Ko te Chromite he kohuke waikawa rino chromium me te tātai matū e tika ana ko FeCr₂O₄. Nō te rōpū spinel o ngā kohuke, ā, koinei te puna hokohoko tuatahi o te konganuku chromium. Tata ki te katoa o te chromium e whakamahia ana i ngā ahumahi hou, inarā mō te hanga maitai kore waikura me ngā ranunga mahi-nui, ka ahu mai i ngā kōhatu chromite.
I roto i te taiao, he uaua te kitea o te kromaiti hei kohuke tino parakore. Engari, ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta hei wairewa totoka matatini, e taea ai te whakakapi i te rino, te konupora, te konumohe, me ētahi atu huānga ki roto i te hanganga karaihe. Ko ēnei rerekētanga matū e whakaputa ana i te whānuitanga o ngā hanganga kromaiti me ōna āhuatanga tinana me te whakarewa rerekē paku.Ka tino uaratia te kromaiti nā te huinga o te pakeke, te kiato tiketike, te pūmotu matū, te ātete ki te wera, me te kaha ki te whakarato i te chromium mō ngā whakamahinga ahumahi. Ina tukatukahia hei ferrochrome, ka noho te kromaiti hei rawa matua mō te hanga i te kowiri tira ātete waikura, ā, ko ōna āhuatanga whakarewa-wera e whai take ai ki roto i ngā umu me ētahi atu taiao wera nui.
Te Hītori o te Kōmata
Ko te hītori o te chromite e hono tata ana ki te kitenga, te tautohu, me te whanaketanga ahumahi o te chromium. I te tau 1797, i wehewehe a Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, he tohunga matū Wīwī, i te chromium mai i te crocoite, he kohuke mata chromium. I ahu mai te ingoa chromium i te kupu Kariki chroma, te tikanga "tae," e whakaata ana i te whānuitanga o ngā tae e puta mai ana i ngā pūhui chromium. Whai muri i te kitenga o te chromium, ka mōhio haere ngā kaipūtaiao ko te chromite te puna maha rawa atu me te nui rawa ohaoha o tēnei pūmotu.
I timata te keri chromite moata i te rau tau 1800, ko nga putunga nui i hurahia tuatahi i te rohe o Var o Parani, a muri iho ka kitea i nga Maunga Ural o Ruhia. Heoi, i piki haere te hiranga o te chromite puta noa i te ao i te rau tau 1900 i te tipu tere o te hanga tira kowiri me te hanga koranu. Na te whanaketanga o te mahi konganuku hou i puta ai te hiahia nui mo te chromium na tona kaha ki te whakapai i te pakeke, te ātete waikura, me te mahi i te pāmahana teitei i roto i nga konganuku. I tenei ra, ko nga rohe whakaputa chromite nui ko Awherika ki te Tonga, Kazakhstan, Inia, Turkey, me Zimbabwe, me nga mahi keri nui e whakarato ana i te nuinga o nga hiahia chromium o te ao.
Te Hanganga Whenua o te Kromite
Ko te kromaiti he kohuke toiri i hanga mā roto i ngā tukanga toiri i roto i te tōpūnui o runga o te whenua me te kiripaka o raro. E tino hono ana ki ngā toka toiri ultramāfika me māfika, otirā ki te peridotaiti, te dūnaiti, me ngā toka whakahuri pērā i te serpentiniti. Ko te hanganga o ngā putunga kromaiti e hiahia ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-whenua motuhake e whakarewaina ai te whakarewanga kromium-nui, ka whakatau tioata, ka wehewehe hoki. Nā te mea he nui te kiato o te kromaiti, ā, ka whakatau tioata i te wā tuatahi i te whakamātaotanga o te whakarewanga, ka wehe ngā tioata kromaiti i te whakarewanga silikate, ka whakaemi ki ngā papare kukū, ki ngā tinana wehe rānei.
