri i raro i ngā tikanga whakahaere, e whakaputa ana i te tae whakarei e pēnei ana ki te taonga māori. Ko ētahi atu taunakitanga, pēnei i te tohatoha tae ōritekore me ngā haumitanga kukū, i tautoko i te whakatau e ko tētahi wāhanga o te rawa e whakawhiti ana kua maimoatia. I whakaatu hoki te whakatewhatewha i te uaua o te wehewehe i waenga i te andesine māori me te andesine kua maimoatia mā te whakamahi anake i ngā tikanga aramata whaiaro. Nā reira, i hiahiatia ngā tikanga tātari ā-taiwhanga hei tautohu pono. I whai wāhi tēnei wā ki te whakamāene i ngā tikanga whakamātautau me te whakanui ake i te mōhiotanga i roto i te tauhokohoko kohatu utu nui mō te whakapuakitanga me te takenga mai o te rawa.
Te Māramatanga me te Whakarōpūtanga o Nāianei
Ko te whakaaetanga a te hunga tohunga koiora i tēnei wā, e whakaae ana kei te mākete ngā andesine māori me ngā andesine kua whakapaitia, ahakoa me āta tātarihia hei tautuhi i a rāua. Ko te tae māori e pā ana ki te whakaurunga o ngā tino huānga me ngā āhuatanga hanganga i puta i te wā whakatotoka, engari ko te rawa kua whakapaitia, e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu o te whakapaitanga ā-ringa mā te tukanga tōtā. Kāore e kitea noatia te rerekētanga mā te tirohanga kanohi, ā, me whakamahi i ngā taputapu matatini. Mai i te tirohanga ā-ahurewa, ko te putanga o te andesine i Tībete me Inner Mongolia e ū ana ki tōna whakarōpūtanga hei feldspar plagioclase i hanga i roto i ngā taiao waenga magmatic, i muri ka tohatohahia anō mā ngā tukanga huarere me te whakaheke parataiao. Ko ngā rangahau ā-mara a te GIA e whakapūmau ana, ahakoa ko ēnei putunga he pūtake rawa kohatu, e whakaatu ana hoki i te uaua o te whakamārama i te takenga o te kohuke ina uru mai ngā tukanga o muri i te hanganga me te wāwāhi a te tangata.
Ngā Whakamahinga me ngā Whakamahitanga o Andesine
Andesine whakamahia ki roto i ngā marautanga o te matawhenua me te kohatu, e mahi ana i ngā mahi rerekē i runga i tōna kounga me tōna āhua. I roto i te rangahau matawhenua, ka whakamahia hei kohuke whakatau hei whakarōpū i ngā toka whakapōhana me te mōhio ki te hītori whakamātao o ngā pūnaha puia. Nā te mea e whakaata ana tōna whakaurunga matū i te pāmahana me te pēhanga motuhake o te pahukare i puta ai i a ia, ka tātarihia e ngā toka-whakapō i ngā tioata andesine hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga o te kiripaka o Papatūānuku i te wā o te hanganga toka. I roto i ngā horopaki ahumahi, ka whakamahia ētahi wā e ngā paragonokara plagioclase pērā i te andesine ki te hanga i ngā uku me te karaehe, e mahi ana hei āheinga rewharewha hei whakaheke i te pūwā whakarewa o te tio i te wā o te mahi whakanao.
I te mākete kara tāonga whakapaipai, ka whakamahia te andesine mō te whakapaipai tāonga me ngā take whakapaipai. Ko ngā tauira whitiwha me ngā tae e hiahiatia ana, pērā i te whero, te karaka, te kākāriki rānei, ka mahia ki ngā āhua maha mō te whakamahi i ngā mowhiti, whakakai taringa, me ngā taupaepae. Ko te matū whitiwha iti, te pōuri rānei, ka tapahia hei cabochon, ka hangaia hei pirepire mō ngā taiepa me ngā poroporo. Ahakoa kāore i te pakeke ki a ia te pakeke o ngā kara pērā i te hapira, te taimana rānei, ko tōna whakatauranga tauine Mohs 6 ki te 6.5 e tika ana mō ngā taonga kāore e whiwhi i te whakamahi taimaha ia rā. Hei aha atu, ka whiwhi ngā kaikohi kohuke i ngā tioata andesine māori, kua tino hangaia hei tauira whakaatu o te rōpū feldspar plagioclase mō ngā kohinga mātauranga me te takitahi.