He aha a Jet?
Hei mārama ki te aha te jet, me titiro whakamuri ki te 180 miriona tau ki te Wā Jurassic. Ehara te jet i te kohuke i runga i te tikanga tawhito; kāore he hanganga tioata. Engari, he momo rākau whakapapa tino nui—motuhake mai i ngā rākau o te whānau Araucariaceae, ngā tūpuna o te rākau Monkey Puzzle o ēnei rā. I te wa i panga ai ēnei rākau tawhito ki te wai hōhonu, kūtere rānei, ka tanumia rānei i raro i ngā paparanga paru parataiao, ka ngaro te hāora. I roto i ngā miriona tau, ko te taumaha nui o te whenua i runga ake i hanga pēhanga kaha, ka huri i te rākau mā te tukanga e kīia nei ko te waro. I aukati tēnei taiao motuhake i te pirau o te rākau, ā, i kōmitimiti ki te matū kiko, waro-nui e rite ana ki te waro lignite engari he kaha ake, he roa ake te ora. Mai i te tirohanga gemological, ka whakarōpūtia te jet hei kōhatu whakapaipai pararopi, ka whakauru ki te rōpū motuhake e uru ana te amipere, te peara, me te rupi. Ko te mea e wehewehe ana i te jet i te waro noa ko tōna mārōrō whakamīharo me tōna kaha ki te whiwhi i te kanapa whakarewa tiketike. I runga i te tauine Mohs o te pakeke o ngā kōhatu, ko te jet te tikanga kei waenganui i te 2.5 me te 4.0, he ngāwari ki te whakatairite ki ngā kōhatu silicate engari he pai mō te mahi lapidary uaua me te whakairo ātaahua. Ko tētahi o ōna āhuatanga tinana tino motuhake ko tōna taumaha motuhake tino iti—he māmā rawa, ka mahana ki te pā, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaterangi i te wai tote nui. Nā tēnei mahana me te kore taumaha i pai ai mō ngā whakapaipai Victorian nui, whakapaipai, e kore e taea te mau ki te hanga ki te onyx pango, ki te karaihe rānei.
E rua ngā momo matua o tēnei kōhatu: te jet mārō me te jet ngāwari. Ko te jet mārō, e tino rongonui ana i ngā pari o Whitby i te Raki o Yorkshire, Ingarangi, i hanga i roto i te taiao moana i reira te rākau i kōpeketia e te wai tote, ka puta he rawa pūmau e kore e pakaru, e kore e pirau i te rerekētanga o te pāmahana, te haumākū rānei. Heoi, ko te jet ngāwari i hanga i ngā taiao wai māori, ā, he māmā ake te pakaru me te "kōriporipo" i roto i te wā. Ahakoa te momo, ko te āhuatanga matua o te jet tino kounga ko tōna tae hōhonu, ōrite, "pango-jet"—he tae kaha rawa atu i whakaingoatia ai te kīanga Ingarihi e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i ngā ātārangi pango rawa atu.
Ko nga taonga whakapaipai rererangi rongonui me nga kohinga whare taonga rongonui
Ko te hītori o te jet e tohua ana e ētahi kohinga whakahirahira me ngā mahi toi takitahi e whakamārama ana i tōna hiranga ahurea puta noa i ngā wā rerekē. Ko ngā tauira tino rongonui o te mahi toi jet e hono pū ana ki te Wā Wikitoria me te tāone takutai o Whitby, Ingarangi. Ko te kohinga whakapaipai jet tino nui rawa atu pea i te ao nō te Kuini Wikitoria anō. Whai muri i te matenga ohorere me te whakamomori o Prince Albert i te tau 1861, ka uru te Kuini ki tētahi wā tangihanga mutungakore i roa tonu mō te toenga o tōna oranga. I tēnei wā, nā te tikanga kaha o te kooti mō ngā kākahu tangihanga, i mau ai ia i ngā whakapaipai pango anake. Ko tōna ake hiahia mō te Whitby Jet, i whakanuia mō tōna kanapa hōhonu, pōuri me tōna māmā ohorere, nāna anake i huri te matū nei mai i tētahi mea whakamīharo ā-rohe ki tētahi taonga papai o te ao. Ko ngā pūrei whaiaroaro, ngā mekameka nui engari māmā, me ngā locket memento mori mai i tōna ake kohinga e noho tonu ana hei tauira tino mātāmua o ngā whakapaipai tangihanga o te rautau 19. He maha o ēnei taonga hītori nui e tiakina ana i tēnei wā i roto i te Royal Collection Trust, hei tohu mō ngā pūkenga tārai kohatu o taua wā.
