Ko te taimana pango, e mōhiotia ana ki te reo pūtaiao ko te carbonado, he momo taimana māori motuhake, teitei te kiato, e kitea ana i tōna āhua pōuri, kore mārama. Kāore i rite ki ngā taimana tikanga, he tioata kotahi i hanga mai i te hanganga kāhui ōrite, ko ngā taimana pango he whakahiato tioata maha i hanga mai i ngā miriona o ngā taimana tioata moroiti i whakapiri tahitia. Ko tōna tae pango hōhonu, waro, kirikiri rānei, ehara i te mea nō te tioata waro ake, engari nā te nui o ngā whakauru pōuri, ko te graphite, te hematite, me te magnetite te mea nui. Nā tēnei hanganga ahurei, ka whakauru ngā taimana pango i te mārama, kaua e whakapīata, ā, ka puta he kanapa whakarewa, karaihe rānei, kaua ko te kanapa me te mura o te ahi e pā ana ki ngā kohatu mārama.
Te Hanganga o te Pounamu Pango
Ko te takenga mai o te pounamu pango māori, he kaupapa e tautohetohe tonu ana i roto i ngā mahi pūtaiao o te whenua me te pūtaiao whenua. Kāore i rite ki ngā taimana māori e hanga ana i roto i ngā tukanga ōrite i roto i te whenua, he maha ngā ariā pūtaiao e ngana ana ki te whakamārama i te noho motuhake o ēnei kōhatu. Ko tētahi whakapae e kī ana he hanga taimana i roto i te whenua hōhonu, e kī ana i hangaia ngā taimana pango i raro i ngā pēhanga me ngā pāmahana tino nui i mua i te kawe ki te mata e ngā pahūtanga puia tawhito mā roto i ngā paipa kimberlite, lamproite rānei. Ko tētahi tauira kē ko te ariā takenga mai o te pānga, e tohe ana ko ngā pēhanga ohorere nui i puta i ngā tukinga meteorite tawhito i huri i te matū waro o te whenua ki ēnei hanganga polycrystalline mātotoru. Ka neke ake i te hononga ātea, ko te ariā takenga mai o waho o te whenua e kī ana i hanga ngā carbonados i te wāhi i waenga i ngā whetū—i te wā o te pahūtanga supernova—ā, i kawea ki te whenua mā te asteroid i ngā piriona tau ki muri, he whakapae e tautokohia ana e tō rātou hanganga porous motuhake me tō rātou tito isotopic motuhake. Hei whakapiri atu ki te mea ngaro, ko te nuinga o ngā taimana pango māori kāore e kitea i ngā paipa puia tuatahi, engari ka puta mai i ngā putunga parataiao alluvial anake, i roto i ngā rohe motuhake o Brazil me te Central African Republic.
History o Black Diamond
Ko te hītori o te taimana pango he mea whakamīharo i te taha pūtaiao, he rerekē hoki i te taha ahurea ki ngā taimana kore tae. Ko ngā taimana pango māori, e mōhiotia nuitia ana ko ngā taimana carbonado, i kitea tuatahitia i te waenganui o te rau tau 1800 i ngā putunga parataiao o Parīhi, ā, i muri mai i te Repupirikana o Awherika Waenga. Kāore i rite ki ngā taimana utu nui e pā ana ki ngā paipa kimberlite puia hōhonu, i kitea ngā taimana carbonado i roto i ngā kirikiri parataiao, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā tautohetohe e pā ana ki tō rātou takenga whenua. Mō te nuinga o te hītori, i whakaarohia ngā taimana pango he kore e tika mō ngā whakapaipai pai nā te āhua pūrangiaho, te kākano koretake, me te uaua o te tapahi. Hei utu, i whakanuia rātou mō ngā kaupapa ahumahi pērā i te keri, te oro, me ngā taputapu tapahi nā te kaha o tō rātou pakeke. I te mutunga o te rau tau 1900 me te tīmatanga o te rau tau 2000, i rongonui ngā taimana pango i roto i ngā ahua whakapaipai me ngā whakapaipai kaihoahoa i te mea e huri ana ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko ki ngā āhuatanga taimana hou me te ao hou. Ko ngā waitohu whakapaipai rongonui me ngā mōwhiti whakamoe o te hunga rongonui i whakanui ake i te hiahia o te iwi ki ngā taimana pango, i huri ai rātou mai i ngā rawa ahumahi hei taimana e rapuhia ana e tohu ana i te takitahi, te mana, me te ātaahua o te ao hou.
