Ko te apatite he rōpū o ngā mīhini phosphate me te tātai matū whānui Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH). Ka kitea i roto i ngā taiao āhuahanga maha, tae atu ki ngā kōhatu igneous, metamorphic, me sedimentary, ā, he puna nui o te phosphorus mō te hanga i ngā kakahu phosphate. He nui te apatite ka kristalize i te pūnaha hexagonal, ā, he 5 te kaha Mohs. Ko tōna tae ka rerekē mai i te kore-tae me te mā, ki te kākāriki, kikorangi, kōwhai, purapura, me te parauri, e ai ki tōna koiora matū, ngā huānga iti, me ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga. He noa te apatite ka kitea hei kristale hexagonal prismatic, hei kohinga granular, hei papanga fine-grained, ahakoa he nui te rerekētanga o te rahi me te āhua o ngā kristale i waenganui i ngā wāhi.
Ko te kupu apatite e tohu ana i tētahi rōpū mīhini e whai wāhi ana ki te fluorapatite, te chlorapatite, me te hydroxylapatite, ā, ka wehea ēnei mā te anion matua kei roto i ō rātou hanganga matū. He nui te apatite kei te kōhauhau o te whenua, ā, he mīhini tāpiri noa i ngā toka ahi maha, ahakoa ka taea hoki te hanga hei punga phosphate kawe. Ka karapoti ētahi tauira mā, he tae me te mārama e hiahiatia ana hei gemstone, engari he ngoikore ake te apatite i ētahi atu gemstone e whakamahia whānuitia ana. He mea nui hoki te apatite ki ngā rangahau koiora me te pūtaiao whenua, nā te mea ko te hydroxylapatite me ngā hanganga pērā te wāhanga matua kāore e ora o ngā ngākau me ngā niho o ngā manu, ā, mā te āheinga o te mīhini ki te tangohi i ngā huānga iti, he rawe mō te rangahau i te hanganga me te tipu o ngā toka.
Hītori me te Kimi Atanga o Apatite
Ko te ingoa apatite he whakaputanga mai i te kupu Kariki apate, arā, he hēhē, hei tohu ki te āhua o te mīhini e rite ana ki ētahi atu mīhini. I runga i tōna tae, tōna mārama, me tōna hanga kirihou, ka taea te hēhē i te apatite ki te beryl, te tourmaline, te peridot, rānei ki ētahi atu mīhini kirihou. Nā ēnei ōritetanga i uaua ai te whakamāoritanga i ngā wā o mua, ahakoa kua kore e taea te whakamāoritanga i mua i te wā o te tātaritanga matū me ngā tikanga kristalografi hou. I te tau 1786, ko Abraham Gottlob Werner, he kaiwhakaako mīhini Pākehā, i whakamārama i te apatite me te whakamahi i te ingoa e whakamahia tonutia nei i nāianei.
I te hauwhā tekau mā iwa, mā ngā rangahau mōhiohio me ngā rangahau matū anō, ka whakamāramatia ai te hanganga o te apatite me tōna hononga ki ētahi atu minepara phosphate. Kua tautuhia e ngā kairangahau ngā rerekētanga e pā ana ki te fluoride, te chloride, me te hydroxyl, ā, ka whakatūria ai te taketake mō te wehewehe i ngā mema matua o te rōpū apatite. I tuku hoki te whakaaotanga o te apatite hei minepara nui e whai phosphorus ana ki tōna hiranga pakihi. Nā te piki haere o te tono huarangi mō te phosphorus, ka noho mai ngā taonga phosphate o te ao tukupū hei rawa matua mō te whakaputa kākano. I te mōhiohio hou, tonu tonu ana te apatite kia rangahauhia mō tōna wāhi i roto i ngā tukanga igneous me ngā tukanga sedimentary, mō tōna hanganga huanga iti, me ōna tono i roto i te geochronology me te rangahau mō te mineralization koiora.
Ko te Mātāpono Hanganga me te Āhua Kirihi o te Apatite
Ko te apatite he tātai matū whānui ko Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,Cl,OH), e whakaatu ana i tētahi hanganga phosphate kōhatu kei reira ngā rōpū fluoride, chloride, rānei hydroxyl e noho ana ki tētahi wāhi anion motuhake. Ko ōna pito toru matua ko te fluorapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃F; te chlorapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃Cl; me te hydroxylapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH. He ōrite te hanganga taketake o ēnei mīnera engari he rerekē ngā anion matua. He nui te fluorapatite i roto i ngā toka igneous me ngā toka sedimentary, he iti ake te chlorapatite, ā, ka kitea te hydroxylapatite i ngā taiao āhuarangi hoki, i roto i ngā kiko koiora hoki. Ka taea e te apatite māori te whai i ngā huinga o ēnei anion, nō reira kāore e tika ana tōna hanganga ki tētahi pito kotahi pure.