Ko te whare taonga o Victoria me Albert i Rānana e pupuri ana i tētahi o ngā whakaaturanga tino whānui me te tino ātaahua o te mahi toi jet. Ko tā rātou kohinga e whakaatu ana i te tino pūkenga me te pūmau o te rauemi, e whakaatu ana i ngā poroporo nakahi whakairo nui, ngā heru makawe whakapaipai, me ngā pukapuka pukapuka e whakaatu ana i te taumata o te ātaahua i taea e ngā kaimahi o te wā Victorian. Ko tētahi o ngā whakaaturanga tino rongonui o te whare taonga ko tētahi huinga jet o te waenganui o te rau tau 1800, he tahei nui me ngā whakakai tāhei e rite ana. Ko ia hononga o tēnei huinga he mea whakairo ā-ringa ki ngā tauira puāwai, e whakaatu ana i te take i whakaarohia ai te jet hei kōwhiringa matua mō ngā mea whakapaipai nui; mehemea i hangaia ēnei mea mai i te karaihe pango, te tourmaline, te onyx rānei, kāore e taea te mau mō te wā roa nā te taumaha.
I tua atu i ngā whare toi nui o te tāone nui, ko te Whitby Jet Heritage Centre i North Yorkshire te whare pupuri i ngā tauira tawhito tino pai rawa atu i kitea i te rohe. Kei reira te huinga whaiwhaiā Whitby Jet rongonui o te ao, he mahi toi whakairo o te wā Victorian e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te kōhatu ki te pupuri i ngā tapa koi, tika, me te mauroa i roto i te wā me te kore e pakaru. I tua atu, kei te British Museum tētahi kohinga matua o ngā taonga tawhito jet i mua i te wīwīwāwā o te wā Victorian e tata ki te rua mano tau. Kei roto i tēnei kohinga ngā pine makawe o te wā Roma me ngā amulet Gorgon i kitea i te tāone tawhito o York, e mōhiotia ana i taua wā ko Eboracum. Ka whakaatu ēnei kitenga whaipara tangata i te uara o te jet ki ngā Roma, ehara i te mea mō tōna ātaahua anake, engari mō ōna āhuatanga whakamarumaru e whakaponohia ana. I whakapono rātou ko te hiko o te kōhatu, ka puta ina kōmurutia, he mana hei pei i ngā wairua kino me te kaha kino.He tikanga hītori rongonui anō ko te Spanish Jet, ko Azabache rānei, e arotahi ana ki Santiago de Compostela. Mō ngā rautau, ko te jet te rauemi matua i whakamahia e ngā kaitoi o Spain ki te whakairo i ngā Figas, he amulet ā-ringa tuku iho, me ngā tāhei anga pipi mō ngā manene e whakaoti ana i te Camino de Santiago. He maha o ēnei whakairo whakapono o te rautau 15 me 16 e tiakina ana ināianei i te Whare Taonga o te Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela me te Museo del Azabache. Ko ēnei kohinga e tohu ana i tētahi momo toi jet o te whenua tawhiti i puāwai i mua i te tīmatanga o te nekehanga whakapaipai tangihanga o Ingarangi, e whakaatu ana i te tūranga mauroa o te kōhatu hei ara mō te whakamarumaru wairua me te whakaputa toi puta noa i Ūropi.
