Ko Adamite he kohuke konutea arsenate tuarua, ko tōna tātai matū ko Zn₂AsO₄OH, kua whakakōrerotia i roto i te pūnaha orthorhombic, ā, e herea ana tōna takenga ki ngā rohe whākōkī hypergene o ngā putunga kōrehutanga konutea e hāpai ana i te kōrehu taketake. I hanga i roto i te āhua o te huarere me te whākōkī o ngā konupūmā konutea tuatahi pērā i te sphalerite i te aroaro o ngā wai āhuarangi e whai ana i te arsenate, nō te rōpū kohuke olivenite, e tohua ana e tētahi anga whakakōrerotia e hono ai ngā tetrahedra AsO₄ me ngā polyhedra whakahāngai ki te konutea mā ngā tikanga tapa- me te kokonga-tuhinga. Ki te āhua, ka puta te adamite hei tioata prismatic, acicular rānei, he kohinga muka hurihuri, he panipani, he papatipu botryoidal rānei, e whakaatu ana i te wehenga wātaka reo, i te whatinga kōpakipaki, i te pakeke Mohs o 3.5 ki te 4.0, me te taimaha motuhake e 4.3 ki te 4.5. Ahakoa kāhore e whai hua ōhanga hei kōrehu ahumahi tuatahi mō te konutea nā te iti o ngā taranata ā-rohe me ngā mōrearea taiao e pā ana ki te tango arsenic, he mea nui te kohuke mō te uara mātauranga me te whakapapa; e mōhiotia ana mō ōna tae kākāriki neon, kōwhai whanariki, me te kākāriki kōmā, e akiakina ana e ngā whakakapinga tohu iti pērā i te parahi e whakakapi ana i te konutea i roto i te cuproadamite, te manganese rānei i roto i te manganoan adamite. Waihoki, ka whakaatu tonu ngā tauira adamite i te rama kākāriki kanapa, e mōhiotia ana i raro i te iraruke ultraviolet ngaru poto, he āhuatanga e kīia ana he mea whakaoho e ngā katote uranyl (UO₂²⁺) e whakanikotia ana i roto i te anga tioata. I mōhiotia tuatahi i te rautau 19 mai i ngā tauira i puta i te Maene Ojuela i Mapimí, Durango, Mexico—i whakaingoatia hei whakahonore i te tohunga kohuke Wīwī a Gilbert-Joseph Adam—ka noho tonu te kohuke hei tauira matua mō te ako i te whakawehenga kohuke tuarua, te raupapa whakarewa mārō, me te kohuke whenua.
Te Hītori me te Kitea o Adamite
I whakaahuatia tuatahitia i te tau 1866 e Charles Friedel, he tohunga kohuke Wīwī, i kitea ai te adamite i roto i ngā wāhi whakawera hypergene o te maina Ojuela i Mapimí, Durango, Mexico—he putunga kohuke maha rongonui o te ao e whakaputa ana i ngā momo konutea me te mata tuarua motuhake pēnei i te hemimorphite, te smithsonite, me te descloizite. I whakaingoatia e Friedel te kohuke hei whakahonore i a Gilbert-Joseph Adam, he tohunga kohuke Wīwī rongonui nāna i whakarato ngā tauira momo tuatahi hei arotakenga pūtaiao. Ko ngā rangahau tioata me te matū o mua i aro nui ki tōna hanganga motuhake, inarā te noho tahi paragenetic o ngā katote konutea me te arsenate, i tino wehewehe ai i a ia mai i ngā kohuke arsenate me te phosphate e rite ana te āhua. I roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, i puta mai te adamite hei wāhanga tohutoro nui i roto i te rangahau kohuke, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga hirahira ki ngā tukanga thermodynamic me te geochemical e whakahaere ana i te whakarangatira supergene me te wehenga kohuke i roto i ngā tinana ore whakahāora. I te wā hou, ko te whakaahuatanga tātari mātanga—tae atu ki te X-ray diffraction (XRD) me te electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)—kua whakamārama pū i te māramatanga o tōna anga tioata orthorhombic, ngā raupapa otinga-totoka, me ngā hihiri whakapapa whakauru-wai tika. Ahakoa he iti noa te whaihua ōhanga hei ore konutea ahumahi nā te tohatoha takiwā, ka noho tonu te adamite hei taonga kohuke tino utu nui, e rapuhia ana e ngā whakahaere me ngā kaikohi takitahi mō tōna āhua hanganga whakamīharo, ngā rerekētanga tae o te huānga whakaraerae, me te tino kaha o te kārene ultraviolet tohu.