Ko ngā putunga kromiti e whai tikanga ā-ōhanga nei, ka whakarōpūtia ki ngā momo matawhenua e rua. Ka hua ngā putunga ā-papa i roto i ngā whakaurunga toka matua nui kua paparua, ā, nā ngā hurihanga tārua o te whakakōtoretanga o te magma e whakaputa ai i ngā papa kromiti maha. I te wā o te whakamātao pōturi i roto i te rūma magma, ka tau te tioata kromiti mārō i runga i te kaha o te kumea, ka whakaemitia hei tōrōkaha whakapae e kīia nei ko ngā papa kromitite. Ko te Bushveld Igneous Complex i Āwherika ki te Tonga te tohu mō te putunga kromiti ā-papa nui rawa atu, tino whai tikanga hoki puta noa i te ao, e mau ana i ngā rawa nui e whakarato ana i tētahi wāhanga nui o te whakaputanga kromium o te ao.
Ko ngā putunga podiform tētahi atu taiao matawhenua nui mō te waihanga kromaita. Kāore e rite ki ngā putunga stratiform, ka puta ngā putunga podiform hei whakatōpū kōpikopiko, āhua-arā, āhua-pod rānei i roto i ngā matatini ophiolite, he kongakonga o te kirinuku moana me te matarua o runga i kawea ki ngā rohe tuawhenua mā ngā tukanga tectonic. He iti ake te rahi o ēnei putunga i te nuinga o te wā, engari he kōhatu kromaita kounga teitei kei roto. Kei Turkey, Philippines, Albania, me Cuba ētahi tauira nui, i reira te mahi tectonic i whakaputa mai i ētahi wāhanga o te lithosphere moana tawhito kei roto he tinana kromaita nui.
Ngā Momo me ngā Rerekētanga o te Chromite
Ko te kromaiti ehara i te mea he hanganga matū kotahi e mau ana, engari he wāhanga o te raupapa whakarewa spinel tonu. Ko te whakakapinga o ngā pūmotu rerekē i roto i te whārangi kiripiri, inarā ko te konupora, te konumohe, me te rino, ka puta mai he momo kromaiti maha. Ka whakaawe ēnei rerekētanga hanganga i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te kohuke, i tōna whanonga matū, me tōna uara ōhanga. Ka arotakehia ngā okira kromaiti arumoni i runga i te ōwehenga kromium-ki-rino (Cr:Fe), e whakatau ana i tōna tika mō te mahi pewa rūkino, ngā whakamahinga whakaora, te tukatuka matū rānei.
Kromaiti Aluminiar He momo e puta noa ana, e tohua ana e te whakakapi nui o te konumohe mō te kōrehe. Ko tēnei momo kōrehe e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga matū kua whakarerekētia, ā, ka kitea nuitia i ngā taiao ā-koiora kei reira ngā kōhuke e whai konumohe ana.
Magnesiochromite: He momo chromite e whai ana i te konupora nui, ā, kei roto i te hanganga karaihe, ka whakakapi te konupora i te rino rua-waewae. Ko tōna tātai matū tata ko MgCr₂O₄, ā, ka puta noa i ngā taiao ultramafic e whai ana i te konupora nui.
Kromite e pā ana ki te Hercynite: He momo takawaenga whakaturanga ka puta i te whakakapinga o te konumohe mō te kromi i roto i te tukupū kiripiri. Nā tēnei whakakapinga ka neke te whakaturanga ki te hercynite, e tohua ana e te tātai FeAl₂O₄, e hanga ana i te hononga tonu i waenga i te kromaiti me te hercynite.
Hanganga Karaihe o Chromite
Ka tioata te chromite i roto i te pūnaha tioata inerite, ā, ka tango i te hanganga angamaheni o te rōpū spinel. Ko te whakaritenga hanganga spinel tino pai ka taea te whakaatu hei AB₂O₄, kei reira ngā cation konganuku rerekē e noho ana i ngā tūnga tioata motuhake i roto i te anga hāora e kīkī ana. I roto i te chromite, ko ngā katote rino rua (Fe²⁺) te nuinga e noho ana i ngā wāhi tapawhā, ko ngā katote chromium toru (Cr³⁺) e noho ana i ngā wāhi waru e karapotia ana e ngā katote hāora.