Ka whakapapa te apatite i roto i te pūnaha kristini hexagonal. Ko tōna hanganga ko ngā rōpū phosphate, kei ia rōpū kotahi ngota phosphorus e karapoti ana e whā ngā ngota hāora, e honoa ana ki ngā katote calcium hei hanga i tētahi anga toru-āhuahanga. Ka whakaae ngā āhua e rārangi ana ki te ake c kristalohia ki ngā katote fluoride, chloride, rānei hydroxyl. Ka hanga tēnei whakaritenga i te symmetry hexagonal āhua, ā, ka wātea mō ētahi whakawhitinga matū kāore e huri nui i te hanganga katoa. Ka taea te whakakapi i te calcium ki ngā huānga pērā i te strontium, manganese, me ngā huānga rare-earth, ā, ka uru mai hoki ngā huānga iti i roto i te lattice kristini. Ka pāngia te hanganga matū o te apatite e ēnei whakawhitinga, ā, ka taea te pānga ki tōna tae, luminescence, me ōna āhuatanga tinana. Nā te mea ka taea e te apatite te tangi i ngā huānga iti me ngā huānga iraruke pērā i te uranium, ka whakamahia hoki tōna hanganga hei rangahau i te huringa matū o ngā magma, te hanganga o ngā kohinga minere, me te hītori ā-pūtaiao o ngā toka.
Te Hanganga me te Wāhi Āhuahanga o Apatite
Ka hangaia te apatite mā ētahi tukanga ā-koiora whenua, ā, ka kitea i ngā kōhatu ahi-kore, kōhatu whakaputanga, me ngā kōhatu hurihanga. I roto i ngā taiao ahi-kore, ka karaihe noa mai te apatite mai i te magma e whakamatao ana hei minera tāpiri. He nui ngā karaihe iti o te apatite e kitea ana i roto i ngā granite, syenite, diorite, basalt, me ēt atu kōhatu whakauru, kōhatu ahi rānei. Ko tōna hanganga ka whakawhirinaki ki te wātea o te pūmua, te kākāriki, me ngā āhuatanga karaihe e tika ana. I ētahi pūnaha magma e kī ana i te pūmua, otira ko ngā carbonatite me ētahi pūnaha ahi-kore alkaline, ka kohikohi te apatite ki ngā kukume nui, ā, ka hanga i ngā depots e whai uara ōhanga ana. Ka puta ēnei kohikohinga mā te karaihe magma, mā te wehewehenga minera, mā te kukume rānei o ngā wāhanga e whai pūmua ana i te wā e whanake ana te magma.
I roto i ngā taiao kohatu-kōhatu, he nui te hononga o te apatite ki ngā wāhanga phosphorite, e whakaputaina ana mā te tāpirihanga me te huringa o ngā rauemi kaha-phosphate. Ka hangaia ngā phosphorite moana mā ngā pānga uaua e whai ake nei: ko te matū o te wai moana, te mahi koiora, te kohuatanga, me te diagenesis. Ka taea te huri i te phosphate i tukuna i te wā e mawhiti ana ngā mea ora, ā, ka tautoko i te hanganga o ngā mīhini iti-mata o te rōpū apatite. Ka taea hoki e te whakamātao me te korohu te neke i ngā kirikiri phosphate mai i ngā kohatu o mua ki ngā poka kohatu, kei reira ka kaweake haere i te wā. Mā ēnei tukanga ka puta ngā wāhanga phosphate whānui e whai wāhi nui ana hei puna rawa mō te hanga rongoā tipu.
Ka kitea hoki te apatite i ngā kōhatu metamorphic, kei reira ka taea te noho mai i te kōhatu taketake, ka hangapū anō rānei i ngā wā o ngā huringa pāmahana, pehanga, me te koiora o ngā wai. Ka kitea i roto i ngā kōhatu pērā i te gneiss, te schist, me te marble, ahakoa e rerekē ana tōna nui ki te koiora o te rawa taketake me te taumata o te metamorphism. Ka taea e ngā wai hydrothermal te kawemai i te phosphorus, ā, ka whakapiki i te hangapū o te apatite i ngā uaua, i ngā rohe kua whakatoia rānei, otirā ina pāngia ngā kōhatu e whai calcium ana e ēnei wai. Nā te mea ka taea e te apatite te pupuri i ngā mōhiohio mō ngā kukūnga o ngā huānga iti, ngā āhuatanga pāmahana, me te pakeke ā-hangarangi, he nui te whakamahinga o te apatite i ngā rangahau mō te hanganga o ngā kōhatu, te whanaketanga magmatic, me te hītori pāmahana o te kiriaki o te Ao.