Te hanganga me te tūponotanga matawhenua o Adamite
Hei kohuke tuarua e kitea nuitia ana, ko te kohatu adamite e puta tuatahitia ana i roto i ngā rohe whakapāoho hypergene o runga o ngā pūrakau waiariki e nui ana te konutea, i reira ka pākia ngā huinga sulfide tuatahi e te mākūtanga matū kaha ina ka whai wāhi ki ngā wai whenua hāora. Ko te raupapa paragenetic ka tīmata i te whakarewatanga o ngā sulfide konutea tuatahi, ko te sphalerite te nuinga, e tuku ai i ngā katote konutea nekeneke ki roto i ngā wairewa wairewa iti-ki-te-waikawaka e heke iho ana; ka tauhohenga ēnei katote ki ngā anion arsenate i ahu mai i te whakapāoratanga o ngā sulfide haunga arsenic e noho tahi ana pēnei i te arsenopyrite, tennantite rānei. Ko tēnei taiao matū takiwā e whāngai ana i te whakaōpūtanga o te adamite, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i ngā kōhao tuwhera, ngā whatiwhatinga, me ngā kōhao whakarewa o ngā toka kaihau e tipu ai hei kiri motuhake, hei kāhui tioata whiti, hei uhi botryoidal rānei. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga whakapāora, ka whakatioata te adamite ki te taha o tētahi huinga kohuke tuarua e tohu ana, e whai ana i ngā gossan waikura rino pēnei i te limonite, e noho tahi ana rānei me ngā kohuke pēnei i te calcite, te smithsonite, te hemimorphite, te quartz, te scorodite, me tōna hoa hangahanga parahi e kaha ana, ko te olivenite. Ahakoa he kore tae, he mā rānei te adamite mā te matū parakore, ko tōna anga orthorhombic e tino urutau ana e āhei ana ki te whakauru i ngā whakakapinga tohu-tae iti e whakatau ana i āna rerekētanga ātaahua e rongonuitia ana: ko te parahi iti e whakaputa ana i ōna tae matomato kanapa hōhonu, karaka-aporo rānei; ko te manganese e whakaputa ana i ngā momo māwhero-ki-tawa onge; ko te cobalt e ārahi ana i ngā tae kikorangi-mātūtū; e tohu ana katoa i te kohuke hei tohu matū taiao mō te whakatau-takiwā o te whakawhitinga whakarewa.
Ngā momo me ngā rerekētanga o Adamite
- Kōwhai Adamite (Momo Āhua/Āhua Noa): E whakaatu ana i te pūtuahi mutunga ingoa, parakore matū tata parakore o te momo, e whakaatu ana tēnei rerekētanga i te tae tino mōhiotia mai i te kōwhai pāpāuri māwhitiwhiti ki te kōwhai rēmana kaha, ki te kōwhai whanariki rānei. Ko tēnei whakatae motuhake e kitea nuitia ana i ngā tioata tautohu tino pai mai i Te Maina o Ojuela, Mexico, ā, e whakahaeretia ana e ngā whakawhitinga hiko taketake i roto i te kōpuku konutea arsenate ina kāore he whakaparu whakatae nui o te konganuku whakawhiti.
- Adamite Kapari (Adamite whai kapari / Cuproadamite): He momo tino nui o te matūwhenua e whakatauhia ana e te whakakapinga whakaahua, te whakakapinga hauropi o ngā katote konupara (Cu²⁺) mō ngā katote konutea (Zn²⁺) i roto i te whakatakotoranga tioata orthorhombic, e whakatu ana i tētahi raupapa wairewa-totoka whakaahua ki te olivenite (Cu₂AsO₄OH). Ko te whakaurunga o te konupara e mahi ana hei chromophore kaha, e whakawhiwhi ana i te kohuke ki ngā momo rerekee tino hiahiatia, oraora, mai i te kākāriki aporo me te kākāriki emerara hōhonu ki te kākāriki-pūrū kaha, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū me te ruruku o ngā tāpiri konupara.