Hanganga Karaihe me ngā Āhuatanga Matū
I te taumata ngota, he rite tonu te hanganga matū o te taimana pango ki te taimana tikanga, he waro tata tonu ngā ngota i roto i te whārangi herenga toru-ahu mārō: C I roto i tēnei hanganga, ka hanga ia ngota waro i ngā herenga herenga e whā e tino kaha ana i roto i te whakaritenga tapawhā, e hanga ana i tētahi o ngā anga kōhatu tino pūmau me te roa e kitea ana i te taiao. Ahakoa he rite tonu te pūtakenga matū ki ngā taimana mārama, he rerekē rawa te hoahoanga kiripiri o roto o te taimana pango māori. Ko te nuinga o ngā taimana pango māori, e mōhiotia ana e te pūtaiao ko te carbonado, ehara i te kiripiri kotahi engari he whakahiato kiripiri maha i titoa mai i ngā miriona o ngā kiripiri taimana moroiti i honoa tahi ki te whatu kikī. Ko ēnei kiripiri moroiti kua whakatakotoranga matapōkere ka hanga i tētahi hanganga tino uaua e mau ana i te maha o ngā rohenga kiripiri, ngā kōhao moroiti, me ngā rua o roto puta noa i te kōhatu. Kāore i rite ki ngā taimana whakapaipai tuku iho, e mau ana i ngā papa wehenga oktahedra motuhake, kāore ngā taimana pango carbonado i ngā mata wehenga takotoranga tonu. Ko tēnei rerekētanga hanganga ka tino whakanui ake i tō rātou pakeke me te ātete ki te whati, e kore ai e pakaru ngā taimana pango i raro i te pēhanga mīhini, ā, he uaua ake te tapahi me te oro. I te taha matū, he tino pūmau ngā taimana pango me te ātete ki te nuinga o ngā momo panoni taiao, ahakoa kei roto i tō rātou hanganga kōhao ngā hinu me ngā whakaurunga kōhatu pēnei i te graphite, te hematite, te magnetite, me te sulfide. Ka taea hoki e ēnei wāhanga kōhatu kawe hiko te whakaawe i te whanonga wera me te hiko o te kōhatu, e puta ai i ētahi taimana pango māori te ārahi hiko e taea ana te ine, he āhuatanga kāore i te nuinga o ngā taimana whakapaipai mārama parakore.
Ngā Tāhu me ngā Āhuatanga Whatu
Ko te āhua pango motuhake o te taimana pango ka puta mai i ōna whakaurunga ā-roto me tōna hanganga polycrystalline, kaua i ngā pokapū tae ā-ngota e whakamahia nuitia ana mō ngā taimana pūataata tae. I roto i ngā taimana tikanga, ka puta te tae mai i ngā huānga tohu pēnei i te hauota, te whanariki rānei e whakakapi ana i roto i te whāriki waro. Heoi, ko ngā taimana pango e whiwhi ana i tō rātou tae pango-waru, hinauri, he rite ki te kāriki rānei mai i ngā kohinga mātotoru o ngā whakaurunga moroiti, ngā whatianga, me ngā wāhanga kohuke pūrangiaho e horahia whānuitia ana puta noa i te kōhatu. Ko ēnei whakaurunga he kāriki, hematite, magnetite, me ngā pūkoro sulfide whai-rino e mau ana i roto i te matua taimana polycrystalline. Nā te mea ka marara tonu, ka horomia hoki te mārama e ēnei whakaurunga pango me ngā rohenga wīra o roto, ka tino pūrangiaho ngā taimana pango, kāore hoki e kitea te pūataata e pā ana ki ngā kōhatu utu nui tikanga. Nō reira, kāore e whakaatu i te kanapa kaha, te whakaata, te "ahi" matakite rānei o ngā taimana pūataata. Hei utu mō te tuku me te whakaata ā-roto i te mārama mā ngā mata tioata pūataata, ka horomia e ngā taimana pango te nuinga o te mārama kitea, ā, ka whakaatu i te kanapa mata motuhake mai i te karaihe ki te konganuku, ki te konganuku-iti rānei, i runga i te kounga o te oroi me te kaha o te whakaurunga. Ko ngā taimana pango e tino oroitia ana e whakaatu ana i te kanapa whakaata-whakaata me ngā tae kāriki hōhonu, e hōmai ana i te āhua māia, hou hoki, e rerekē ana i ngā taimana tawhito.
