Ko te jadeite he kohuke konutai konumohe kirikiri e waihangatia ana i tētahi o ngā momo kohuke motuhake e rua e kīia nei he pounamu, ko tērā atu ko te nephrite, he kohuke nui-konupora. Nō te rōpū clinopyroxene, he kohuke hurihanga pēhanga-tiketike, pāmahana-iti te jadeite, e kitea nuitia ana i ngā taiao rohe whakaheke i reira e tūtaki ai ngā papa moana ki ngā tapa whenua. Ahakoa he kore tae, he mā rānei te jadeite mā te matū parakore, nā te noho mai o ngā konganuku whakawhiti tote i roto i tōna tukutuku tioata e puta ai te kanorau tae kanapa. Nā te whakakapinga o te konumohe e te chromium ka puta ngā tae kākāriki emerara hōnore, tino utu nui, ko te rino e whakaputa ana i ngā tae kākāriki pouri, kōwhai, me te parauri. Ko te konupora te nuinga o te wā ka kīia ko te kromopora e whakaputa ana i ngā tae tūrehu me te waireti.
Hei āhuatanga, ko te jadeite e mōhiotia ana mō te pūnaha tioata kotahi rikarika (monoclinic crystal system), ahakoa he uaua te kitea hei tioata motuhake, euhedral. Engari, ka puta mai hei whakahiato pūmatomato, he maha ngā tioata (polycrystalline aggregates) i hangaia mai i ngā moroiti tioata whīwhiwhi, kōraha rānei. Ko tēnei āhuatanga hanga iti motuhake "whēkoia" (felted), "whīwhiwhi" rānei - e kīia ana he kiko kōraha (granoblastic texture) - te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga mīharo o te jadeite. Ahakoa ko te pakeke o Mohs e 6 ki te 6.5, ko tōna whakakotahitanga ā-roto e whakarato ana i tētahi taumata pakeke pakaru (fracture toughness) e taea ai te whakanui i te taimana, ahakoa he nui ake tōna pakeke. Nā tēnei mārōroa, ka taea e te rawa te tu atu ki te pēhanga pānga nui, me te whakamahi i ngā whakairo whāiti, pārakiraki hoki, me te kore e whati.
Te hanganga o te jadeite
Ko te hanganga o te jadeite he mahi whenua onge e hiahia ana ki tētahi taiao “kōhua pēhanga”—engari kāore te wera nui. Ko te nuinga o ngā kōhatu utu nui, pērā i te taimana, ka hanga i raro i te wera me te pēhanga kaha i roto i te whenua. He rerekē te jadeite: e hiahia ana ki te pēhanga tiketike engari ki te iti o te mahana (tata ki te 200°C ki te 400°C). Ka puta ēnei āhuatanga motuhake anake i ngā rohe whakaheke, i reira tētahi papa tectonic e paheke ana ki raro i tētahi atu. Tata ki te 20 ki te 60 kiromita ki raro, ka kōmitimiti ngā kōhuke e te taumaha o te whenua hei jadeite, i te wā e pupuri ana te wai moana mātau e kawea ana e te papa e totohu ana kia kore e tino wera. I roto i ēnei rohe whakaheke hōhonu, ko ngā wai wera, e nui ana ngā kōhuke, te “kaihuna”. I te kōmitimiti o te papa e totohu ana, ka tuku wai e kī ana i te konutai, te konumohe, me te silica. Ka rere tēnei wai ki roto i ngā kapiti o ngā toka e karapoti ana (he toka kākāriki e kīia ana ko te serpentinite) ka tīmata ki te whakatinana hei jadeite mārō. I ētahi wā, kāore te wai e whakaki noa i ngā kapiti; engari ka huri matū i ngā toka o mua hei jadeite mā tētahi tukanga e kīia ana ko te metasomatism. Koia te take e tata kitea ai te jadeite i roto i ngā “pūkoro” o te serpentinite.