- Adamite Kobalto (Adamite e mau ana te kobalta): He momo rerekee, he rerekē te matū e whakakapi ana te kōbalti rua-irinui (Co²⁺) ki ngā wāhi o te pāka konutea. Ko tēnei whakawhiti katika motuhake ka whakarerekē i te tuhinga o te whakauru hanganga o te kōhatu, e whakaputa ana i ngā āhua tae rerekē me te ātaahua o te kanohi, e puta mai ana hei tae māwhero ngawari, mākēnta, waiporoporo-whero, he tae poroporo hōhonu rānei, e whakarare ai ēnei tauira, me te tino rapu mō ngā kohinga kiripiri me ngā kohinga kōhatu.
- Adamite Manganoa (Adamite whai konupaka): I hangaia mā te whakauru hanganga o te konupora rua-waetā (Mn²⁺) e whakakapi ana i te konutea i roto i ngā polyhedra whakarite. Ko tēnei whakakapi matū motuhake e whakarerekē ana i ngā āhuatanga whatu tikanga o te kōhatu, e whakaputa ana i ngā tioata āhua māwhero-karaka, parauri-māwhero, rānei waiporoporo kōmā te tae, e mahi ana hei waahanga tohu tairongo mō te whakarangatira konupora ā-rohe i te wā o te whanaketanga paragenetic o te rohe whakahāora supergene.
- Botryoidal me Alveolar Adamite (Momo āhua): Ka whakarōpūtia mā ngā tikanga tipu hanganga-nui, kaua mā te hanganga matū, ka puta ēnei momo ina whakatenatena te nekehanga wai-matū whenua-a-rohe i te whakatōpū tere, kaua i te tipu tioata-kotahi tonu. Ka whāwhā te kohuke hei whakahiato ā-porotaka, ā-hauwhe, ā-rite-karepe, hei kiripapa moroiti-tioata, hei īhari whai kōhao, ā-rite-whatukoro rānei, i roto i ngā kōhao o te toka mana o te gossan, e whakaatu tonu ana i te whakawehe ā-pūtahi e whakaata ana i te huringa o te matū tohu-huarahi i tōna hītori whakaheke.
Hanganga Karaihe o Adamite
Whakapūtātia i roto i te pūnaha karaihe orthorhombic (motuhake te rōpū mokowā Pnnm), ko te hanganga ngota o te adamite (Zn₂AsO₄OH) he anga toru-ahu tino mārō, he anga hanganga e whai āhua ana i te rōpū minenga olivenite. Ko tōna kupenga tioata e tautokohia ana e rua ngā taiao whakarite rerekē mō ngā katinona konutea: ko te haurua o ngā konutea e noho ana i ngā tūnga oktahedra ZnO₄(OH)₂ e tūtaki ana i ngā tapa, e raupapa ana i ngā mekameka e taurite ana ki te tuaka-c, ko te toenga o ngā konutea e noho ana i ngā tūnga tapatoru rua-piriamidi ZnO₄OH kōpīpī, e hono whakawhiti ana i ēnei mekameka. Ko ēnei polyhedra konutea-whakanoho e whakamaua ana e ngā roopu tetrahedra AsO₄ pārōnaki, motuhake, me te whakahaere tika o ngā katote hydroxyl (OH⁻) ki ngā pokapū konutea hei pupuri i te noa utu. Ahakoa te pūmatua o te stoichiometry ko Zn₂AsO₄OH, ko te āhua ngāwari o te hanga o roto o ēnei polyhedra whakarite e taea ai te whakakapi noa-ahua o ngā taapiri whakarewa whakawhiti ki ngā tūnga kupenga konutea, e tuku ana i ngā kukū rerekē o te parahi (Cu²⁺), te kōpata (Co²⁺), te konupara (Mn²⁺), me te nikera (Ni²⁺) ki te whakarereke i ngā āhuatanga whakauru whatu me ngā tawhā pūtau rohe, me te kore e whakararuraru i te katoa o te hanganga. I runga i ngā taurangi whakamaori me te matū whenua o te pūngao e whakahaere ana i te tipu tioata—pērā i ngā taumata tino kukū o te wai, ngā pāmahana taiao, me te mokowā hanganga i roto i te tokamana gossanous—ka whakarerekē noa te āhua o te hanganga tonotono o te adamite, e whakaatu ana i te whānuitanga o ngā āhua e toro atu ana mai i ngā tioata perea tino mārama ki ngā whakahuihui hihi piri, ngā kirikiri pōturi, me ngā kapi totika nui.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū o Adamite