Ko tēnei hanganga pūtoru tino raupapa te take o te maha o ngā āhuatanga tinana motuhake o te chromite. Ko te kaha o te pāhekoheko katote me te tātāpū i waenga i ngā ngota whakarewa me ngā ngota hāora e whai wāhi ana ki tōna pakeke, ki tōna kiato, ki tōna pūmau ki te wera, me tōna ātete ki te pirau matū. Ko te pūmau o te hanganga spinel e taea ai e te chromite te ora i ngā tukanga ārai whenua kaha, ā, e tika ana mō ngā whakamahinga ahumahi e pā ana ki ngā mahana tino nui me ngā taiao matū kaha.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me Ngā Āhuatanga Matū o te Kromaiti
Ka whakaatu te Chromite i te huinga motuhake o ngā āhuatanga tinana e taea ai te tautohu i roto i ngā rangahau pūtaiao me ngā rangahau ā-papa. He maha tonu te puta mai hei whakaemi kirikiri nui, kaua hei tioata tino whanake, ā, he pango-rino ki te pango-parauri te tae. Ko tōna rehu he parauri pōuri, e whakarato ana i te wehenga matapae nui i te magnetite, he kohuke waikura rino rite te āhua e whakaputa ana i te rehu pango. Ko te kanapa o te kohuke he konganuku ki te ā-konganuku, ahakoa ko ētahi tauira ka puta he hinuhinu, he pītia rānei i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te mata me te whakarerekētanga.
Ko te Chromite e 5.5 te mārōtanga o Mohs, e whakaatu ana i te ātete āhua ki te horo mīhini. Ko tōna taupātanga motuhake kei waenga i te 4.5 ki te 4.8, e whakaata ana i te nui o ngā huānga whakarewa taumaha. Kāore i rite ki te nuinga o ngā kohuke e pakari ana ngā papa wehenga, kāore ōna wehenga motuhake, ā, ka whatiwhati noa iho, āhua kāno rānei. He ngoikore te āhua autō, engari ka kaha ake ngā āhuatanga autō ina nui ake te rino, ina puta rānei he magnetite nā te panoni. He nui te ātete o te Chromite ki te huarangi, ki te whakawera, ki te waikawa, e whai wāhi ana ki tōna toitūtanga i ngā taiao matawhenua me tōna whaihua hei rauemi ārai wera.
Ngā whakamahinga o te kromaiti
He tino whai take te kromaiti mō ngā mahi ahumahi nā te mea koia te pūtake matua o te kromium, he pūmotu e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakapai ake i te ātete waikura, te mārō, me te mahi i te pāmahana tiketike i roto i ngā rauemi. Ko te nuinga o te kromaiti kua keria ka tukatukahia hei ferrochrome mō te hanga o te tīra kōwakawaka. Ko te kromium i roto i te tīra kōwakawaka e hanga ana i tētahi paparanga ōkai tiaki e ārai ana i te waikura, ā, ko ngā koranu whai kromium hoki e whakamahia ana i ngā wāhanga rererangi ātea, i ngā pūrere hau, me ētahi atu whakamahinga pāmahana tiketike.
Kei te whakamahia nuitia hoki te chromite i roto i te ahumahi whakamārō nā tōna wera whakarewa tiketike, te pūmau o te wera, me te ātete ki te whakaeke matū. Ka mahia hei pereki whakamārō me te kirikiri chromite hei whakamahi i ngā umu maitai, ngā umu sima, ngā whare hanga karaihe, me ngā mahi whakarewa tākai, i reira ngā rawa me āhei ki te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tino nui me ngā taiao pirau.
I roto i te umanga matū, ko te chromite he puna o ngā pūhui chromium e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tae, te whakamaroke hiako, te tiaki rākau, me te whakapiripiri hiko. Ko ngā matū e ahu mai ana i te chromium e whakarato ana i ngā tae kaha, e whakapai ake i te pūmau o ngā rawa, me te whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga mata o ngā konganuku. Nā te mea he wāhi nui tōna ki te mahi whakarewa, ki ngā rawa ārai, ki te hanga matū hoki, ka noho tonu te chromite hei kōhatu ahumahi tino nui puta noa i te ao.