Ko te wero whakamutunga mō te pounamu ko te eke ki te mata o te whenua me te kore e pakaru. Nā te mea ka noho pūmau te pounamu anake i raro i te pēhā nui, ki te noho tonu ki raro hōhonu o te whenua i te wā e mahana ake ana te Ao, ka huri hei kōhatu rerekē, he mea noa pērā ki te albite. Kia ora tonu hei kōhatu whakapaipai, me panaia kia tere ki te mata e ngā panonitanga o te papa o te whenua, e ngā “hikinga” pērā i te puia. Ka haria ake i roto i tētahi “mélange”—he ranunga kōhatu tīrewa e mahi ana hei putea whakamarumaru—kia puta ai ki te whaitua e te horo whenua, e kitea ai rānei i ngā araawa hei toka kōhatu kua horo i te wai.
Hiranga Hītori me te Whakamahinga Tawhito
Ko te hītori o te pounamu he kōrero mō ngā ao e rua e rerekē ana—ngā Amerika tawhito me Haina Emepaea—i reira te kōhatu i whakaarahia motuhake mai i tētahi taputapu whaihua ki tētahi tohu tapu o te mana me te matekore. I mua noa atu i te whakarōpūtanga pūtaiao i te rautau 19, i whakanuia te pounamu e ngā iwi o Olmec, Maya, me Aztec o Mesoamerica. Ki ēnei ahurea, ko te pounamu kākāriki-pūrākau e kitea ana i te awaawa o Motagua o Guatemala i ēnei rā, ehara i te mea he kōhatu utu nui anake; he tohu nō “te wai whakaora” me te manawa o te wairua. I hangaia rawatia hei kanohi kōwhaiwhai, hei whakakai taringa, hei toki karakia, he maha ngā wā i nehua ki te taha o ngā rangatira hei whakapūmau i te haere haumaru ki te ao kei muri.
I Ahia, ko te kōrero mō te “Jade“ i te tuatahi i aro ki te nephrite, te kohatu mā me te kākāriki taketake i whakamahia i Haina mō neke atu i te rima mano tau. Heoi, i tino huri ke te hītori o te jadeite i te wā o te Kīngitanga Qing (1644–1912). I te mutunga o te rau tau 1800, i tīmata te jadeite kanapa, kākāriki-emerara ki te kuhu atu ki Haina i ngā rōpū nui, i ahu mai i ngā maunga o Runga Burma (ko Myanmar ināianei). Ko tēnei “jade hou” i tino whakamīharo, ā, i mau i te aro o te Emepera Qianlong, ā, i muri mai ko te Emepera Whaea Dowager Cixi. Nā tōna kaha o te tae me te mārama o runga ake, i tapaina ai ko “Imperial Jade,” ā, i te mutunga ka whakakapi i te nephrite hei taonga tino hiahiatia mō ngā whakapaipai me ngā mahi toi a te kōti kingi.
Ko te whakawhiti ki te ao hou i tohuhia e te whakaarotanga pūtaiao. I te tau 1863, i tātarihia e te tohunga matūkai Wīwī a Alexis Damour te hanganga matū o te “jade” ka kitea ko te mea i kiia he rauemi kotahi, e rua ngā kōhatu rerekē: te jadeite me te nephrite. I whakarato tēnei wehewehenga i te pūtake mātauranga mō te mātauranga kohatu hou. I tēnei rā, ahakoa ko ngā puna Mesoamerica e noho hirahira ana i te hītori, ko ngā putunga Burmese e whakahaere tonu ana i te mākete o te ao, e pupuri ana i te mana o te jadeite hei tētahi o ngā kohatu tino utu nui me te whai tikanga ahurea i roto i te hītori o te tangata.
Ngā Momo Jadeite Rerekē
Pounamu Rangatira
Ko te Pounamu Imperial te momo pounamu jadeite tino rongonui me te tino utu nui o te ao. E tohuhia ana e te tae kākāriki mārama, “emerald”, e tino whakakiia ana—kāore i te pōuri rawa, kāore hoki i te kōwhai rawa. Ko tōna tohu matua ko tōna māramatanga whakamīharo; ka puta te kōhatu nei he āhua kōpīpī, he āhua karaihe rānei, e kaha ana te uru o te rama ki roto, ka tīaho mai i roto. I ngā wā o mua, ko tēnei rawa i rāhuitia motuhake mō te whare rangatira o Haina.
