Ko te Chrysoberyl he pāhare konumohe o te konumohe pounamu, ko tōna tātai matū ko BeAl2O4. Ahakoa te rite o ō rāua ingoa, ehara tēnei i te mema o te whānau beryl (pērā i te emerara, i te aquamarine rānei), engari he momo kōhatu motuhake. E rongonui ana mō tōna mārōtanga whakahirahira, e 8.5 tōna mārōtanga Mohs, nō reira ko ia te tuatoru o ngā kōhatu mārō rawa atu, i tua atu i te taimana me te korundum. I tōna āhua parakore, korekore te tae o te chrysoberyl; engari, ko te nuinga o te wā ka kitea i ngā atarangi kōwhai, kākāriki, me te parauri, ka tae ki a ia e te konupūmā, te konumohe rānei. E rongonui ana tēnei momo kōhatu mō ōna momo tino motuhake: Ko Alexandrite, e whakaatu ana i te whakawhiti tae ohorere i raro i ngā tūrama rerekē, me Cymophane (Karuanui o te Ngeru), e whakaatu ana i te mārō o te rārangi hiriwa o te mārama i runga i tōna mata nā ngā whakauru muka.
Ko te hanganga o te chrysoberyl ka puta i roto i ngā pegmatites granite me ngā mica schists, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i ngā taiao e whai rawa ana i te beryllium engari he iti te silica. Ka whakakikoruatia e ia mā roto i ngā tukanga magmatic, i te metamorphism rohe eiteite rānei. Nā te mea he uaua te whakakotahi o te beryllium me te konumohe i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te whenua āhuatanga, he tino onge ake te chrysoberyl i te maha atu o ngā kohatu utu nui. Nā tōna pūmau matū me tōna tiketike kiato, ka kitea nuitia te kohuke i roto i ngā putunga alluvial (putunga placer), i reira e horoia ana i tōna toka kāinga, ka tau ki ngā awaawa me ngā kirikiri i te taha o ētahi atu kohatu utu nui pērā i te sapphire me te garnet. Ko ngā puna matua i ēnei rā ko Brazil, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, me Tanzania.
Ko te hītori o te chrysoberyl e rua mano tau te roa, ko ana whakamahinga tuatahi i tuhia mai i Inia tawhito, i reira te momo kanohi ngeru i tino whakanuia hei taonga whakamarumaru. Ko te ingoa ake i ahu mai i ngā kupu Kariki chrysos (kōura) me beryllos (beryl), e whakaatu ana i te tae hua-kōura. Ahakoa ko te chrysoberyl noa iho he kōwhiringa rongonui i roto i ngā whakapaipai o Victorian me Edwardian—he maha ngā wā i honoa ki te peridot, ki te peara rānei—i piki te mana o te kohuke nei i te rautau 19. Ko te kitenga o te momo huri tae i ngā Maunga Ural o Rūhia i te tau 1830 (i tapaina ko Alexandrite i runga i a Tsar Alexander II) me te rongonuitanga o Cymophane i waenga i te Whānau Ariki o Ingarangi i te mutunga o te rautau 1800, i whakanekehia te chrysoberyl mai i te mea whakamīharo kohuke ki tētahi o ngā kōhatu utu nui rawa atu o te ao.
Ngā momo matua o Chrysoberyl: Mai i te Karu o te Ngeru ki te Alexandrite
Chrysoberyl Noa: Ko tenei te momo tino noa, e puta ana hei kowhatu ataahua, e kitea ana hei kowhatu pūataata ki te kowhatu mārama. Ka kitea te nuinga i roto i ngā atakura o te kōwhai, te kōwhai-mātū, me te parauri-mātū. Ahakoa kāore i te whai i ngā pānga tirohanga motuhake, e tino whakanuihia ana i roto i te whakapaipai mo tōna 8.5 pakeke me te whiti karaehe. I ngā wā o mua, ko ētahi tauira kōwhai-mātū i kīia he chrysolite, ahakoa kua kore tēnei kupu e whakamahia i roto i te mahi kowhatu tohunga.