Mai i te tirohanga matū, ko te adamite he kohuke konutea arsenate taketake e tautuhia ana e te tātai stoichiometric tika Zn₂AsO₄OH, e whakarōpū ana i tōna hanganga hei mema rongonui o te rōpū olivenite. He tairongo te kohuke ki ngā āhuatanga pH iti, ka tere whakamimiti inā pā ki ngā waikawa kaha, ā, he kaihautū mō te whakakapi isomorphous whānui e whakakapihia ai ngā wāhi konutea divalent (Zn²⁺) e ētahi atu konganuku whakawhiti pērā i te parahi (Cu²⁺), te konupora (Mn²⁺), te kobalta (Co²⁺), te nikera rānei (Ni²⁺) me te kore e whakararu i te whirihoranga tukutuku o raro. He kore tae, he mā rānei te adamite tino pū; engari, ko ēnei whakakapi tohu-timo he karaehe kaha e whakatau ana i tōna kākano tae kanorau, e whakaputa ana i te kōwhai whanariki waitohu, te kākāriki neon hihiko, me ngā rerekētanga wairehu e kitea ana i ngā tauira māori. I tua atu, e whakanoho ana tōna tukutuku o roto i ngā kukū tohu o ngā paru kē, ko te nuinga o ngā katote uranyl (UO₂²⁺), e mahi ana hei whakahohe hanganga e whakaatu ai te kohuke i te kākano kōwhaiwhai mārama, e kitea ana i raro i te iraruke kahiko-wave poto.
Ā-tinana, ko te adamite he pakeke Mohs mai i te 3.5 ki te 4.0, e whakaatu ana i tōna ngāwari, ā, nā te nui o te konutea me te arsenic ka piki ake te taumaha motuhake i waenga i te 4.3 me te 4.5. Ka whakataetae te kōhuke i roto i te pūnaha orthorhombic, ā, e whakaatu ana i te āhua anisotropic o te whatu, e whiti ana i te kanapa karaihe ki te āhua-adamantine i runga i ngā mata hou e kitea ana, me te kōiri mā. He tino kitea te wehenga kirikiri engari kāore i te tino tika i runga i te paparangi {101}, ā, he pai i runga i te paparangi {010}, ā, ina pāngia e te pēhanga miihini, ka whati te kōhuke i te āhua taurite ki te āhua-whatu. He whatu biaxial, e whakaatu ana i te tino marara me ngā taumata rerekē o te pleochroism i runga i te kaha o te parahi, o ētahi atu huānga whakarerekē rānei kei roto i te tauira motuhake, e whakaatu ana i te whakaata o ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana me te whatu i te taiao geochemical o tōna wāhi tipu.
Ngā Wāhi me te Tohatoha Matawhenua o Adamite
Ko te wāhi matua o te ao mō ngā tauira adamite tino kounga ko te Maina Ojuela i Mapimí, Durango, Meheko, he putunga konganuku maha rongonui mō te whakaputa i ngā tauira tino hanganga me te ātaahua o te momo. I tēnei wāhi, ko te whakawhāiti o ngā uaua whakahāora tuatahi i roto i ngā toka kāinga kirikiri Cretaceous kua puta mai he kōhao nunui kua kīia ki ngā whakahiato tino kanapa o te kōwhai whanariki, te kākāriki neon, me te maha-tae o te cuprian me te manganoan adamite pinwheels. Ko tētahi atu wāhi nui o Te Tai Tokerau ko te Maina Gold Hill i Tooele County, Utah, USA, kua whakaputa i ngā tauira rongonui o te adamite noa me ōna rerekētanga tāhiri-kikī i roto i ngā putunga skarn arsenic-kikī kua whakawhāitihia. I Ūropi, ko ngā rohe maina tawhito o Laurion, Attica, Kariki, e whakarato ana i ngā tauira tūturu me te whai tikanga mineralogical, i reira ko te hāora o ngā paraka zinc-arai tawhito me ngā uaua tuatahi i roto i te pūtake waro kua whakaputa i ngā panipani tino mārama, kua tāraro o te cuprian adamite kākāriki i te taha o ētahi atu arsenates onge.