Ngā Tapahi noa: Ngā kāpohana tiketike, ngā tahei pirepire ōrite, me ngā tāka “hulu” (hue) angiangi.
Kōtare Pounamu
Ko tēnei momo, i tapaina ki ngā huruhuru kanapa o te manu Kōtare, he kākāriki hōhonu ake, kaha ake hoki i te Imperial Jade. Ahakoa kāore i te tino mārama pēnei i te karaihe o te kara Imperial, e whakanuia ana mō tōna kara whairawa, pēnei i te weruweru. Ki ētahi tūrama, ka āhua rite ki te emerara engari he “pūmau” ake, he taumaha ake hoki te tae o te tinana.
Pounamu Kākāriki Āporo
Ko te pounamu Apple Green e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō tōna tae kōwhai-kākāriki kanapa. He ōrite ki te kiri o te āporo Granny Smith—māhorahora, hou, hihiko. I te nuinga o te wā, he tino mārama tēnei momo, ā, he tino pai mō ngā hoahoa whakapaipai o nāianei nā te mea ko tōna tae “pops” ātaahua ki te koura mā me te koura kōwhai.
Pounamu Pūkohukohu i te Hukarere
Ko tēnei tētahi o ngā momo tae-rua e tino whakanuia ana i roto i te mātai pounamu. E whakaatu ana i te papamuri “hukarere” mā e kōtiwhatiwha ana i ngā waahi “pūwhāwhā” kākāriki, i ngā whiu rānei. Ko te ātaahua o tēnei kōhatu kei te rerekētanga; ko te whai o ngā kaikohi i te taketake mā, kanapa, e mārama ai ngā whakaurunga kākāriki pēnei i te peita whenua.
Pounamu Pua Riki
Kua kitea te puku o te pounamu rewharewha i te tino nui o te rongonui i roto i ngā kaikohi hou. Ka whānui mai i te riki mākū, te rīwai mārie ki te waiporoporo hōhonu, whai rawa. Ko te tae e puta mai i te manganesi.
Olmec Pounamu Kikorangi
He mea nui i roto i te hītori, he ātaahua hoki te Olmec Blue, he jadeite kōwhai-pounamu me te māramarama. Ko te kōhatu tino nui o te iwi tawhito o Olmec i Mesoamerica, nā rātou i hono te tae ki te wai me te rangi. I te taha o te whenua, he ahurei mō tōna kaha kiato me te āhua “wai” o ōna tioata.
Pounamu Waiporoporo Tūpuhi
Kāore i rite ki te nuinga o te jadeite e ahu mai ana i Myanmar, ka kitea tēnei momo onge i te rohe o Harmancık o Tukerei. He jadeitite tonu tēnei (he toka ko te jadeite te matū matua) e whakaatu ana i te tae ahurei, whenua papura ki te kōrito-hina. He maha ngā wā ka uru ki roto ngā kohuke kē atu pēnei i te quartz, te feldspar rānei, e whakawhiwhi ana i te āhua "kohatu-rite" me te kakano puhachu ki te whakarite ki ngā momo Burmese kanapa.
Te Āhua e Whakatau ai i te Uara o te Pounamu
Tae: Te Āhuatanga Tino Nui
Ko te kara te mea tuatahi ka kitea e te tangata. Ka aromatawaihia e te tohunga i runga i te pūngoi, te kaha, me te riterite. Ko te “paerewa koura” he kara emerara-kākāriki e oraora ana, e kīia nei ko te Imperial Jade. Kia kaua e āhua kōwhai, āhua parauri, āhua hina rānei. I tua atu i te kākāriki, ko ngā tae pērā i te wairehu e tino whakanuia ana, inā koa he hōhonu, he hōhonu te wairehu, kaua e mā.
Māramatanga me te Pāpāringa: Te “Wai” me te “Kākano”
Ko te māramatanga—e kīia ana ko “water” i roto i te tauhokohoko—e whakaatu ana i te nui o te marama e taea ana te haere i roto i te kōhatu. Ko te jadeite tino pai he mātāpuputu, e titiro atu ana ki te wheriko mai i roto. Mēnā ka kite koe i te whakahuahua pōrearea o te tuhinga mā te wāhanga angiangi o te jade, he tino pai te “water.” E hono tata ana tēnei ki te kākano. Ko te jadeite kākano pai he tioata moroiti e tino honohono ana, e titiro ai te mata he maeneene pēnei i te karaihe. Ko te jadeite kākano whakahirahira e titiro ana he “maroke” me te kirikiri, e whakaheke ana i tōna uara.