Ngā Āhuatanga Tinana me te Matū
Ko te pounamu pango e pupuri ana i te maha o ngā āhuatanga tinana whakamīharo e pā ana ki ngā taimana tikanga, me te whakaatu hoki i ētahi āhuatanga ahurei i puta mai i tō rātou hanganga polycrystalline. Pērā i ngā rau taimana katoa, ko te pounamu pango kei te taumata pakeke rawa o te 10 i runga i te tauine pakeke Mohs: H=10. Ko tēnei pakeke tino nui e whakaatu ana i te kaha o ngā here covalent waro-waro i roto i te whakatakotoranga kirikiriata, ā, ka tino ātete te pounamu pango ki te waruhia e te nuinga o ngā rawa māori. Heoi, ahakoa he tino pakeke ngā taimana kirikiriata kotahi tawhito, ka noho tonu hei whakaraerae ki te wehewehe i runga i ngā papa wehenga māori. Engari, ko te pounamu pango, he nui ake tōna ātete ki te whati nā te mea ko tōna hanganga microcrystalline whakawhitiwhiti e whakamarara ana i te ahotea mīhini puta noa i te kōhatu, kaua e whakakoi ki te huarahi kirikiriata kotahi. Nā tēnei ka tino kaha te carbonado ki te ātete whati me te pānga, ā, he mea tino nui mō ngā mahi keri, oro, me te tapahi ahumahi. Ka whakaatu hoki te pounamu pango i te kawe wera tino teitei, e taea ai te wera te neke pai i roto i te anga waro i te wā o te whakamahi ahumahi. I te wā kotahi, ko tō rātou hanganga porous o roto e wehewehe ana i a rātou mai i ngā taimana mārama, nā te mea kei te kitea ngā kōhao me ngā rua moroiti puta noa i te kōhatu. He maha hoki ngā taimana pango māori e whakaatu ana i te kawe hiko wāhanga nā te hononga o ngā whatunga graphite me ngā whakaurunga kohuke whakarewa i roto i te anga waro. Nā tēnei huinga o te pakeke tino nui, te kaha ki te ātete whati, te porosity, me ngā whakaurunga kohuke mātotoru, he tino uaua te tukatuka i te pounamu pango, ā, ko te tapahi me te oro i a rātou e hiahia ana ki ngā taputapu motuhake me ngā tikanga ahumahi matatau.
Whakatairite: Te Taimana Pango me te Taimana Tikanga
| Taonga | Kohatu Pango (Carbonado) | Kohatu Tiketike |
|---|---|---|
| Hanganga Karaihe | He kohinga pūngao porotakarua; he mea whakakotahi i ngā miriona o ngā tioata taimana moroiti kua whakakotahi tahi. He nui te pūare. | He hanganga karaihe kotahi-whakapapa e hanga ana i te whakatakotoranga karaihe isometric-tetrahedral rite tonu, haere tonu. |
| Takenga Tae | Nāia te take, nā te kaha o te whakaurunga o ngā kohuke pōuri pēnei i te graphite, te hematite, me te magnetite. | Ka whakatauhia e ngā huānga tohu matū (hei tauira, te hauota, te pākōnuka) me ngā koha o te whāriki hanganga. |
| Whanonga Whatu | Pūrangiaho; ka tōmuri katoa te marama, kaua e whakawhiti. Ka whakaatu i te kanapa o te mata mai i te konganuku ki te karaihe. | Mārama ki te mārama; ka whakaata, ka whakaata, ka whakamarara i te marama, ka puta te kanapa nui me te "ahi." |
| Ngā Rerekētanga o te Taiao me te Whakapapa | Ko nga taimana pango maori e whiwhi ana i to ratou tae mai i nga whakaurunga kohuke whenua, a he kakano matte, he poka nui. Ko nga taimana pango i whakatipuhia i roto i te taiwhanga, i rongoatia ranei, he taimana kotahi-karaihe maramara iti noa iho, ka tukuna ki te wera nui, te pehanga tiketike (HPHT) ranei, te iraruke ranei hei huri i te anga hanganga ki te pango matomato, ki te pango ranei. Ko nga momo rongoa karekau he poka o roto, a he maeneene ake, he kanapa karaihe ake te mata. | Ko nga taimana tikanga maori ka puta noa i roto i te korowai o te whenua i roto i nga piriona tau. Ko nga taimana i whakatipuria i roto i te whare taiwhanga ka hangaia ma te whakamahi i te Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) me te High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) hangarau. Ahakoa he rite nga ahuatanga matū, tinana, me te whatu, ka wehewehea nga momo hangaia na te korenga o nga parakino maori o te whenua me nga tauira tipu motuhake e kitea ana i raro i te whakamatautau taiwhanga. |