I tua atu i ēnei wāhi tawhito, kei te hora haere ngā āhuatanga whakamīharo puta noa i te ao ki ngā rohe kua whakapākehātia o ngā kōhatu waikawa. Ki Āwherika, ko te Tsumeb Mine i Oshikoto, Namibia—e tino whakanuia ana mō ōna huinga paragenetic uaua—kua whakaputa i ngā huinga koreke motuhake, he kākāriki-ōriwa me te kōwhai kōwhai o te adamite e hāngai ana ki te whakahiatotanga tuarua o te konukōreko, te aratā, me te koniho. Kua whakahokia mai hoki ngā tauira pai mai i te Aghabar Mine i te Takiwā Anarak o Īrāna, e whakaatu ana i ngā rōpū karaihe kōwhai tino korakora. Ki Ūropi, ko te Cap Garonne Mine i Var, Parani, he wāhi nui mō ngā tioata-iti, e whakaatu ana i te kanorau tae ātaahua, tae atu ki ngā rerekētanga cobaltoan onge. Ko ēnei putanga matawhenua e whakaatu ana ahakoa e horahia ana te adamite ki te ao, ko te whanaketanga o ngā tauira tino nui, he nui ngā tioata e herea ana ki ngā taiao āhua motuhake e tūtaki ai ngā pūkōnohi koniho me te pūkōnohi arsenic ki ngā whare waro mātāpuna o te pākeho, i raro i ngā āhuatanga huarere roa.
Ngā Whakamahinga me te Whaihua Pūtaiao o Adamite
Ahakoa ōna āhuatanga ataahua o te tirohanga, kāore he whakamahinga arumoni, whakarewa rānei e whai take ana a te adamite hei whenua ahumahi mō te tangohanga konutea, nā te iti o tōna tohatoha matawhenua, te iti o te rahi o te tatauranga, me ngā mōrearea taiao kino e pā ana ki te tukatuka i ngā pūhui arsenic taumaha. Engari, ko tōna whakamahinga he tino motuhake, ā, e aro nui ana ki te rangahau mātauranga matatau, ki te whakatauira karaihe, me te ōhanga tauira matawhenua o te ao. I roto i te matawhenua ōhanga, ko te adamite tētahi tohu matua mō te ako i ngā rohe whakarangatira supergene me te wehewehenga kōhatu tuarua. Nā te mea e hiahiatia ana ngā herenga pūngao tautuhi mō tōna hanganga, ko tōna noho mai e taea ai e ngā tohunga matū whenua te hanga anō i ngā taiao wē pāmahana iti o mua, te whai i te matū wai whenua o mua, te fugacity hāora, me ngā rerekētanga pH i roto i ngā putunga konganuku hāora-tūāpapa.
I tua atu, ko te wāhanga orthorhombic tino urutau o te adamite e waiho ana hei tauira māori matua mō ngā tohunga mineralology hanganga e rangahau ana i te whakakapi metara whakawhiti. Ka whakamahia nuitia i roto i ngā rangahau e pā ana ki ngā raupapa whakarewa-waenga - inarā ko te whakawhiti tonu i waenga i te konutea me te parahi ki te olivenite (Cu₂AsO₄OH) - e āwhina ana i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te mahere i ngā whakaaetanga rianga ngota, ngā whakakorikori tawhā pūtau-rohe, me ngā tikanga polyhedra taunaki mā te X-ray diffraction me te electron probe microanalysis. Nā tōna urupare pūrongo matomato, kanapa i raro i te ultraviolet radiation ngaru-poto, ka whakamahia hoki te adamite i roto i te spectroscopy whatu hei ako i ngā tikanga whakahohe haumāota-ara, e arotahi ana ki te whakauru o ngā paru uranyl (UO₂²⁺) i roto i te anga karaihe hei whakahohe i te whiti kaha. Hei whakamutunga, i te taumata arumoni, ko ngā whakahiato karaihe-nui motuhake e whāngai ana i tētahi mākete ōhanga motuhake e whakatapua ana ki te tiaki whare taonga taumata-tiketike, ngā whakaaturanga mātauranga, me ngā kohinga ahunga matū konganuku takitahi, e whakatauhia ai tōna uara e te tino tika o te karaihe me ngā rerekētanga kara onge.