Ngā Pū o te Pounamu: Tūturu me te Whakariterite
Nā te mea he tino onge te jadeite kounga tiketike, he maha ngā kōhatu i te mākete kua “whakarei” i roto i te whare taiwhanga. He mea nui kia mōhio koe ki te rerekētanga i waenga i ēnei momo:
Momo A (Māori): He kōwhatu tūturu 100% tēnei. Ka taea e ia te whai i te paninga wē māmā ki runga i te mata hei whakakī i ngā kōhao iti, engari ko te hanganga o roto me te tae he rite tonu ki te putanga mai i te whenua. Ko tēnei anake te momo e mau ana i te uara whakangao nui.
Momo B (Whakakōrakora & Whakakīia): Kua whakamākūkūtia tēnei kōhatu ki te waikawa hei “whakakorikori” i ngā poke parāone kino, kōwhai rānei. Nā te mea ka waiho te waikawa i te kōhatu kia rawakore, kia ngāwari hoki, kātahi ka werohia ki te kāpia polymer mārama. I te roanga o te wā, ka taea e tēnei kāpia te huri kōwhai, te pakaru rānei.
Momo C (Kua Tae): He pounamu kua tae ā-ringa tēnei. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tae te pounamu kōnohi, te pounamu kore tae rānei ki te kākāriki, ki te papura rānei. Ka kitea tonu te tae e whakakao ana ki ngā uaua iti o te kōhatu i raro i te karaihe whakanui.
He aha te mea e rerekē ai te jadeite i te nephrite?(Pounamu)
Ko te jadeite me te nephrite e rua ngā kohuke motuhake kua whakarōpūtia i raro i te maru o “Jade” mō ngā rautau, engari he nui te rerekētanga o ō rāua āhuatanga matū me te hanga. Ko te jadeite he pākōwhai konutō konumohe (NaAlSi2O6) he mema hoki nō te rōpū pyroxene, ko te nephrite he pākōwhai konupūmā konupora rino (Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2) nō te rōpū amphibole. Ko ēnei rerekētanga matū ka puta ko te jadeite he paku mārō ake, e 6.5 ki te 7.0 i te tauine Mohs, ki te whakataurite ki te nephrite e 6.0 ki te 6.5.
Ko te rerekētanga tino whakamīharo kei roto i tō rāua hoahoanga ā-roto. Ko te nephrite he mea tito mai i ngā kiripiri whakakorikori, he mea auaha, he mea rite ki te pūmoana, he hanganga e waiho ai hei kohuke tūturu tino pakeke rawa atu i te ao—e taea ana te eke ki runga ake i te taimana i tōna kaha ki te whakangaromanga. Heoi anō, ko te jadeite he mea tito mai i ngā kirikiri whakakotahi, he mea whakakotahi. Nā tēnei ka taea e te jadeite te eke ki te parakiri kōataata (karaihe) tino tiketike, ā, ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i ngā taumata o te māramatanga me te kaha o te tae, pērā i te kākāriki emepera me te rengarenga, he mea uaua nei te kite i te nephrite.
He rerekē ngā “āhua” o ēnei kōwhatu e rua, mō te tirohanga me te pā atu ki te ringa. Ko te jadeite e tino whakanuia ana mō tōna mata kanapa, whakaata hoki, me tana “āhua wai” mārama, engari ko te nephrite e mōhiotia ana mō tōna pīataata hinuhinu, wētā rānei, me tana āhua “hinu” ki te pā atu. Ahakoa e whakanuia ana te nephrite mō ōna tae whenua me tōna hiranga o mua i roto i te ahurea Hainamana—otirā te momo “Kirīmu Hinu Hipi” kirīmi—he onge ake te jadeite i te nuinga o te wā, ā, he nui ake te utu i te mākete kōwhatu utu nui o te ao, inarā mō ngā tauira e mārama ana, e kākara ana hoki.