Ngā āhuatanga tinana me ngā āhuatanga aho o te apatite
He uaua Mohs o te 5 tō te apatite, e noho ana i waenganui i te fluorite me te feldspar ki runga i te pae uaua mīhini. Ka taea te whakamāwhiti e ngā mīhini kaha ake, ā, he māmā ki te whakapoke, e here ana i tōna pūmau i ngā tono e whakaatu ana ki te koretake nui. Ko tōna taumaha motuhake ka rerekē mai i te 3.1 ki te 3.2, ahakoa ka rerekē te uara tika i runga i te hanganga matū. He nui te āhua kākano o te apatite ki ngā mata kristo hou, me te tohu mā. He ngoikore, he kore e kitea rānei te wehenga, engari ka taea te pakaru kia rerekē ki te conchoidal. He nui ngā kristo e tipu ana hei porotītini ono-ahu, e whakamutua ana e ngā mata piramida, engari ka puta hoki te apatite hei kohinga kōhatu, hei papanga kapi, hei rawe iti. Ka taea te mārama, te haurongo-rārangi, te kore-mārama rānei o ngā kristo takitahi, i runga i tō rātou hanganga, ngā kōpū, me te taumata o te huringa.
Ko te tae o te apatite he rerekē rawa, tae atu ki te kore-tae, mā, kōwhai mārama, kākāriki, kikorangi, purongo, me te parapara. Ko ēnei tae e pāngia ana e ngā huānga iti, ngā hapa hanganga, me ētahi atu rerekētanga i roto i te koiora matū. Ko ngā tauira kikorangi me te kākāriki kei waenganui i ngā momo e whakamahia ana mō te whakairo kōhatu, ā, ka kitea hoki ngā rauemi kōwhai me te purongo. He tata ki te 1.63 ki te 1.65 te taurangi whakatikatika o te apatite, me ngā rerekētanga iti i waenga i ngā koiora, ā, ka whakaatu i te birefringence e tino mōhiotia ana hei minere uniaxial. Ka āwhina ngā āhuatanga optika ki te wehewehe i a ia i ngā minere e ōrite ana te tae me te hanganga kristali. E whakaatu ana ētahi tauira i te fluorescence i raro i te mārama ultraviolet, ahakoa ka rerekē te whakautu i runga i te nui o ngā huānga iti me ētahi atu āhuatanga hanganga. Ina whakamātauhia te apatite, me whakaaro ngā kaha, te āhua kristali, ngā āhuatanga optika, me te koiora matū i te wā kotahi, nā te mea ehara te tae anake i te tohu whakamātau tino pono.
Ngā Momo me ngā Rerekētanga o te Apatite
Ko te apatite he maha ngā momo minera e wehewehea ana e tō rātou hanga matū, ā, ko te anion matua e noho ana i tētahi tūnga motuhake i roto i te hanganga kirihou. Ko ēnei momo he ōrite te hanganga taketake engari he rerekē te ōwehenga o te fluorine, te chlorine, me ngā rōpū hydroxyl. Ka kitea hoki te apatite i ngā tae maha, kei ētahi o ēnei tae e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i ngā momo gemstone. Ko ngā mema matua me ngā momo e mōhiotia whānuitia ko ēnei:
FluorapatiteKo te fluorapatite tōna tātai matū ko Ca₅(PO₄)₃F, ā, he kotahi o ngā mema whānuitia rawa atu o te rōpū apatite. Ka kitea i roto i ngā mura-a-mohoao, ngā huringa-roto, me ngā pakiaka-tai, ā, he minere phosphate nui i ētahi wāhi taonga pakihi. Ko tōna tae ka rerekē mai i te kore-kī me te mā ki te kākāriki, kikorangi, kōwhai, me te parauri.
KlorapatiteKo te Chlorapatite he tātai matū Ca₅(PO₄)₃Cl, ko te kōrohi te anion matua. He iti iho tōna noho i te fluorapatite, ā, ka kitea ki ngā taiao āhuatanga whenua kei reira te kōrohi e wātea ana i te wā o te hanganga mīhini. He ōrite ōna āhuatanga tinana me ōna āhuatanga hanganga ki ērā atu mīhini o te rōpū apatite.
HaidrokarapataitiKo te hydroxylapatite he tātai matū Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH, ā, kei roto i ngā rōpū hydroxyl hei wāhi mō te fluorine, te chlorine rānei. Ka kitea i ngā whakaputanga ā-ao, ā, ko ia te minera matua o ngā koiwi me ngā niho o ngā manu kai-moe. Heoi, ko te apatite koiora, ka nohoia e te carbonate me ētahi atu whakakapi, nā reira he uaua ake tōna hanga i tērā o te hydroxylapatite māori.