Me pēhea te tautuhi me te wehewehe i ngā kōhatu pango
| Pūtaiao | Kohatu whakapaipai | Pakeke | Taumaha & Pā | Ngā taipitopito mātai whenua |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Jet | 2.5 – 4.0 | Māmā rawa; mahana | Organic mineraloid (rākau mātātoka). He pīataata ware; ka tīhore. |
 |
Obsidian | 5.0 – 5.5 | Pāmārō; Mātao | He karaihe puia māori. He koi ngā tapa konokoioi ki te pakaru. |
 |
Onyx | 6.5 – 7.0 | Mārō; Makariri | Cryptocrystalline Quartz. He māmā ake, he kanapa kōhatu ōrite. |
 |
Spinel Pango | 8.0 | Tino Taumaha; Makariri | Kōhatu tino mārō. He rite ki te konganuku, he kanapa te whakaata. |
 |
tōmarini | 7.0 – 7.5 | Taumaha; Makariri | Schorl momo. Ka whakaatu pea i ngā rārangi poutū, i te autōtanga rānei. |
 |
Blackstone | rereke | Taumaha taurangi | He kupu tauhokohoko whānui mō ngā momo kohatu pango māori, tae rānei. |
 |
Hemalyke™ | 5.5 – 6.5 | Tino taumaha | He tauira Hematite hangaia. He konganuku me te kaha aukume. |
 |
Tokarewa | 3.0 – 3.5 | Māmā; Mahana | Toka Basalt. Te mata maihao, pākoko me te whakaotinga pūhā. |
 |
Makanehite | 3.5 – 4.5 | Waenga-māmā; Mahana | I te nuinga o te wā ka tāwhia ki te pango. He tae pūkoro, ōrite, me te kanapa korehāhā. |
 |
Diopside Whetū | 5.0 – 6.0 | Pāmārō; Mātao | Kohuke pyroxene. He pīataata wai me te tārei kākāriki. |
Ngā Āhuatanga Wairua o Jet
I tua atu i tōna horopaki ā-tinana, ā-hītori hoki, e hono ana te jet ki te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga kupukupu i roto i ngā tikanga wairua rerekē. Hei rauemi i ahu mai i te rākau tawhito kua whakakorakotia, ka whakarōpūtia hei kōhatu whakapūwhenua i roto i ngā mahi whakaora kiripara. I ngā wā o mua, nā tōna kaha ki te pupuri i te tautitotio hiko, i whakaponohia ka taea e ia te whakangungu i te kaimau mai i ngā awe kino, e mahi ana ki te whakauru i te ahotea o te taiao me te taumaha kare-ā-roto. I roto i ngā horopaki wairua, ka whakamahia te jet i ētahi wā hei taputapu mō te whakaaroaro ā-roto, hei whakaū rānei i te hononga ki te hītori tīpuna, hei tohu hono i waenga i te wā o mua me te wā o nāianei. Ka honoa tonutia ki te Pūtoro Pakiaka, e whakaarohia ai e whakarato ana i te mana ū i ngā wā whakawhiti. Hei taapiri atu, e whakaponohia ana tōna hanganga-waro hei hanga i te ārai whakangungu mō te hunga e tairongo ana ki ngā taiao kare-ā-roto o waho. I roto i ngā mahi o nāianei, ka kīia te jet i ētahi wā hei “kohatu kaihokohoko,” e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakaritenga hei whakapūwhenua i ngā whāinga pakihi me te whakatipu whakatau mahi. Kāore e rite ki ngā kohuke e hono ana ki te pūngao auau tiketike, e whakapaingia ana te jet mō tōna kaha e whakaponohia ana hei whakapū i te arotahi whaiaro, e whakatairanga ana i te whakawhirinaki-ki-a-koe anō me te manawaroa e hiahiatia ana ki te whakatutuki i ngā wero mahi.
Me pehea e horoi ai i te Jet?
He tino māmā a Jet, nā reira he kōwhiringa pai mō ngā hoahoa whakapaipai nui, matatini e noho hūmārie ana ki te mau puta noa i te rā. Heoi, he 2.5 ki te 4 anake te pakeke o Mohs, he āhua ngāwari, he pakarukaru hoki tērā i ngā kōhatu pēnei i te kōhatu kāmehameha. Hei ārai atu i te pākarunga ohorere, te pākanga rānei o te hē, he pai ake a jet mō ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā taonga whakakai, ngā whakakai taringa, me ngā pūoro, kaua ko ngā mowhiti, ko ngā pōrehe rānei e pā ana ki ngā pākanga me ngā whakakīnga o ia rā. He mea nui kia tangohia ngā whakapaipai jet i mua i te mahi hākinakina, i te mahi tinana kaha rānei. Mō te tiaki, kaua rawa e whakamahi i ngā kaihoroi ultrasonic, i ngā kaihoroi mamaoa rānei; engari, horoia noa te kōhatu ki te wai mahana me te hopi me te paraihe ngohengohe. Ki te kōmā te kikino i roto i te wā, ka taea te whakamahi i te paku hinu kōhatu ki te kākahu ngohengohe hei whakahokia mai i tōna kanapa pango hohonu.