Chrysoberyl Kanohi Ngeru (Cymophane): Ko tēnei momo e rongonui ana ki te āhuatanga whatu e mōhiotia ana ko te chatoyancy. Kei roto he whakaurunga mororite rite ngira o te rutile e tōtika ana ki te whakarara. Inā whakaata te mārama i ēnei whakaurunga, ka hangaia he rīpene koi, hiriwa-mā puta noa i te mata o te kōhatu. Ko ngā tauira kounga tiketike e whakaatu ana i te nuinga o te wā i te pānga miraka-me-te-honi, e kitea ai te kōhatu kua wehea ki ētahi atarangi rerekē e rua inā whakamāramatia mai i te taha. Koia anake te kōhatu utu nui e taea ana te hoko ture ai hei Cat’s Eye me te kore he tohu ingoa kōhuke.
Alexandrite: Koinei te momo tino onge me te tino utu nui o te chrysoberyl, e mōhiotia ana e tōna āheinga huri tae whakamīharo nā te wāhi iti o te konupūmā. E rongonui ana te huri mai i te āhua kākāriki i te mārama o te rā, i te rama kōwhai rānei, ki te āhua whero, ki te whero-papura rānei i te rama miramira. Ko tēnei panoni tino whakamīharo e kīia ana ko te emerara i te awatea, te rupi i te pō.
Alexandrite Karu Ngeru: He momo ranu tino onge ka puta mai i te wā e noho ana te alexandrite krista i roto i ngā kōhanga ruinga e tika ana hei whakaputa i te chatoyancy. E whakaatu ana ēnei kōhatu onge i te panoni tae whakamīharo me te peita karu ngeru koi, e waiho ai rātou hei taonga e rapuhia nuitia ana i te ao o te minara.
Ngā whakamahinga o Chrysoberyl
Kei te whakamahia te Krysoperira ki roto i ētahi atu rāngai, ko te nuinga kei roto i te ahumahi kohatu me ngā whāinga pūtaiao motuhake, nā ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-matū. I roto i ngā whakapaipai, ka whakamahia te kohuke ki ngā momo rerekē; ko ngā tauira kanapa kua tapahia ka tohua ki roto i ngā mowhiti me ngā tāhei whakairi na te 8.5 o te pakeke Mohs me te tauranga whakaata tiketike, e taea ai te roa o te whakamau atu ki te kākahu o ia rā. Ko ngā momo rerekē, arā te whatu ngeru me te arakitiri, kei te tūranga nui i te mākete o ngā kaikohi o te ao. Ko tōna ātete ki te karawarawa me te horo matū ka waiho hei rauemi mahi mō ngā whakamahinga whakapaipai pakeke ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana te roa o te noho.
He mea whai take i te pūtaiao rawa me te hangarau taiaho te hanganga motuhake o te pākōwhai konumohe waikura (BeAl2O4). Ahakoa he uaua te whakamahi i ngā tauira kohuke māori mō ngā whāinga ahumahi i ēnei rā nā te onge me ngā whakaurunga, ko te chrysoberyl waihanga—otirā ko te alexandrite whakakikōkōwhai—te matua whai hua ki roto i ngā pūnaha taiaho totoka kāore e taea te whakatau. Ka whakamahia ēnei taiaho alexandrite ki ngā tukanga rongoā me te whakapaipai, tae atu ki te mātai kiri me te tango makawe, me ngā pūnaha LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) e whakamahia ana mō te rangahau āhua. Ko te hiahia ki tēnei rawa i ēnei horopaki e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna kaha ki te whakarato i te pūngao oho teitei me te kaha whakarerekē i roto i te tuāwhiorangi pōkākā.
Ko ngā whakamahinga o te chrysoberyl i roto i te hītori me te ahurea kua whakawhiti i roto i ētahi wā kua tuhia. E tohu ana ngā taunakitanga i tōna whakamahinga i ngā ahurea Āhia o mua me te wā waenga i roto i ngā taonga whakapakoko me ngā taonga kawa, ko te momo kanohi ngeru te mea nui. I ngā rautau 19 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ka noho hei waeine paerewa i roto i ngā whakapaipai Pākehā, he maha ngā wā e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā hoahoa e whakanui ana i te pānga huri tae o te alexandrite. I tēnei wā, ahakoa ko ngā putanga kua whakatipuhia e te whare taiwhanga e whakatutuki ana i te nuinga o ngā whakaritenga ahumahi me te rongoā, kei te whakamahia tonu te chrysoberyl māori hei paerewa mō te pūmau me te onge ā-whatu i roto i te hokohoko a-ao o ngā kōhatu utu nui.