Kōhatu Apatite KikorangiKo te apatite kikorangi he momo e whakatauritea ana ki te tae, mai i te kikorangi mārama ki te kikorangi hōhonu me te kikorangi-kākāriki. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tauira mārama hei hanga gemstones whakairoiro, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā rauemi haurongo hei hanga cabochons. Nā tōna kaha waenga, he māmā ake te whakawehiwhi me te pāhekoheko i ētahi atu gemstones taonga e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Apatite KākārikiKa kitea te apatite kākāriki i ngā tae mai i te kākāriki mārama ki te kākāriki pōuri. Kei roto i ētahi taiao āhuahanga, ā, ka whakamahia hei kākano ina ōrite te mārama, te mā, me te tae o ngā kirikiri. Rerekē te āhua o ia tauira e ai ki ngā huānga iti, ngā kohi, me ētahi atu āhuatanga koiora.
Apatite Kōwhai: Ko te apatite kōwhai ka puta mai i te kōwhai mārama ki te kōwhai koura, ā, ka kitea hei kristara mārama rānei, hei matū whakapapa rānei. Ka rerekē tōna tae i runga i te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga hanganga. Ka taea te whakairo i ngā tauira mārama e hāngai ana te māramatanga mō ngā taonga kakahu, kia noho hei wāhanga o te kohinga minere rānei.
Ko ēnei kōwae e rerekē ana i tō rātou āhua mīnera. Ko te fluorapatite, te chlorapatite, me te hydroxylapatite he momo mīnera e whakamāramahia ana e tō rātou koiora, engari ko te apatite kikorangi, te apatite kākāriki, me te apatite kōwhai he momo tae whakaahuatia anake, ehara i ngā momo mīnera wehewehea. Nō reira, ko te tautuhi i tētahi tauira apatite motuhake ka whakawhirinaki ki tōna koiora me ōna āhuatanga mīnera, kaua ki te tae noa iho.
Ngā whakamahinga o te Apatite
Ko te apatite he puna matua o te pūhā mō ngā mahi ahuwhenua. Ka tangohia me te whakaputaina te kōhatu pūhā e whai ana i te apatite hei hanga i te waikawa pūhā, ā, ka whakamahia tēnei ki te hanga i ngā rongoā whakato pūhā. Ko ēnei rongoā whakato e tukuna ana te pūhā, he kai nui mō ngā tipu, e pāngia ana e te tipu o ngā pakiaka, te hurihanga pūngao, me ētahi atu tukanga koiora. I runga i te wāhi me tōna hanga matū, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kōhatu e whai ana i te apatite kia nui ake ai tōna kounga pūhā i mua i te whakaputanga anō. Ko ngā rawa pūhā i puta mai i te apatite hoki ka whakamahia ki ētahi taonga kai kararehe me te hanga i ngā matū ahumahi maha.
Ko te apatite he mea whakamahia i roto i ngā rangahau pūtaiao nā te mea ka taea e tōna hanganga kirihou te pupuri i ngā waiaro iti me ngā waiaro irirangi. Ka tātaritia ngā hanga o te apatite e ngā kairangahau whenu hei āta tirotiro i te whanaketanga o te magma, te puna o ngā mura whenu, me ngā āhuatanga matū i hanga ai ngā mura. Ka taea te whakamahi i te apatite e whai uranium mō te tātai uranium-lead, ā, mā ngā tikanga tātaritanga ara wehe apatite me ngā tikanga thermochronological e hāngai ana, ka āhei ngā kairangahau ki te whakaatu anō i ngā hītori whakamātao me ngā hītori wera o ngā mura. He rawe ēnei tikanga i ngā rangahau mō te whakatūnga o ngā maunga, te whanaketanga o ngā pātītī kohuke, me te neke o ngā mura mā roto i te kiriata o te ao.
Ko te apatite kounga-kaiwhakamahi hei taonga me ngā kohinga mīhini. Ka taea te whakairo, te whakatakoto rānei i ngā kōhatu mārama e hāngai ana te tae me te mārama ki ngā cabochon, ā, ko ngā tauira kikorangi, kākāriki, kōwhai, me te violet kei waenganui i ngā tae e kitea ana i te hoko gemstone. Heoi, ko tōna kaha Mohs o 5 e whakaatu ana he māmā ake ki te paku me te korikori i ngā gemstone kaha ake pērā i te quartz, corundum, me beryl. Nō reira, me whakahaere māhorahora ngā taonga apatite, ā, he pai ake mō te whakamahia wā-wānanga i te mea he nui ake te whakawhitinga. I tua atu i ēnei whakamahinga, ko ngā rauemi apatite hanga, otirā hydroxylapatite, ka rangahaua me te whakamahi i roto i te rangahau biomedicine, ngā rauemi denta, me te whakatikatika i te ngongo nā te ōritenga matū ki te wāhanga mineral o te ngongo me ngā niho taketake.