| Ngā Papa Whakawehe | Kāore he mea; ko te anga whakawhitiwhiti e whakakore ana i ngā aronga wehenga motuhake. | He wehenga oktahedral tino pai; ka taea te wehewehe i runga i ngā papa motuhake ki te patua ki te kaha e tika ana. |
| Te Pakari o te Rawa | He tino kaha te pakeke; he tino ātete ki te pakaru, te tītaha, me te whati nā tōna hanganga polycrystalline. | He pakeke teitei engari he iti ake te pakari o te hanganga; he māmā ake te pakaru i ngā raina wehenga ina pākia. |
| Pūtake āhuwhenua | Ka kitea anake i roto i ngā putunga parataiao alluvial i Brazil me te Central African Republic. | Ko te puna mai i ngā paipa kimberlite puia matua, i ngā paipa lamproite rānei i roto i te hōhonu o te korowai o te whenua. |
| Te Whakahaere Hiko | Whakahaere; nā te nui o te karamu me te rino kei roto e taea ai te whakawhiti i ngā ia hiko. | Whakamārama; kāore te taimana mārama parakore e whakahaere hiko (hāunga te taimana kikorangi e nui ana te boron). |
Ngā Whakamahinga me te Tikanga Metapika o te Taimana Pango
Ko ngā taimana pango he nui te uara ahumahi me te kaha o te tohu tohu, he mea nui ki te hangarau hou, ki ngā whakapaipai whakapaipai, me ngā tikanga tawhito. I roto i te ahumahi kohatu me te whakapaipai, ka whakamahia nuitia ngā taimana pango ki ngā mowhiti whakaaetanga, ki ngā mataaratanga whakapaipai, ki ngā tahei, ki ngā whakakai taringa, me ngā hoahoa whakapaipai hou o tēnei wā, nā te āhua mangu me te kanapa whakarewa motuhake. Ko tō rātou tae pango hohonu ka puta he rerekētanga ataata kaha ina whakaurua ki ngā taimana mā, ki te konukawata, ki te koura rānei, e tino rongonui ana i ngā hoahoa ahua hou me te kore tikanga. I tua atu i te whakamahi whakapaipai, he nui hoki te mahi a ngā taimana pango i ngā whakamahinga ahumahi nā te kaha o te pakeke, te pakari o te hanganga, me te ātete ki te horo. Ka whakamahia nuitia ngā taimana pango carbonado māori ki ngā taputapu tapahi, ki ngā taputapu keri, ki ngā wīra oro, ki ngā pūhui oro, me ngā pūnaha miihini pēhanga tiketike e hiahiatia ana te roa o te kaha. Ko tō rātou hanganga polycrystalline e whakarato ana i te ātete pakaru pai ake i te nuinga o ngā taimana mārama, e taea ai e rātou te tu atu ki te taumahatanga miihini kaha i ngā taiao ahumahi.
I roto i ngā tikanga metaphysical me te wairua, ko te taimana pango e hono ana ki te whakamarumaru, te kaha, te panonitanga, me te whakamana i te tangata ake. He maha ngā kaiwhakamahi kiripaka e whakapono ana ko te taimana pango te tohu o te manawaroa, te māramatanga hinengaro, te mana, me te manawanui ā-whatumanawa, e āwhina ana i te tangata ki te wikitoria i te wehi, te kino, me ngā here o roto. Ko tōna āhua pango hōhonu e hono ana ki te pūngao whakapapa me te whakauru i ngā awe kino, ā, ko tōna pakeke rawa e tohu ana i te pūmau o roto me te manawanui i raro i te pēhanga. I roto i te tohu wairua o nāianei, ko te taimana pango e hono ana ki te motuhake, te tū motuhake, te whakamōmona, me te huatau kore tikanga. Ko ētahi tikanga e whakaaro ana ko te kōhatu he tohu o te mana huna, te rangatiratanga o te tangata ake, me te panonitanga mā te aukati. Ahakoa i ahu mai ēnei whakamārama metaphysical i ngā whakapono ahurea me te wairua, kaua i te taunakitanga pūtaiao, kei te mau tonu te mana tohu o te taimana pango i roto i te whakaora kiripaka hou me te ahurea kohatu tāonga papai.